History of Labour in the United States - John Rogers Commons, David Joseph Saposs, Helen Laura Sumner, Edward Becker Mittelman, Henry Elmer Hoagland, John Bertram Andrews, Selig Perlman - Google Buku

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REVOLUTIONARY BEGINNINGS

The International Workingmen's Association. Its emphasis on trade

unionism, 204. Its attitude towards political action, 205. Lassalle's

programme and the emphasis on political action, 206. Forerunners of the

International in America, 206. The Communist Club, 206. F. A. Sorge,

207. The General German Workingmen's Union and its Lassallean pro-

gramme, 207. The Social party of New York and vicinity, 208. Failure

and reorganisation, 209. Union 5 of the National Labor Union and Sec-

tion 1 of the International, 209. New Sections of the International, 209.

The Central Committee, 210. The native American forerunner of the

International, 210. Section 12, and its peculiar propaganda, 211. Rup-

ture between foreigners and Americans in the International, 211. The

Provisional Federal Council, 212. Two rival Councils, 212. Decision of

General Council in London, 213. The American Confederation of the In-

ternational and its attitude on the question of the powers of the Gen-

eral Council, 213. The North American Federation of the International,

214. The Internationalist Congress at The Hague and the defeat of

Bakunin by Marx, 214. Transfer of the General Council to New York,

215. Secession of a majority of the European national federations, 215.

Section 1 of New York and the Local Council, 216. Abolition of the

Local Council, 216. Secession of six sections, 217. The national conven-

tion of 1874 and the resolution on politics, 218. Adolph Strasser, 218.

The panic and unemployment, 219. Organisation of the unemployed, 219.

The riot on Tompkins Square, 220. John Swinton, 220. Organisation

among the unemployed in Chicago, 220. Section 1 of New York and the

struggle for the control of the Arbeiter-Zeitung, 221. The United

Workers of America, 222. P. J. McDonnell, 222.

The International and the Trade Union Movement. Lack of response

among the native American workingmen, 223. Success among the Ger-

mans, 223.
Die Arbeiter-Union, 223. Adolph Douai, 224. Temporary

sway of greenbackism among the Germans, 224. Victory of the ideas of

the International, 225. The Franco-Prussian War and the discontinuance

of Die Arbeiter-Union, 225. Organisation of the furniture workers, 225.

The German American Typographia, 226. The Amalgamated Trades and

Labour Council of New York, 226.

Lassalleanism and Politics. The effect of the industrial depression

on the spread of Lassalleanism, 227. The Labor party of Illinois and its

form of organisation, 228. Its attitude toward trade unionism and poli-

tics, 228. Temporary Lassalleanisation of the sections of the International

in Chicago, 229. The Labor party of Illinois in politics, 229. Overtures

to farmers, 230. The return to the principles of the International, 230.

The Lassallean movement in the East - The Social Democratic party of

North America, 230. The first national convention, 231. Peter J.

McGuire, 231. Reasons for Strasser's joining the Lassalleans, 231. The

Sozial-Demokrat, 232. The change of sentiment in favour of trade union-

ism, 232. The second convention of the Social Democratic party and the

partial return to the tenets of the International, 233. Attempts towards

unification, 233. The remaining divergence of ideas, 233. Preparations for

the national labour convention in Pittsburgh, 234.

ATTEMPTED UNION THE PITTSBURGH

CONVENTION OF 1876

The preliminary convention at Tyrone, Pennsylvania, and the two re-

ports on a platform, 235. Discontinuity of the Pittsburgh convention

from all preceding labour conventions, 236. The socialist draft of a plat-

form, 237. The Greenback draft by the committee on resolutions, 237.

Victory of the greenbackers and the withdrawal of the socialists, 238.

Other planks in the platform, 238. Negative attitude towards politics,

238. Recommendation to organise secretly, 239. Failure to establish a

permanent national federation of all labour organisations, 239.

THE GREENBACK LABOR AGITATION, 1876-

The change in labour's attitude towards politics produced by the great

strikes of 1877, 240. Organisation of the National party, 241. Fusion

with the greenbackers, 241. State labour ticket in New York, 242. The

"Greenback and Labor" combination in Pennsylvania, 242. Success of

the Greenback party in the West, 244. The "national convention of

labour and currency reformers" and the formation of the National party,

244. Predominance of the farmers, business men, and lawyers, 244. Plat-

form, 245. Further Greenback successes, 245. T. V. Powderly, 245. Con-

gressional election of 1878, 245. Obstacles to a unified movement in New

York City, 246. "Pomeroy Clubs," 246. The organisation of the Na-

tional Greenback Labor Reform party, 246. State election in Pennsyl-

vania, 247. Analysis of the vote, 247. State election in Ohio, 248. Suc-

cesses elsewhere, 248. Effect of the returning industrial prosperity, 249.

Effect of the resumption of specie payment, 249. Tendency to fuse with

the Democrats, 249. National pre-nomination conference, 249: Denis

Kearney and Albert R. Parsons, 249. National nominating convention,

250. Labour demands, 250. Failure of the movement, 251.

THE ANTI-CHINESE AGITATION IN CALI-

Class struggle versus race struggle, 252. The depression in Cali-

fornia, 253. Socialists and the strike movement, 253. The anti-Chinese

riot, 253. Denis Kearney, 254. The Workingmen's party of California,

255. Its platform, 255. The sand-lot meetings, 253. Arrest of Kear-

ney, 256. Nomination of delegates for the State constitutional con-

vention, 256. Threats of riots and the " 'Gag Law," 257. Kearney's ac-

quittal, 258. The state convention of the Workingmen's party, 258. First

successes in elections, 259. Election for the state constitutional con-

vention, 260. Alliance of the workingmen with the farmers, 260. The

anti-Chinese clause in the Constitution, 260. Adoption of the constitu-

tion by the people, 261. The workingmen's success in the state election,

261. Success in the San Francisco municipal election, 261. Movement

for the enforcement of the anti-Chinese clause in the state constitution,

262. Success in the state legislature but failure in the United States Cir-

cuit Court, 262. Second arrest of Kearney, 262. Beginning of the dis-

integration of the Workingmen's party, 263. Defeat in elections, 263.

Relation to the national Greenback movement, 263. The end of the party,

264. Spread of the anti-Chinese movement among small employers, 264.

The question before Congress, 265. The Congressional investigating com-

mittee, 265. Increase in the Chinese immigration during the early

eighties, 266. The Representative Assembly of Trade and Labor Unions,

266. The white label, 266. The state labour convention, the League of

Deliverance, and the boycott of Chinese made goods, 267. The Chinese

Exclusion Act, 267.

FROM SOCIALISM TO ANARCHISM AND SYN-

DICALISM, 1876-1884

The Nationalised International.__ The preliminary union conference of

all socialist organisations, 269. The Union Congress, 270. The Work-

ingmen's party of the United States, 270. The resolution on political ac-

tion, 270. Plan of organisation, 270. "Trade union" and "political "

factions, 271. Phillip Van Patten, 272. The New Haven experiment

with politics, 272. The Chicago election, 273. Factional differences, 273.

Struggle for the Labour Standard, 274. Douai's effort of mediation, 275.

Effect of the great strike of 1877 on the factional struggle, 276. The

part played by the socialists in the strike movement, 277.

The Rush into Politics. Election results, 277. The Newark con-

vention, 277. Control by the political faction, 278. The Socialist La-

bor party, 278. Strength of the trade union faction in Chicago, 279.

Success in the Chicago election, 279. Failure in Cincinnati, 279. Van

Patten's attitude towards trade unions, 280. Workingmen's military

organisations, 280. Autumn election of 1870, 282. Chicago the principal

socialist centre, 282. Influence in the state legislature, 283. Chicago

municipal election of 1879, 284. Persistent pro-trade union attitude of

the Chicago socialists, 284. Effect of prosperity, 284. The national con-

vention at Alleghany City, 284. Differences of opinion on a compromise

with the greenbackers, 285. National greenback convention, 285. The "so-

plank in the platform, 286. The double revolt: the "trade

union" faction and the revolutionists in the East, 287. Attitude of the

New Yorker Volkszeitung, 287. Referendum vote, 288. The decrease in

the greenback vote, 289. Struggle between the compromisers and non-com-

promisers in the socialist ranks, 289.

The Evolution towards Anarchism and "Syndicalism." Chicago and

New York, 291. The national convention of revolutionary socialists, 291.

Affiliation with the International Working People's Association in Lon-

don, 291. Attitude towards politics and trade unionism, 292. August

Spies, 292. The proposed form of organisation, 292. Political action in

Chicago once more, 292. Reorganisation in Chicago along revolutionary

lines, 292. Johann Most and his philosophy, 293. The Pittsburgh

convention and Manifesto, 295. Crystallisation of a "syndicalist phi-

losophy in Chicago, 296. Attitude towards the state, trade unionism

politics, and violence, 296.

Red International., 298.

298. Ebb of the Socialist Labor party, 300.

A model " syndicalist" trade union, 296. The

Burnette G. Haskell and Joseph R. Buchanan,

THE NEW TRADE UNIONISM, 1878-1884 .

From Socialism to Pure and Simple Trade Unionism. Two lines of

trade union action, 302. The plan for the organisation of the un-

skilled The International Labor Union, 302. Internationalism and

stewardism, 302. Trade unionism and eight-hour legislative action, 303.

Programme of the International Labor Union, 303. Success among the

textile workers, 304. First convention, 305. Steps towards an interna-

tional trade union organisation, 305. Failure of the International La-

bor Union, 306. International Cigar Makers' Union - the new model

for the organisations of the skilled, 306. Strasser and Gompers, 307.

Crystallisation of the pure and simple trade union philosophy, 308. The

railway brotherhoods, 309.

The First Successes. Trades' assemblies and their functions: economic,

political, and legislative, 310. The building trades' councils, the first

move toward industrialism, 312. The federations of the water-

front trades in the South, 312. The Negro, 312. The formation of

new national trade unions, 313. Their increase in membership,

1879-1883, 313. The control over locals, 314. Their benefit features,

314. Their attitude towards legal incorporation, 314. Predominance

of the foreign-speaking element in the trade unions, 315. The charge

that the foreigners in the trade unions deprive the American boy of his

opportunity in industry, 315. Strikes in 1880 and 1881, 316. The iron

workers' strike in 1882, 316. The boycott, 316. The New York Tribune

Towards Federation. The attempts towards national federation since

1876, 318. The part played by the Knights of Labor in the last and

successful attempt, 318. The Terre Haute conference, 318. Call for a

convention, 320. Trade unions in the eighties and trade unions today,

320. The Pittsburgh convention of 1881, 321. The cause of the large repre-

sentation of the Knights of Labor, 321. The formation of the Federa-

tion of Organised Trades and Labor Unions of the United States and

Canada, 322. Attitude toward organising the unskilled, 323. Subordina-

tion of the city trades' assembly to the national trade union, 323. Legisla-

tive committee and the legislative programme, 324. The incorporation

plank, 325. The shift from the co-operation argument to the one of trade

agreements on the question of incorporation, 326. Second convention of

the Federation, 326. Absence of the Knights of Labor and the iron and

steel workers, 326. Lack of interest in the Federation on the part of the

trade unions, 327. Convention of 1883, 328. The first appearance of

friction with Knights of Labor, 329. Attitude towards a protective tariff

329. Miscellaneous resolutions, 330. Failure of the Federation as an

organisation for obtaining legislation, 331.

END OF SECRECY IN THE KNIGHTS AND

DEVIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES,

Secrecy and the movement for centralisation, 332. District Assem-

bly 1 and the convention at Philadelphia, 1876, 333. The National

Labor League of North America, 333. District Assembly 3 and the

convention at Pittsburgh, 333. Lull in the movement for centralisation,

334. The Knights and the railway strikes of 1877, 334. Other strikes,

334. The General Assembly at Reading, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1878,

334. The Preamble, 335. First principles: education, organisation, and

co-operation, 335. Form of organisation, 337. Special convention on the

secrecy question, June, 1878, 338. Referendum vote, 338. The Catholic

Church and secrecy in the Knights, 339. The compromise in 1879, 339.

Final abolition of secrecy in 1881, 339. Growth and fluctuation in

membership, 1878-1880, 339. The resistance fund, 340. Claims of the

advocates of co-operation and education, 340. The compromise, 341.

Compromise on political action, 341. Demands of the trade union element

within the Knights, 342. National trade assembly, 343. Growth and

fluctuation of membership, 1880-1883, 344. Component elements of the

Knights, 344. Unattached local unions, 344. Weak national organisa-

tions, 345. Advantages to an incipient trade movement from affiliation

with the Knights, 346. T. V. Powderly - Grand Master Workman in 1881,

347. Enthusiasm for strikes, 347. The telegraphers' strike in 1883,

348. Unorganised strikes, 349. The freight handlers' strike in New York,

349. Failure of the strikes conducted by the Knights, 349. Its effect on

the fluctuation of membership, 350. Political faction, 350. Nonpartisan

politics, 351. Partiality of the general officers for co-operation, 351.

pendent politics in the West, 352. Co-operative beginnings, 352. Atti-

tude of the trade unions towards the Knights, 352. Their endeavour to

turn the Knights back to "First Principles," 352. General summary,

1876-1884, 353.

THE GREAT UPHEAVAL, 1884-1886

The New Economic Conditions. The difference between the labour move-

ments in the early and the middle eighties, 357. The unskilled, 357.

Extension of the railways into outlying districts, 358. Resultant inten-

sification of competition among mechanics, 358. The industrial expan-

sion, 358. Growth of cities, 359. Extension of the market and the su-

premacy of the wholesale jobber, 359. The impossibility of trade agree-

ments, 359. Pools, 360. Immigration, 360. Exhaustion of the public do-

main, 360. Peculiarities of the depression, 1883-1885, 361. Reduc-

tions in wages, 361. The effect of the depression on the other economic

classes, 362. Anti-monopoly slogan, 362.

Strikes and Boycotts, 1884-1885. Fall River spinners' strike, 362.

Troy stove mounters' strike, 363. Cincinnati cigar makers' strike, 363.

Hocking Valley coal miners' strike, 363. Vogue of the boycott, 364. Ex-

tremes in boycotting, 365. Boycott statistics, 1884-1885, 365. Resump-

tion of the strike movement, 366. Saginaw Valley, Michigan strike, 366.

Quarrymen's strike in Illinois, 367. Other strikes, 367. Shopmen's strikes

on the Union Pacific in 1884, and the Knights of Labor, 367. Joseph

R. Buchanan, 367. The Gould railway strike in 1885, 368. Gould's

surrender, 369. Its enormous moral effect, 370. The general press and

Order, 370. Keen public interest in the Order, 370. The New York Sun

"story," 371. Effect on Congress, 372. The contract immigrant labour evil,

372. Situation in the glass-blowing industry, 372. The Knights and the

anti-contract labour law, 372. "The Knights of Labor - the liberator

of the oppressed," 373. Beginning of the upheaval, 373. Unrestrained

class hatred, 374. Labour's refusal to arbitrate disputes, 374. Readiness

to commit violence, 374.

The Eight-Hour Issue and the Strike. Growth of trade unions, 375.

New trade unions formed, 1884-1885, 375. Convention of the Federa-

tion of Organised Trades and Labor Unions in 1884, 376. Eight-

hour issue, 376. Invitation to the Knights to co-operate, 377. Referen-

dum vote by the affiliated organisations, 377. Advantage to the trade

unions from the eight-hour issue, 378. Lukewarmness of the national

leaders of the Knights, 378. Powderly's attitude, 378. Enthusiasm

of the rank and file, 379. Pecuniary interest of the Order's organisers in

furthering the eight-hour agitation, 379. Marvellous increase in the mem-

bership of the Knights, 381. Membership statistics for various States,

381. Racial composition, 382. Composition by trades, 382. The pace

of organisation in Illinois by months, 382. The Southwest railway strike,

383. Its cause, 383. Its unusual violence, 383. Its failure, 384. The

eight-hour strike, 385. Degree of its immediate success, 385. Its ultimate

failure, 385. Unequal prestige of the Knights and the trade unions as a

result of the strike, 385.

The Chicago Catastrophe. Effect of the Haymarket bomb on the eight-

hour strike, 386. Spread of the "syndicalists" influence among the Ger-

man trade unions in 1884, 386. Formation of the Central Labor

Union, 387. Its relation to the "syndicalists," 387. Its declaration of

principles, 388. Relation of individual trade unions to the "syndicalists"

in Chicago and St. Louis, 388. Agitation among the English speaking

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