STOCKTON-ON-TEES - STODDARD post-office of the first class with an annual revenue of about $50,000, 47 employees and five rural delivery routes; a rural telephone system reaching all nearby farmers and villages; 2,283 telephones in the city (by last available report) or 13.04 to each 100 persons as compared with 12.13 in San Francisco and 13.12 in Los Angeles; 30 church organizations and 17 buildings used for religious purposes, one (the Central M. E. Church) costing, furnished, $91,000; 14 public school buildings enrolling about 2,800 pupils; the high school building with ten-acre site costing $155,000; three parish schools, including St. Agnes Academy; two business colleges and a number of smaller private schools; a public library costing $75,000 and having 37,000 volumes and 5,198 pamphlets, maps, and atlases; 12 hotels. Among other prominent buildings are the State Hospital for the Insane; the county court-house, a granite building costing $350,000; the United States Post Office of sandstone costing $108,000; the opera house; St. Joseph's Home; Masonic Temple, and many substantial business blocks. Four daily papers, one semi-weekly, five weekly and four monthly papers are published in the city. The six banks of Stockton have a paid up capital of $2,158,580, with deposits amounting to over $5,500,000, and loans aggregating $6,500,000. Since their incorporation in 1887 and 1889 two Building and Loan Associations with 1,100 local stockholders and assets amounting to $583,851, have erected 880 homes in the city through loans aggregating $2,807,794. The assessed valuation of all property in the city proper is about $15,000,000; bonded indebtedness, $144,000. History and Government.- In 1843, Capt. C. M. Weber, the founder of Stockton, secured a grant of II square leagues of land (48,747 acres) from the Mexican government. This grant known as the Campo de los Franceses included the site of the present city of Stockton. At first stock raising was the only industry. With the discovery of gold in 1848, Stockton became at once the most important supply station for the Southern Mines. At the head of navigation on the San Joaquin River, goods were brought on sailing vessels from San Francisco to Stockton, the nearest point to the mines. From Stockton supplies were sent to the miners by ox teams, by pack animals or in huge wagons known as "prairie schooners." As grain farming developed, the city naturally became the shipping point for the entire tributary region. The completion of the first overland railroad in 1869 greatly increased the importance of Stockton as a manufacturing and distributing centre. In 1850 Stockton was incorporated with a population of 2,000. It was named in honor of Robert Field Stockton of the United States Navy. It was laid out in blocks 303 feet square. Under the charter of 1889, the government is vested in a mayor and a council of five members chosen biennially. Population. (1890) 14.424; (1900) 17,506. A complete census of the city is taken each year by the school census marshals. Population of the city proper (1910 census), 23,253; of the city and suburbs, 29,000. JAS. A. BARR, City Superintendent of Schools, Stockton, Cal. Stockton-on-Tees, tez, England, a seaport town in Durham, on the Tees River, II miles northeast of Darlington. It consists of two sections, the town proper, and South Stockton of more recent date, connected by a bridge. It has municipal buildings, a custom-house, many good churches, quays, and steam tramways. There is a fine race-course in the vicinity, and Ropner Park, laid out in 1893. Ship-building is an exfoundries, blast-furnaces, engine-works and pottensive industry and there are important teries, breweries, corn and spinning-mills. The exports include iron-ware and pottery; the imports are chiefly corn, timber, etc. There is quite a brisk river trade. Stoddard, stŏd'ard, Amos, American soldier: b. Woodbury, Conn., 26 Oct. 1762; d. Fort Meigs, Ohio, 11 May 1813. He served in the Revolutionary War and at its close practised law in Maine. He was governor of the Territory of Missouri, 1804-5, fought in the War of 1812 and was mortally wounded in the siege of Fort Meigs. He published 'Sketches of Louisiana' (1810), and several valuable historical papers. Stoddard, Charles Augustus, American Presbyterian clergyman, and writer of travels: b. Boston 28 May 1833. He was graduated from Williams College in 1854: taught; traveled in Europe and the East; studied at the University of Edinburgh and the Free Church of Scotland Theological Seminary; and was graduated from Union Theological Seminary in New York in 1859. He was pastor in a Presbyterian church in New York 1859-83; became associate editor of The Observer' in 1869, part owner in 1873, and was editor-in-chief, 1885-1902. His publications include Across Russia from the Baltic to the Danube (1891); 'Beyond the Rockies' (1894); Cruising Among the Caribbees' (1895-1903). Stoddard, Charles Warren, American author: b. Rochester, N. Y., 7 Aug. 1843. He for some time an actor. He was for seven years studied at the University of California and was special traveling correspondent of the San Franof the globe, including five years in the South cisco Chronicle, visiting nearly every quarter Seas; from 1885 to 1887 professor of English literature at Notre Dame College, Indiana; and from 1889 to 1903 at the Catholic University of Sea Idylls (1873); Summer Cruising in the America. Among his publications are: South South Seas (1874); Mashallah (1880); The Lepers of Molokai (1885); Lazy Letters from Low Latitudes (1894); Over the Rocky Mountains to Alaska (1899); Hither and Yon'; etc. He died 24 April 1909. Stoddard, Elizabeth Drew Barstow, American poet and novelist: b. Mattapoisett, Mass., 6 May 1823; d. New York 1902. She was married to R. H. Stoddard (q.v.) and frequently collaborated with him in literary work. In addition to verse of not a little individuality she wrote three novels The Morgesons' (1862); Two Men' (1865; and Temple House) (1867), which displayed vigor and originality, but were never popular. Her 'Poems' were collected in 1867. Stoddard, Francis Hovey, American educator and writer: b. Middlebury, Vt., 25 April 1847. He was graduated from Amherst College in 1869, and was instructor at the University STODDARD - STOESSEL of California 1886-7. Since 1888 he has held the chair of English literature at New York University. He has published The Modern Novel (1883); Women in the English Universities (1886); Miracle Plays and Mysteries' (1887); Tolstoi and Matthew Arnold' (1890); The Evolution of the English Novel' (1900). Stoddard, John Lawson, American lecturer and traveler: b. Brookline, Mass., 24 April 1850. He was graduated from Williams College 1871. He has traveled extensively and is the originator and promoter of the Stoddard Lectures in the larger cities of America. He has published 'Red Letter Days Abroad'; "Glimpses of the World); Stoddard Lectures on Travels Abroad and in America.' Stoddard, John Tappan, American chemist and educator: b. Northampton, Mass., 20 Oct. 1852. He studied in the Northampton High School and later went to Amherst College, graduating from there in 1874. He then went to Germany, taking a two years' course in chemistry and physics at the University of Göttingen (1876-8), receiving his degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. in 1877. He was assistant principal of the Northampton High School, 1874-5; was professor of physics and mathematics in Smith College 1878-81, of chemistry and physics 1881-97, and of chemistry since 1897. He has written: 'Outline of Qualitative Analysis' (1883); 'Lecture Notes on General Chemistry) (2 vols. 1884-5); beside many scientific articles and review for magazines. Stoddard, Richard Henry, American poet and journalist: b. Hingham, Mass., 2 July 1825; d. New York 12 May 1903. He went to New York when very young, and there he was employed for some time in an iron-foundry. He began, about 1848, to write in prose and verse for periodicals, and ultimately devoted himself to literature. From 1853 to 1870 he was connected with the custom house, in 1870-3 he was . secretary to Gen. McClellan, in 1860-70 was literary reviewer for the World, and from 1880 for the Mail and Express (now the Evening Mail). The amount of his critical work in these posts was very large. He wrote much worthy verse, lyric and narrative, of a reflective cast; patterned in the earlier period after Keats. Abraham Lincoln,' an ode, is among his bestknown efforts. Among his numerous writings are Footprints' (1849); Songs of Summer (1856); The King's Bell (1862); The Book of the East' (1871); Memoir of E. A. Poe' (1875) Poems (1880, collected); Life of Washington Irving) (1886); The Lion's Cub' (1890), poems; and Under the Evening Lamp' (1893), essays on Hogg, David Gray, Ebenezer Elliot, Edward Fitzgerald, and others. His valuable collection of autographs and manuscripts was presented by him to the New York Authors' Club, a few months before his death. Consult his 'Recollections. Personal and Literary, edited by Ripley Hitchcock, with introduction by E. C. Stedman (1903). Stoddard, William Osborne, American author and journalist: b. Homer, N. Y., 24 Sept. 1835. He was graduated from the University of Rochester in 1857, tried farming and journalism until 1861, when he was three months in the United States volunteers. He was secretary to President Lincoln 1861-4, and United States marshal of Arkansas 1864-6. Since then he has followed journalism and business pursuits in New York and has taken out nine patents for inventions. His publications are numerous and comprise verse, biography, fiction, and adventure stories for boys. Among them are 'Scanderoon' (1870); Life of Abraham Lincoln' (1884); The Talking Leaves' (1885); The Red Mustang' (1890); The Lost Gold of the Montezumas' (1897); The Errand Boy of Andrew Jackson' (1902). Stoddart, James Henry, American actor: b. Barnley, Yorkshire, England, 12 Oct. 1827; d. Sewaren, N. J., 9 Dec. 1907. He was educated at Glasgow, and at 17 began his career as an actor, attaining some success in Liverpool and other English cities. In 1854 he came to the United States and was one of Wallack's company; then acted with Laura Keene and with Dion Boucicault. He was later for 20 years under the management of A. M. Palmer at the Union Square and Madison Square theatres, New York. He was most successful in his representations of old men; among his roles are Mr. Moneypenny in The Long Strike'; Colonel Preston in Alabama'; and Lachlan Campbell in 'The Bonnie Brier Bush.' He wrote 'Recollections of a Player) (1902). Stoddert, stŏd'ért, Benjamin, American Revolutionary soldier and statesman: b. Charles County, Md., 1751; d. Bladensburg, Md., 18 Dec. 1813. He was educated for mercantile pursuits, but on the outbreak of the Revolutionary War entered the Continental army and served with distinction until the battle of Brandywine, when he was severely wounded and obliged to retire from active service. At the time of his retirement he had the rank of major. He was secretary of the board of war till 1781. At the close of the war he established a mercantile business at Georgetown, D. C. In 1798 he was appointed secretary of the navy, holding the position till 1801. During his administration war with France was threatened, and he had charge of the organization of the naval force; for a time he served also as secretary of war. At the close of his term he returned to business in George town. Stoeckel, Gustave Jacob, American musician and instructor: b. Maikammer, Germany, 9 Nov. 1819; d. Norfolk, Conn., 17 May 1907. He graduated from Kaiserslautern, Germany, and for several years was a teacher and organist. He came to the United States in 1847, becoming instructor in music at Yale University in 1849 and the organist in College Chapel. After 1890 he was professor emeritus of music. He published several collections of sacred music, several operas, a College Hymn Book for male voices, etc. Stoessel, Anatoli Mikhailovitch, Russian general: b. of Swedish parents in Saint Peters-. Burg, 10 July 1848; was educated in Paul Military School, St. Petersburg, and entered the army in 1864, serving with distinction in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-8; was appointed colonel in 1889, major-general in 1899, commander of the Ninth East Siberian Sharpshooters' Brigade, 1900, and for meritorious services against the Boxers in the same year, was made a lieutenant-general. At the outbreak of the Japanese war in February 1904, he was ap STOEVER-STOICISM pointed commander at Port Arthur, and soon afterward commander of the entire army corps ordered to the defense of that fortress, which he surrendered to the Japanese, 2 Jan. 1905. On 20 Feb. 1908 he was condemned to death (commuted to 10 years' imprisonment) "for surrendering the fortress before all means of defense had been exhausted; failing to enforce authority; and for military misdemeanors." He Stoever, Martin Luther, American educator and author: b. Germantown, Pa., 17 Feb. 1830; d. Gettysburg, Pa., 22 July 1870. graduated from Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, in 1838, and was a tutor there from 1839 to 1840, afterward becoming principal of the preparatory department, and professor of Latin, history, and political economy, a position which he very ably held until his death. He received the degrees of Ph.D. and LL.D. For several years he acted as secretary of the General Synod of the Lutheran Church, and as editor of the 'Evangelical Quarterly Review,' for which he wrote a series of 'Reminiscences of Lutheran Ministers. He also edited 'The Literary Record' from 1847 to 1848. He published biographies of Dr. Henry M. Muhlenberg (1856), and of Dr. Philip F. Mayer (1859), and wrote 'A Brief Sketch of the Lutheran Church in the United States' (1860), and at the time of his death was preparing a full history on that subject. Stohman, stō'man, Friedrich Karl Adolf, German agricultural chemist: b. Bremen 1832. He was educated at Göttingen University in Germany, was assistant professor under Graham at University College from 1853 to 1855, and afterward assistant at Celle. He organized the department for agricultural experiments at Brunswick in 1862; in 1865 he accepted a call to Halle, and in 1871 became director of the agricultural physiological institute of Leipsic University. He wrote: Beiträge zur Bedgründung einer rationellen Fütterung der Wiederkäuter) (1860); 'Biologische Studien) (1873) Handbuch der technischen Chemie) (1872); Handbuch der Zuckerfabrikation) (1878); 'Die Starkefabrikation' (1878). Stoicism, the Stoic system of philosophy and practical attitude toward life. The Stoic school of philosophy was founded at Athens about 300 B.C. by Zeno, a native of Citium, in Cyprus. It received its name from the Stoa Pocile, or mottled porch, where its meetings were held. Zeno had been a pupil of the Cynic Crates, and in its essential principle Stoicism may be regarded as the continuation and scientific development of Cynicism (q.v.). The successor of Zeno in the leadership of the school was Cleanthes, the author of the hymn to Zeus, who died 251 B.C. He was followed by Chrysippus, who, on account of his great activity as a teacher and writer, is sometimes called the second founder of the school. The leadership at Athens then passed the order to Zeno of Tarsus, Diogenes of Seleucia, and Antipater of Tarsus. Of the numerous writings of these men and their contemporaries only a few fragments have come down to us. Panatius of Rhodes (180-110 B.C.) and his contemporary, Boethius of Sidon, introduced new elements into Stoicism, bringing it into closer relations with the systems of Plato and Aristotle. It was mainly through the influence Stoicism, like all the later systems of Greek Man only differs from the other parts of the universe in that, as possessing consciousness and reason, he is able to learn the laws of nature and to follow them consciously and voluntarily. Hence we find that the fundamental doctrine of the Stoic ethics is contained in the injunction to "follow nature," to lead a "life according to nature." This general principle was made more specific, however, when it was pointed out (it is said by Chrysippus) that the laws of nature with which man is most directly and intimately concerned are those of human nature, and that he must therefore obey the fundamental laws are found within himself. This imwhich reason, the fundamental principlies that STOKE-POGES-STOKES JAMES E. CREIGHTON, Professor of Philosophy, Cornell University. lage of Buckinghamshire. It is the burial place of Thomas Gray, and its churchyard is the scene Stoke-Poges, stok pō'jis, England, a vilof the famous Elegy.' market-town, in Staffordshire, 14 miles northStoke-upon-Trent, England, a seaport and west of Stafford, capital of the "Potteries" district. It dates mainly from the 18th century and has been greatly improved recently. The mu Hartshill infirmary, monuments to prominent citizens, and public baths are noteworthy feanicipal buildings, free library, Minton Memorial, tures. The industries and manufactures are varied, including earthenware, porcelain, tiles, tesselated floors or pavements, coal-mining, the manufacture of machinery, engines, etc. (1901) 30,458. Pop. Sto'ker, Bram (Abraham), English author: b. Dublin. He was educated in that city, of Shasta (1895); Miss Betty) (1898); and and has published Under the Sunset) (1882); The Mystery of the Sea' (1902). 'The Watter's Mou" (1894); The Shoulder ple of human nature, shall govern action. and Saints' (1893); Davis, 'Greek and Roman Between the reason and the life of feeling Stoicism' (1903). and emotion there is the sharpest opposition. The highest good is not pleasure, or any object of desire, but virtue, the end which reason shows to be in harmony with our true nature. This sharp antithesis between virtue and pleasure was doubtless made more emphatic by the rivalry between the Stoic and the Epicurean schools. To regard pleasure as the good is, they maintain, to lose sight of the true nature of virtue, to base it upon the feelings and emotions, which are subject to external circumstances, and thus to deprive a man of his moral freedom and independence. The ideal of the wise man plays a very important part in the Stoic ethics. The wise man is completely free and independent, completely independent of external circumstances, and entirely emancipated from the bondage of the desires and emotions. For him virtue is the only good and vice the only evil: all external circumstances are indifferent; health, power, riches, even life itself are not real goods, nors pain, poverty, contempt, or death evils. He has completely mastered his possessions through the insight of reason and the resulting strength of will, and has attained to a state of apathy, or freedom from the sway of the emotions. This ideal has been realized at best by very few men; the Stoics refer only to Socrates and Antisthenes, the founder of the Cynic school, as examples of its complete fulfillment. The wise man recognizes the necessity of all events, and welcomes whatever takes place as a part of the divine order of the universe. The fundamental Stoic virtues are strength of will, and resignation based on rathus tional insight. These enable a cheerfully whatever lot fortune may apportion man to bear him. Even when external circumstances make endurance no longer possible, but would compel a man to unworthy action, he may still triumph by voluntarily withdrawing from life by suicide. The Stoic gives up life, as he gives up external goods, as a means of preserving his own freedom and independence; and many of the most famous members of the school committed suicide in this spirit. In spite of the emphasis on the necessity of independence, the Stoics recognize that a life of reason implies social relations with one's fellow men, and they give an important place in their system to the social duties and virtues, especially to the importance of justice, mercy, and friendship. As reason is the essential basis of society, being the common element that unites a man with his fellows, they attach slight importance to citizenship in a particular country, and emphasize the cosmopolitan idea of social unity with all rational beings of every society and of every country. In this and in other doctrines, Stoicism, especially in its later form, goes beyond the conceptions usually prevailing in Greek ethics, and approaches the Christian idea of the universal brotherhood of man. to Bibliography. - Seneca, Dialogues) (tran. by A. Stewart in Bohn Library); Epictetus, 'Discourses and Encheiridion' Long in Bohn Library); Marcus Aurelius, (tran. by G. (Thoughts (tran. by G. Long in Bohn Library); Capes, Stoicism' (1880); Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans and Sceptics'; Brown, 'Stoics geon: b. 6 March 1845. He obtained his early Stoker, SIR (William) Thornley, Irish surlater studying in the College of Surgeons, Ireeducation in the Wymondham Grammar School, land, and Queen's College, Galway. He rapidly ated a knight in 1895 in recognition of his serattained eminence in his practice and was crevices to surgery. He was appointed surgeon to the City of Dublin Hospital in 1873; has been Swift's Hospital since 1876, later becoming govsurgeon to Richmond Hospital since 1873, and the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland, 1876–89 He has been professor of anatomy in try Hospitals, and of the National Gallery, Ireand its president, 1894-6; governor of the Royal land; he was appointed inspector for Ireland unHibernian Military School, the House of Indusder the Vivisection Act, and has been a Fellow of Royal University since 1890. He has contributed many scientific papers on his profession to magazines and periodicals. ernor. Stokes, Adrian, English painter: b. South Liverpool Institute and the Royal Academy port in 1854. He received his education at the Schools, London. He has exhibited works at the Royal Academy each year since 1876, and has 1889, and the World's Fair at Chicago, 1893. been awarded medals at the Paris Exhibition, Stokes, stōks, Frank Wilbert, American mathematician and physicist: b. Skreen, County |
