opened in 1860; there are public and parish schools, private commercial schools, a Carnegie Public Library, and school libraries.

Banks and Finances.-The four banks have a combined capital of $1,450,000. The resources are $5,000,000. There are two private banks and two building and loan associations. In 1900 the municipal receipts were $167,216.95, and the expenditures, $95,185.13. The chief expenses were for schools, street repairs, cleaning, and lighting, and charitable and penal departments.

Population. The majority are native-born; but there are a number of Germans and Italians, and a few English and Irish of foreign birth. The population increases each year, and the city has a regular, healthy growth. Pop. (1890) 13,394; (1900) 14,349; (1910) 22,391.

Stevens, stē'vēnz, Alfred, Belgian painter: b. Brussels 11 May 1828; d. Paris, France, 24 Aug. 1906. He studied under Navez at Brussels and Roqueplan at Paris, and won a firstclass medal at the Paris Exposition of 1867. He soon evinced striking talent in portraying fashionable and elegant life in Paris of to-daysuch as the lady in her boudoir, with all the bright, piquant accessories added in a spirit as suggestive, but not so bitter as that which characterized Hogarth, although his later pictures which take their subjects from common life had a distinctly ethical motif. Among his bestknown canvases are: The New Year's Gift'; Innocence'; 'The Allegory of Spring); 'The Visit The Parisian Woman turned Japanese); Morning in the Country; etc. He also painted for the king of the Belgians four figures in fresco representing the four seasons,- female figures in modern costume. His 'Five O'Clock Tea' is in the Vanderbilt collection, New York. Stevens, Alfred George, English sculptor:

b. Blandford, Dorsetshire, 1818; d. London I May 1875. He was educated at the village school, and for a time followed his father's trade of house-painter. The assistance of a friend enabled him to study painting, architecture, and sculpture in Italy, where he lived from 1833 till 1842, being for some time a pupil of Thorwaldsen. After his return to England he became a teacher for two years in the School of Design. He is to be looked upon as one of the most important figures in the history of English sculpture. He was a follower of Michelangelo and the Renaissance, yet broke completely with the English tradition of stiff classicality, and worked naturally and freely at the dictates of his own individuality, bringing about something like a revolution in the ideals of English statuary. His influence was more active after his death, and during his lifetime his genuine strength and greatness were only known to the few. His great work is the monument to the Duke of Wellington in Saint Paul's. Consult: Stannus, Alfred Stevens and His Work' (1891); Armstrong, 'Alfred Stevens: a Biographical Study) (1881).

Stevens, Ebenezer, American soldier: b. Boston 1752; d. 1823. He was one of the Massachusetts colonists who took part in the memorable demonstration in Boston harbor in 1773, and was an active revolutionist from 1775 to the close of the war, having raised three Massachusetts companies for the siege of Quebec, and having served as a commander in the

battles of Ticonderoga, and later in the Virginia campaign. He was also an officer in the War of 1812, where he was engaged in the defense of the New York frontier.

Stevens, Edward, American soldier: b. Culpeper County, Va., 1745; d. there 17 Aug. 1820. In 1776 he became colonel of the 10th Virginia regiment, the next year checked the forces of General Howe at the battle of the Brandywine, and after serving with distinction at Germantown, was appointed brigadier-general. He served later at Camden, Guilford Court House, and at the siege of Yorktown, his gallantry being highly commended. After the adoption of the Virginia State constitution he was a member of the state senate till 1790.

Stevens, Edwin Augustus, American inventor, son of John Stevens (1749-1838): b. Hoboken, N. J., 1795; d. Paris 7 Aug. 1868. He made numerous experiments in steam navigation and in 1861 urged the government to put into service his projected ironclad floating battery, but the offer was declined. He inherited a large fortune from his father and his brother and endowed the Hoboken high school, and bequeathed $1,000,000 to establish at Hoboken the Stevens Institute of Technology (q.v.).

Stevens, Edwin Augustus, American mechanical engineer, son of the preceding: b. PhilPrinceton in 1878 and has since resided at Hoboadelphia 14 March 1858. He was graduated at ken, N.. J., where he has been director and trustee in various corporations. known as having designed the first screw ferry

boat.

He is best

Stevens, George Barker, American professor of theology: b. Spencer, N. Y., 13 July 1854; d. New Haven, Conn., 22 June 1906. He was graduated from the University of Rochester and a Presbyterian church, 1880-5; studied in in 1887 held pastorates in a Congregational Germany, 1885-6; and became professor of New Testament criticism at Yale University in 1885. From 1895 till his death he was Dwight Professor of Systematic Theology in the Yale Pauline Theology) (1892); The Theology of Divinity School. His publications include: The the New Testament (1899); The Teaching of Jesus) (1901); etc.

Stevens, Isaac Ingalls, American military officer: b. Andover, Mass., 18 March 1818; d. near Chantilly, Va., 1 Sept. 1862. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1839, and served in the Mexican war as adjutant of engineers. From 1849 to 1853 he was in charge of the coast survey at Washington. In 1853 he resigned from the army to become governor of Washington Territory. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was made colonel of the 79th New York regiment. He was made a major-general 4 July 1862. He was killed while leading a charge at Chantilly.

Stevens, John, American inventor: b. New York 1749; d. Hoboken, N. J., 6 March 1838. In 1787, having accidentally seen the imperfect steamboat of John Fitch, he at once became interested in steam propulsion, and experimented constantly for the next 30 years on the subject. In 1789 he petitioned the legislature of New York for a grant of the exclusive navigation of the waters of that State. The peti

tion was accompanied with drafts of the plan of his steamboat, but the right was not granted. In 1804 he constructed a propeller, a small open boat worked by steam, and his success was such that he built the Phenix steamboat, which was completed but a very short time after Fulton had finished the Clermont. Fulton having obtained the exclusive right to the navigation of the Hudson, Mr. Stevens placed his boats on the Delaware and Connecticut. In 1812 he published a remarkable pamphlet urging the government to make experiments in railways traversed by steam carriages. The first steam ferry in the world was established by him. His locomotive model (1826) was exhibited in operation and it has been claimed as the first locomotive on a track in this country. His other inventions and improvements were many and various.

run

Stevens, John Austin, American author: b. New York 21 Jan. 1827; d. 16 June 1910. He was graduated at Harvard in 1848, and was the founder and for many years editor of 'The Magazine of American History.' He wrote The Expedition of Lafayette again Arnold'; 'The Burgoyne Campaign'; Progress of New York in a Century'; The French in Rhode Island,' and 'Life of Albert Gallatin' (1883).

Stevens, John Leavitt, American writer and diplomat: b. Mt. Vernon, Maine, 1 Aug. 1820; d. Augusta, Maine, 8 Feb. 1895. He was ordained in 1844 in the Universalist ministry, but was obliged to give up the profession, in 1854, on account of ill-health. He became associated with James G. Blaine on The Kennebec Journal' in 1855, went to the Maine legislature 1865-8, and to the state senate 1868-70. He was minister from the United States to

Uruguay and Paraguay 1870-3; and to Norway and Sweden 1877-83. In 1889 he was sent as minister to the Hawaiian Islands, and in 1890 his rank was raised to that of envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary. In 1893, having placed the islands, then in revolution, under the protection of the United States, Stevens was recalled by President Cleveland, who did not approve of his course. He is the author of The History of Gustavus Adolphus (1884), and a collaborator on Picturesque Hawaii' (posthumous 1897).

Stevens, Phineas, American soldier: b. Sudbury, Mass., 20 Feb. 1707; d. Chignecto, N. S., 6 Feb. 1756. At 16 he was carried captive by the Indians from Rutland, Mass., to Saint Francis, Canada, and learned their mode of warfare. During King George's War he commanded Fort No. 4, now Charlestown, N. H., and he held this post successfully against the French and Indians till the close of the war. He was sent to Canada in 1749 to negotiate for exchange of prisoners and again in 1752. For journal of his trip in 1749 consul: 'New Hampshire Historical Collections.'

Stevens, Robert Livingston, American inventor: b. Hoboken, N. J., 18 Oct. 1787; d. there 20 April 1856. He was a son of John Stevens, inventor. He early became interested in steam navigation and made many improvements in the construction of vessels, among which was that of giving concave water lines to the hull. In 1813 he invented the beam-engine,

percussion shells for smooth-bore guns, and in 1836 introduced the T-rail on the Camden and Amboy Railroad, of which he was president. He made many improvements on the marine engine.

SHEPPARD PIERCE.
Stevens, Sheppard. See STEVENS, SUSAN

Stevens, Susan Sheppard Pierce, American novelist: b. Mobile, Ala., 18 Sept. 1862. She was a daughter of Rt. Rev. H. N. Pierce, bishop of Arkansas, and was married in 1882 to W. C. Stevens, son of Rt. Rev. W. B. Stevens. She has published: 'I am the King)_(1898); (The Sword of Justice' (1899); In the Eagle's Talon' (1902); (The Sign of Triumph: a Romance of the Children's Crusade (1904).

Stevens, Thaddeus, American statesman: b. Danville, Vt., 4 April 1792; d. Washington, D. C., II Aug. 1868. He was graduated at Dartmouth College in 1814; went to York, Pa., where he taught school; studied law, and began to practise in Gettysburg. In 1828 he joined the Whig party, and began to act in politics. He worked with the party of anti-Masonry (q.v.), and took part in its Baltimore convention (September 1831). In 1833 and for several succeeding years he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature, acted with the Whigs, and became distinguished through his opposition to slavery. At the State constitutional convention in 1836, to which he was a delegate, he advocated negro suffrage. During his legislative career he was engaged in fighting the party "machine," and in the end came off victorious. He was appointed a canal commissioner in 1838, and rendered important services to the State in developing its system of internal improvements. Removing to Lancaster, Pa., in 1842, he there engaged for six years in the practice of law. In 1848 and again in 1850 he was elected to Congress, where he strongly opposed the fugitive-slave law (see FUGITIVE-SLAVE LAWS), the Kansas-Nebraska Bill (q.v.), and other measures involving concessions to Southern interests. Again in 1858 he was elected to Congress, and became the acknowledged leader of the House, in which he remained as such until his death. Throughout the Civil War he was chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, and afterward held the chairmanship of the Committee on Reconstruction. He reported from that committee the Reconstruction Act of 1867, having previously (1865) assisted in framing the Wade-Davis Reconstruction Bill. (See UNITED STATES.) He was also chairman of the House committee which had charge of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson (q.v.). Stevens was a man of boundless energy and tenacity of will, with the intenseness of a zealot in the cause which he espoused; and in respect to slavery his radicalism outran that of all its other congressional opponents. Consult: McCall, Thaddeus Stevens,' in 'American Statesmen Series) (1899).

Stevens, Walter B., American journalist: b. Meriden, Conn., 25 July 1848. He was graduated from the University of Michigan in 1870; and has since been connected with Saint Louis newspapers. In 1904 he was made secretary of the Louisiana Purchase and World's Fair Exposition at Saint Louis. He has published: Through Texas'; 'The Ozark Uplift.'

Stevens Institute of Technology, located at Hoboken, N. J. It owes its foundation to Edwin A. Stevens, who, in his will, bequeathed land, $150,000 for buildings, and $500,000 endowment for "an institution of learning." A charter was obtained in 1870, and the institution opened to students in 1871; in 1875 a mechanical laboratory was established. The Institute is essentially a school of mechanical engineering alone, and it offers but one course of study, which requires four years for its completion. This course includes instruction in English, German, French (or Spanish), electrical engineering, and business engineering. There is also an academic department. Much attention is given to practical laboratory and workshop training. There is a department of tests in which are undertaken measurements of the performance of steam-engines and other motors, of the efficiency of boilers, electrical and hydraulic apparatus, of the strength of materials and kindred problems. It grants the degree of mechanical engineer to those who have completed its course of study, and it has bestowed honorary degrees of doctor of philosophy and doctor of engineering. Its government is in the hands of a board of 12 trustees, one of the number being an alumnus. There are 11 scholarships and a loan fund for the assistance of poor students. In 1901 an engineering laboratory, the gift of Andrew Carnegie, was completed, and in 1903 plans for the Morton Laboratory of Chemistry were under consideration. Since the original bequest of Mr. Stevens it has received considerable additions to its endowment fund, and its former president, Dr. Henry Morton, was among the liberal donors; the productive funds in 1910 amounted to $800,000. The library contained 10,000 volumes, the students numbered 399 and the faculty 34. In 1902 Alexander C. Humphreys, Sc.D., was appointed president.

Stevens Point, Wis., city, county-seat of Portage County; on the Wisconsin River, and on the Wisconsin Central and the Green Bay, W. & St. P. R.R.'s; about 20 miles northeast of Grand Rapids and 100 miles north of Madison. It is the commercial and industrial section of the southern part of a rich pine district, and has extensive lumbering interests. The river furnishes good water-power. The chief manufacturing establishments are several lumber mills, planing mills, foundries, flour mills, railroad shops, machine shops, and furniture factories. The government census of 1900 gives the number of manufacturing establishments, 107; the amount of capital invested, $2,197,025; the number of wage-earners in manufacturing works, 979; annual amount of wages, $390,800; cost of raw material, $1,391,413; and value of the products, $2,171,265. The educational institutions are private commercial schools, a high school, public and parish schools, and a public library, Two national banks have a combined capital of $150,000, and one state bank has a capital of $60,000. Pop. (1910) 8,692.

Stevenson, stē'vën-son, Adlai Ewing, American statesman: b. Christian County, Ky., 23 Oct. 1835. He was educated at Centre College, Danville, Ky., but without graduating removed to Bloomington, Ill., in 1852. He was admitted to the bar in 1857, and was master in chancery from 1860 to 1864. He took an active

part in politics as a Democrat, and in 1875-7 and 1879-81 represented Illinois in the National House of Representatives. In 1885 was appointed first assistant postmaster-general, and after the renomination of Grover Cleveland in 1892 was chosen the candidate for the vicepresidency. The Democratic candidates were elected, and after the expiration of his term he was appointed a member of the American commission to visit Europe and endeavor to secure the adoption of international bimetallism. In 1908 he was Democratic candidate for the governorship of Illinois.

Stevenson, Andrew, American statesman: b. Virginia 1784; d. Blenheim, Va., 25 June 1857. He studied law, attained a prominent position at the bar, in 1804 was elected to the house of delegates of Virginia, and after being a member for several sessions was chosen speaker. In 1821 he was elected a representative in Congress, and for 13 years held that office, for the last six of which he was speaker of the House. He was minister to England from 1836 to 1841, and on his return became rector of the University of Virginia.

Stevenson, Burton Egbert, American writer: b. Chillicothe, O., 9 Nov. 1872. He was educated at Princeton University, which he left in 1893 to enter newspaper work. In 1894 he was city editor of the Chillicothe Daily News and in 1898 held a similar position on the Daily Advertiser. Since 1899 he has been librarian of the Chillicothe public library. He has published: At Odds with the Regent' (1900); A Soldier of Virginia' (1901); The Heritage' (1902); Marsan (1903).

Stevenson, David Watson, Scottish sculptor: b. Ratho, Midlothian, 25 March 1842; d. 17 March 1904. He was educated in art at the Royal Scottish Academy and under William Brodie (1857). In 1860 he executed the bronze group Labor and the following year that of Learning,' both for the Scottish National Prince Consort Memorial. He also executed public statues for Oldham, Middlesborough, Paisley, Dunoon, and Baltimore, Md. His ideal statues include Eve'; 'Echo'; 'Hero'; 'Godiva'; and 'Pompeian Mother. His work is conservative to the point of conventionality and exhibits no trace of modern influences or originality of conception.

Stevenson, John James, American college professor: b. New York 10 Oct. 1841. He was graduated from New York University in 1863 and has been professor of geology in his alma mater since 1871. He was United States geologist 1873-4, 1878-80; was the geologist of the Pennsylvania geological survey 1875-8, 1881-2; and was president of the New York Academy of Sciences 1896-8. He has published several geological treatises, among which are 'Geology of a Portion of Colorado' (1875); Report on Greene and Washington Districts, Pa. (1876); Geology of Bedford and Fulton Counties, Pa.' (1882); etc.

Stevenson, Robert, Scottish engineer: b. Glasgow 8 June 1772; d. Edinburgh 12 July 1850. Having studied engineering, he was appointed engineer and superintendent of Scottish lighthouses. In 1843 he had constructed 23 lighthouses on the coast of Scotland. He was the originator of the intermittent or flash light