bundles so characteristic of the species. Clinopinacoidal cleavage is perfect; fracture uneven; brittle; hardness 3.5 to 4; specific gravity 2.2; lustre vitreous, pearly on the clinopinacoid; color usually white or yellowish, though not infrequently brownish to brick-red; transparent or translucent. Essentially a hydrous silicate of aluminum and calcium, generally with a little soda. Before the blowpipe it acts like scolecite (q.v.). It mostly occurs in cavities in trap rocks. Many localities have yielded fine specimens, among the most important being Poona, India; Iceland; Faroe Islands; Nova Scotia; Paterson and Upper Montclair in New Jersey. Sphærostilbite and puflerite are globular varieties.

Stilicho, stil'i-kō, Flavius, Roman general: b. of Vandal origin about 359 A.D.; d. Ravenna 23 Aug. 408. In 384 A.D. he was sent by the emperor on an important mission to Persia, and upon his return was made commander-in-chief of the Roman army and given the hand of Serena, the niece of Theodosius, in marriage. At the death of the emperor he was made guardian of his son Honorius, and practical ruler of the Western Empire, which he defended against the invasion of the Goths under Rufinus, the guardian of the Empire of the East. Although he again repulsed the Germanic hordes in 406, and was the loyal servant of the empire in its foreign wars, having defeated Alaric at Pollentia some years before the Gothic invasion, he was accused of aiding Alaric in his encroachments upon the empire previous to its final conquest, and was obliged to flee from Rome. On the charge of high treason he was taken from the church at Ravenna which had given him shelter and executed. His distinguished services in behalf of Rome were commemorated by the poet Claudius. Consult Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of Rome.'

Stiles, stilz, Charles Wardell, American zoologist: b. Spring Valley, N. Y., 15 May 1867. He was educated at Wesleyan University, Conn., 1885-6; Collège de France 1886-7; Berlin University 1887-9; Leipsic University 1889-90; Trieste Zoological station 1891; Pasteur Institute and Collège de France 1891. He was zoologist, 1891-1902, and has been consulting zoologist since 1902, in the bureau of animal industry, United States Department of Agriculture. He has been zoologist of the United States Public Health and Marine Hospital Service since August 1902; professor of medical zoology at Georgetown University since 1892; at Johns Hopkins University since 1897; and was a special lecturer on that subject at the Army Medical School 1894-1902. He has held other offices with national and private scientific institutions, has represented the United States government at several International Zoological Congresses, and was detailed as agricultural and scientific attaché to the United States Embassy, Berlin, 1898-9. His publications, all on the subject of his special study, include A Revision of the Adult Cestodes of Cattle, Sheep, and Allied Animals' (1893); Tapeworms of Poultry) (1896); The Cattle Ticks of the United States' (1902); 'Report on Hook Worm Disease in the United States' (1903); etc. Stiles, Ezra, American clergyman and college president: b. North Haven, Conn., 15 Dec. 1727; d. New Haven, Conn., 12 May 1795.

He was graduated from Yale in 1746, and was a tutor there 1749-55. Dr. Franklin having sent an electrical apparatus to Yale, Stiles entered with great zeal upon this then new field of philosophical investigation, and performed the first electrical experiments ever made in New England. At the time he was pursuing the study of theology, was licensed, and commenced preaching in June 1749. In April 1750 he visited the Housatonic tribe of Indians at Stockbridge. He then studied law, in 1753 was admitted to the bar, and practised at New Haven for the two following years. In 1775 he became pastor of the Second Church in Newport, R. I., and during his residence there found time for literary and scientific investigations, corresponding with learned men in almost every part of the world. His congregation at Newport being entirely broken up by the British occupation of the place, in May 1777 he removed to Portsmouth, N. H., to become pastor of the North Church. In September following he was elected president of Yale, shortly after professor of ecclesiastical history in connection with the presidency, and in June 1778 entered on his official duties. After 1780 he discharged the duties of professor of divinity. His labors for the college were intense and uninterrupted during the residue of his life. He was widely learned, being perhaps particularly versed in the Oriental languages. He published a funeral oration in Latin on Gov. Law (1751); a Latin oration on his induction to his office as president (1778); an 'Account of the Settlement of Bristol' (1785); History of Three of the Judges of Charles I. (1795). His life has been written by Kingsley in Sparks' American Biography,' 1st series, Vol. VI. (1845).

Stiletto, a knife or dagger with a round pointed blade from 6 to 12 inches long, common in the Middle Ages.

Still, John, English ecclesiastic: b. Grantham, Lincolnshire, about 1543; d. Wells 26 Feb. 1607-8. He was graduated from Christ's College, Cambridge, of which he was elected a fellow, and took orders. In 1570 he became Margaret preacher and Margaret professor of divinity in the university. The next year he obtained the rectory of Hadleigh, Suffolk, and in 1572 became, with Dr. Thomas Watts, joint dean of Bocking, at the same time being appointed chaplain to the primate. In 1573 he was made vicar of East Markham and canon of Westminster, whereupon he resigned his Cambridge professorship. He was then promoted to the deancy of Norwich and in July 1574 was elected master of St. John's College, Cambridge. Having acted as vice-chancellor in 1575, he was in May 1577 transferred to the mastership of Trinity. In 1592 he was again elected vice-chancellor and was called upon to provide an English comedy for the queen's amusement. In 1593 he was consecrated bishop of Bath and Wells. The supposition that he was the author of Gammer Gurton's Needle' (q.v.) is highly probable. In 1575 the play was published under the following title: 'A Ryght Pythy, Pleasant, and Merie Comedie: Intytuld Gammer Gurton's Nedle: Played on Stage not longe ago in Christes Colledge in Cambridge. Made by Mr. S., Master of Art,' and this Mr. S. can be

identified with no one so naturally as with the vice-chancellor, Dr. Still, of the time.

Still, William, American philanthropist: b. Shamony, N. J., 7 Oct. 1821. He was chairman and corresponding secretary of the Philadelphia branch of the Underground Railroad 1851-61. He sheltered the wife, daughter, and sons of John Brown while he was awaiting execution in Virginia. He has published The Underground Railroad'; Voting and Laboring); Struggle for the Rights of the Colored People of Philadelphia.'

Still. See DISTILLATION.

Still-life, a branch of the art of painting which deals with the portrayal of lifeless objects. It is called in Germany, Still Leben; in Holland, stilleven; in France, nature morte; in Italy, riposo. The subjects generally chosen are dead animals deer, birds or fish, kitchen and table utensils, plate, crockery or china, fruit, flowers, curios, and jewelry. These objects are arranged so as to make a picturesque combination of color, light, and shade. Some still-life pictures are extremely refreshing compositions executed with consummate technique. This branch of art flourished from the earliest days of color decoration, and was at its highest perfection during the Alexandrian age; the paintings at Pompeii and the Roman mosaics furnish many fine examples of it. The Renaissance painters did not execute still-life as an independent department of their art, but early in the 17th century it was cultivated most elaborately and with the greatest success by the Dutch school. The taste, beauty, and exquisite virtuosity of their work has never been surpassed, if ever even equaled. There are two main styles of still-life painting. While some artists have endeavored by a certain breadth and freedom of handling to obtain a mere decorative effect by the introduction of brilliant metallic surfaces and the juxtaposition of rich color tones, others have aimed at minute and painfully elaborated compositions, fine and delicate as a miniature on parchment or ivory. The chief Dutch painters of still-life are J. Brueghel the elder, Snyders, Leghers, the de Heem family, A. van Beijeren, W. Kalf, Heda, W. van Aelft, Dou, Fyt, etc. In the 19th century a great revival took place in this class of art. In France it was practised successfully by Robie, Vollon, and Ph. Rousseau; in Germany by Preyer of Düsseldorf; Hoquet of Berlin; P. Meyerheim, Hertel, Th. and R. Grönland, and by the woman painters Begas-Parmentier, H. von Preuschen, Hormuth-Kallmorgan, Hedinger, etc. The still-life of flowers and fruit is generally most successfully accomplished in water colors. The ancient Greek painter Pausias (q.v.) was especially skilful in the representation of flowers, while of another ancient artist it is said that the birds flew down and pecked at his picture of fruit. These were of course water color paintings, but not before oil painting reached its perfection in the Netherlands were flowers and fruit represented pictorially with absolutely realistic vividness.

Stillé, stil'ě, Charles Janeway, American educator and historian: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Sept. 1819; d. 11 Aug. 1899. He was graduated from Yale in 1839 and was admitted to the bar, but abandoned this profession for literary pur

suits. In the Civil War he was a member of the United States Sanitary Commission, and in 1866 was made professor of history and English literature in the University of Pennsylvania. He was chosen provost there in 1868 and held that office until 1880. He published 'Historical Development of American Civilization'; 'History of the United States Sanitary Commission' (1866); Studies in Medieval History) (1882); Beaumarchais and the Lost Milton (1886); etc.

Stillman, stil'man, Thomas Bliss, American chemical engineer: b. Plainfield, N. J., 24 May 1852. He was graduated from Rutgers College in 1873 and went to Germany to study engineering. After returning to the United States he was appointed instructor of analytical chemistry at Stevens Institute 1874-6, and state oil inspector for New Jersey. was made professor there 1881-6. In 1884 he was editor of the 'Stevens Institute Indicator' 1895-8 and has published The Rutgers Scarlet Letter' (1873); Engineering Chemistry' (1897).

He was

Stillman, William James, American author: b. Schenectady, N. Y., I June 1828: d. Surrey, England, 6 July 1901. After graduation from Union College (1848) he studied landscape art with F. E. Church, in 1849 went to England to continue his art-work, adopted the views of Rossetti and Millais, whence he was styled "the American Pre-Raphaelite," and having returned to the United States began exhibiting at the Academy of Design, of which in 1854 he was made an associate. In 1852 he went for Louis Kossuth to Hungary to secure the crownjewels which had been secreted by Kossuth at some point on the Danube. After some further study with Yvon at Paris, he came back to found with John Durand, the Crayon,' a magazine of art criticism, which continued two years (1855-7). In 1859 he was again in England, in 1861-5 was United States consul at Rome, and in 1865-9 held a similar post in Crete. Having abandoned art, owing to failing eyesight, he was a special correspondent for the Times of London from 1878 to 1898, traveling widely about the Continent, and being from 1886 correspondent for Italy and Greece. In 1883-5 he contributed critical papers on art subjects to the New York Evening Post. An expert photographer, he was at one time associate editor of the Photographic Times,' made for the Hellenic Society of London a valuable series of photographs of the Acropolis at Athens, and published (1872-3) two manuals of photography. As a journalist he wrote much on many subjects, chiefly art, history, and politics, and gained a considerable reputation. His best picture is 'The Procession of the Pines (1858). Among his published volumes are: 'History of the Cretan Insurrection' (1874); Herzegovina and the Late Uprising) (1877); On the Track of Ulysses' (1887); The Union of Italy) (1898); The Old Rome and the New) (1898); Francesco Crispi (1899); and an interesting Autobiography' (1901, first printed in the Atlantic) 1900). See this work.

Stillwater, stil'wâ"ter, Minn., city, countyseat of Washington County; on Saint Croix River, 30 miles from its junction with the Mississippi River, and on the Chicago, M. & St. P., the Northern Pacific, and the Chicago

St. P., M. & O. R.R.'s; about 18 miles northeast of Saint Paul. It has steamer connections with the river ports, and regular connection with Dubuque and Saint Louis. It was settled in 1840 by Jacob Fisher and Calvin Leach, and was incorporated as a city in 1854. The Saint Croix River boom, through which pass each year about 300,000,000 feet of pine logs, is north of and near the city. Stillwater is in an agricultural region, and is extensively engaged in manufacturing. The chief industrial establishments are flour and feed mills, grain elevators, lumber mills, foundries, machine shops, carriage and wagon works, and furniture factories. The government census of 1909 gives the number of manufacturing establishments 38; the amount of capital invested, $3,277,000; the number of employees in manufactories, 857; the total amount of wages, $581,000; and the value of the product, $2,686,000. The city has a large trade in logs, lumber and lumber products, wheat, flour, and live-stock. It is the commercial and industrial centre of the Saint Croix lumber region in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The educational institutions are a high school, public and parish elementary schools, private business schools, and the Carnegie Library. The two banks have a combined capital of $200,000; the value of the business transacted annually is about $10,000,000. The government is vested in a mayor and council of nine members, three of whom are elected each year. Stillwater was first located on the plain bordering on Lake Saint Croix, with bluffs outside the settled portion. Now the old part of the city is given up to trade and manufacturing houses and the residential portion is on the bluffs. Pop. (1890) 11,260; (1900) 12,318; (1910) 10,198.

Stillwater, Battles of. See SARATOGA, BAT

TLES OF.

Stil'son, Daniel Chapman, American inventor: b. Durham, N. H., 25 March 1830; d. Somerville, Mass., 21 Aug. 1899. A machinist in the Charleston navy yard, when the Civil War broke out, he was appointed 3d assistant engineer in the Union navy and served until August 1862, when he resigned. He was reappointed a year later, and served to the end of the war, when he returned to his trade of machinist. He invented a wrench in wide use among mechanics, and safety fire-sprinkling apparatus.

arch

Stilt, or Frost-bird. See SANDPIPER. Stilted Arch, in architecture, an which does not spring immediately from the imposts, but from a vertical piece of masonry resting on them, so as to give the arch an appearance of being on stilts. Arches of this kind occur frequently in all the mediaval styles. Stilts, wooden poles with steps or foot supports at a sufficient distance from the ground to allow a person standing on the steps to walk with long strides. Stilts are very useful in marsh lands and were formerly very popular in the French Landes (q.v.). In various European countries stilts are used by the peasants for crossing streams.

Stim'son, Frederic Jesup, American lawyer and author, known also by the pen-name "J. G. of Dale" b. Dedham, Mass., 20 July 1855. Graduated from Harvard in 1876 and from the law school of the institution in 1878, he entered

practice in Massachusetts and was assistant attorney-general of that State in 1884-5. He was secretary to the National Conference on the uniformity of law in 1892; was made counsel to the United States Industrial Commission, and lectured at Harvard on legislation. He published (Stimson's Law Glossary; 'American Statute Law'; 'Handbook to the Labor Law of the United States' (1896); Labor in its Relation to Law (1896); and in fiction, among several other works, Guerndale' (1882); The Crime of Henry Vane' (1883); The Residuary Legatee' (1887); 'First Harvest' (1889); King Noanett (1896); and 'Jethro Bacon of Sandwich' (1901.)

Stimson, Henry Albert, American Congregational clergyman: b. New York 28 Sept. 1842. He was graduated from Yale in 1865, and studied in the Union and the Andover Theological Seminaries. He has held pastorates in several American cities, the latest being in New York; is a lecturer at the Chicago Theological Seminary; and has published Religion and Business' (1894); Questions of Modern Inquiry' (1894); and The Apostles' Creed' (1899.)

Paterson, N. J., 16 Dec. 1850. He was graduStimson, John Ward, American artist: b. ated from Yale'in 1872, and from the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris. He became lecturer and art teacher at Princeton University, and was for four years director of the art schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. He founded the Artist-Artisan Institute, New York, 1888, and later became director of the Art and Science Institution, Trenton, N. J. He is a popular lecturer on art, and has published The Law of Three Primaries'; 'Principles of Vital Art Education'; 'The Gate Beautiful'; 'Wandering Chords'; etc.

Stimson, Lewis Atterbury, American surgeon: b. Paterson, N. J., 1844. He was graduated from Yale University in 1863 and received the degree of M.D. from the same institution in 1874. He served as captain in the Union army during the Civil War. In 1893 he was a regent of the University of the State of New York, and is professor of surgery in Cornell University (1904). He has published: 'Operative Surgery) (1900); Fractures and Dislocations) (1900).

Stim'ulants, agents which temporarily increase the vital activities, either in particular organs and functions or in the whole physical organism. They are among the most valuable and important of medicines, and perhaps are any others. But as they are powerful, their inmore often the direct means of saving life than jurious effects when misapplied have been even has been beneficial. In fact it may be said that more prejudicial to mankind than their best use the abuse of this class of medicines, under the names of cardiacs, cordials, alexipharmics, etc., caused more deaths during the dark ages of medicine than did sword and pestilence united. The dreadful mortality of smallpox and fevers during the Middle Ages, and even as far down as the earlier parts of the 19th century, were mainly owing to the administration of heating stimulants, the tendency of which was to increase the violence of the disease, although they were intended merely to expel noxious and poisonous humors. But a more cautious use of these articles has been learned whereby they are the

like, as in the common agrimony; membranous, as in the fig and magnolia; spinescent or thorny, as in the jujube and gooseberry. Some fall off before the leaves, as in the common fig and the lime; others are merely deciduous, or fall at the same time as the leaves; and there are others which continue for a longer or shorter time after the leaves have fallen, as in the jujube, gooseberry, etc. The use of the stipules appears to be to protect the leaves before their expansion, as is evidently shown by their relative disposition in the buds of some orders of plants. See LEAVES. Stirling, ster'ling, James Hutchinson, Scottish philosopher: b. Glasgow 22 June 1820. He was educated in arts and medicine in Glasgow University, France, and Germany; practised as a surgeon in Wales for some years, but ultimately devoted himself to literary and philosophical studies. He is the author of The Secret of Hegel' (1865); Sir Wm. Hamilton, being the Philosophy of Perception) (1865); Jerrold, Tennyson, Macaulay, and other Essays' (1868); As Regards Protoplasm' (1869); The Philosophy of Law) (1873); Burns in Drama, together with Saved Leaves' (1878); The Community of Property) (1885); Philosophy and Theology (the Gifford Lectures, 1890); and translator of Schwegler's History of Philosophy, and Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in his Text-book to Kant.>

Stirling, William Alexander, EARL OF, Scottish poet and colonial proprietor: b. about 1567; d. London 12 Sept. 1640. He was educated at Glasgow and in Germany. His tragedy 'Darius was published in 1603, and was followed by three others, Croesus'; The Alexandrian Tragedy,' and Julius Cæsar,' which were collected under the title, the Monarchicke Tragedies,' in 1607. He also wrote a number of sonnets, but is best known as a recipient from James I. of a grant bestowing upon him, under the name of Nova Scotia, the whole of the eastern portion of Canada, and the patent of sole printer for 31 years of King James' version of the Psalms. The conquests of France in Canada, however, deprived him of practically all of his grant. Consult: Charles Rogers, Memorials of the Earl of Stirling and the House of Alexander) (1877).

Stirling, Scotland, (1) county-seat of Stirlingshire, on the south side of the Forth, 29 miles northeast of Glasgow. It occupies a commanding site, Castle Hill, resembling its namesake at Edinburgh. The castle is of great historical interest. It contains the rooms where Douglas received a mortal stab from James II., who, as well as James V. was born in this castle; the Parliament-house, chapel-royal, etc. The view from the battlements comprehends many of the lochs and fertile vales of Scotland, the winding river and the Grampian and Ochil hills, together with the ruins of Cambus-Kenneth Abbey and the Bridge of Allan. Within the town, Greyfriars church, begun by James IV., museum, library, picture-gallery, several ancient mansions and monuments deserve notice. The manufactures include, woolen goods, carpets, leather, ropes and carriages. The salmon-fisheries are profitable. There is little trade. Pop. about 20,000. (2) Stirlingshire is a county of South Scotland with ar area of about 466 square miles. About one third of the county is hilly, and rises

VOL. 1938

in Ben Lomond to a height of about 3,000 feet. Here the Forth flows into the Firth of Forth, coming from Ben Lomond. The southeastern portion is traversed by the Forth-Clyde canai. The famous Loch Katrine forms one of the numerous lochs or lakes. The valleys and plains are exceedingly fertile and highly cultivated -there are a few marshy lands. The county is rich in minerals, especially iron and coal. The chief industries are the working of the mines, and wool, cotton and linen factories. The chief towns besides the capital, are Falkirk, Grangemouth, and Kilsith.

Stirling's Plantation on Bayou Fordoche, Engagement at. On 5 Sept. 1863, Gen. Herron's division of the Thirteenth corps, Gen. Banks' army, embarked on transports at Carrollton, La., and sailed up the Mississippi to disperse a Confederate force under Gen. R. Taylor, which was then on the west side, below the mouth of Red River, seriously threatening the navigation of the river. It arrived at Morgan's Bend on the 7th, from which point, on the morning of the 8th, about 200 cavalry and a brigade of infantry, under Col. H. M. Day, moved out on a reconnoissance toward the Atchafalaya River, and encountering the Confederate pickets, drove them across the Atchafalaya and then fell back three miles. On the 9th Day was joined by Gen. Herron, with another brigade, and a second reconnoissance was made to the Atchafalaya, where there was a smart skirmish, and Herron fell back to the river, with a loss of a few men killed and wounded. On the 12th the cavalry was again sent to the front to feel the enemy, and the 19th Iowa, 26th Indiana, and two guns were sent out seven miles to the vicinity of Atchafalaya Bayou to picket the country and support the cavalry. All were under command of Lieut-Col. J. B. Leake, of the 20th Iowa. Leake had a skirmish with the enemy and fell back to Stirling's Plantation, on Bayou Fordoche, about six miles from Morganza, from which point he sent out parties daily, which skirmished with the Confederates. On the night of the 28th Gen. Thomas Green, with two brigades of Confederate infantry, one of cavalry and mounted infantry, and a battery, crossed the Atchafalaya, and by different routes reached the rear and flanks of Leake's command, by marching through swamps and canebrakes, and about noon of the 19th fell upon his unsuspecting camp. The cavalry was soon driven from the field, and managed to escape with small loss; the infantry made a gallant stand and fought desperately, but attacked on all sides, were soon overpowered and captured, with the two guns. Leake was severely wounded. The Union loss was 16 killed, 45 wounded, and 454 missing or captured; the Confederate loss, 26 killed, and 85 wounded. Consult Official Records, Vol. XXVI.

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E. A. CARMAN.