Georgia was anxious to remain in the Union, though further encroachment upon her rights would result in disruption. In 1852 Stephens, with other prominent Southern Whigs, refused to support Scott, the Whig nominee for President, who did not approve of the Compromise of 1850 as a final settlement of the questions involved. This stand disrupted the Whig party in the South. Both Stephens and Toombs voted for Daniel Webster after he was dead. Holding the same territorial doctrines as Douglas, Stephens pushed through the House (1854) the Kansas-Nebraska bill (q.v.). After 1854 he acted with the Democrats, opposing the formation of the Know-Nothing party out of the wreck of the Whig organization. (See AMERICAN PARTY.) Stephens supported the policy of the Buchanan administration, though he disliked Buchanan; and in 1859, foreseeing a conflict over the slavery question, retired from Congress. In 1860 he opposed secession, and was on the Douglas electoral ticket. In the Georgia Convention, 1861, he opposed the policy of secession, though asserting the right of the State to secede. When his State seceded he acquiesced, was elected to the Confederate Provisional Congress, chosen Vice-President of the provisional government, and was sent to arrange a treaty with Virginia. In 1862 he was elected Vice-President under the permanent constitution of the Confederate States. Unable to reconcile his theories of government with conditions of war, he was often at variance with President Davis on questions of State rights. The elements of opposition to the administration gathered around him, but he had little influence during the war. In 1864 Stephens, Toombs, and Joseph E. Brown were the leaders of the Georgia Peace Party, believing that the Richmond government could make peace if Davis desired. In February 1865 Stephens was at the head of the unsuccessful Confederate Peace Commission which met President Lincoln at Hampton Roads. (See HAMPTON ROADS CONFERENCE.) Before the war ended he left Richmond and returned to his home, whence arose the report that he had deserted the Confederacy. In April 1865 he was arrested, and was confined in Fort Warren, Boston harbor, until October, when he was paroled. Stephens favored Johnson's plan of restoration, saying that since the South had failed to preserve the Constitution out of the Union, it should again try to save it in the Union. Elected in 1866 to the United States Senate and refused a seat, he turned his attention to writing a history of the sectional controversy. In 1868 he was elected professor of history and political science in the University of Georgia, but declined because of ill health. In 1871, being in reduced circumstances, he taught a law class; in the same year was editor of the Atlanta Sun, which opposed the election of Greeley; and in 1871 he was defeated for the United States Senate by the carpet-bag element. From 1874 to 1882 Stephens was in the lower house of Congress, resigning to become governor of Georgia. In Congress he opposed the Civil Rights Bill of 1875, which aimed to give the negro certain social rights in the Southern States, and also opposed the methods of the Electoral Commission in 1876, and wanted the fraudulent returns rejected; but when Hayes was declared elected Stephens advised acquiescence. In 1882 he was elected

governor of Georgia by a majority of 60,000 over his opponent, a Confederate soldier, and made an excellent governor, but died before the end of his term. In personal appearance, Stephens was small and thin, never weighing over 90 pounds. His health was always bad, but his disposition cheerful. Children and negroes especially were fond of him, and to the latter he was always a trusted friend. He never blamed them for the excesses of the carpet-bag governments. He believed in the fundamental and natural inequality of the races; and Southern society and government are still based on the principle of his Savannah speech of 1861, in which he declared that the Confederacy was based on that inequality. He was a logical and effective speaker, without the arts of the popular orator. Whig or Democrat, his political theories were the same. He was a Democrat of the school of Jefferson, believing in State rights, State sovereignty, strong local government, and the largest liberty of the individual compatible with good government. He published A Constitutional View of the War between the States' (1867-70); 'A School History of the United States' (1871); and A Compendium of the History of the United States (1883). Consult: Johnston and Browne, 'Life of A. H. Stephens' (1878); Cleveland, A. H. Stephens in Public and Private Life, with Letters and Speeches' (1866); Trent, Southern Statesmen of the Old Regime' (1897). WALTER L. FLEMING, Professor of History, West Virginia University.

Stephens, Ann Sophia Winterbotham, American novelist: b. Derby, Conn., 1813; d. Newport, R. I., 20 Aug. 1886. She was married to Edward Stephens in 1831, was editor of 'The Portland Magazine,' 1835-7, and during 1836 prepared the Portland Sketch-book. She published Fashion and Famine) which was widely popular (1854); The Old Homestead' (1855); Silent Struggles' (1865); 'Mabel's Mistake' (1868); Phemie's Experience' (1874).

Stephens, Henry Morse, American historian: b. Edinburgh, Scotland, 3 Oct. 1857. He was educated at Haileybury College, and Balliol College, Oxford, and was engaged in journalism 1880-92. After being lecturer on Indian history at Cambridge University 1892-4, he was called history at Cornell University in 1892, which he to the chair of modern European and English held till 1902. Since the date last named he has been professor of history at the University of California. He is the author of a much valued History of the French Revolution' (1886-92); and of The Story of Portugal' (1891); Albuquerque (1892); 'Revolutionary Europe 1789-1815) (1893); Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on Modern European History 1600-1890) (1899).

Stephens, James, Irish revolutionist: b. Kilkenny 1824; d. Dublin 29 March 1901. At 21 he went to Dublin and joined the young Ireland party. He was wounded at the fight at Ballingarry, 29 June 1848. In the next 12 years he became prominently known as a Fenian, and as such exercised an enormous and despotic influence, and throughout showed remarkable dexterity in the disguises and characters he assumed on his visits to all parts of Ireland. In 1863 he founded the Irish People,' published in Dublin. He visited the United States early in 1864 to

attempt to overthrow the rival schemes formed there by patriots, and was arrested in Dublin on 10 November of the same year, 14 days later making his escape from Richmond Bridewell. He found his way to New York, where, in 1867, he was formally deposed by the Fenians, and fled to Paris. He was allowed to return to Ireland in 1891.

Stephens, John Lloyd, American author: b. Shrewsbury, N. J., 28 Nov. 1805; d. New York 10 Oct. 1852. He was graduated in 1822 at Columbia College; studied law, and practised for eight years at the bar in New York. He made an extended journey through Europe and the East, an account of which he published in fuller narrative form under the title 'Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia, Petræa, and the Holy Land' (1837); and Incidents of Travel in Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland' (1838). In 1839 he was sent by the United States government to negotiate a treaty with the government of Central America; and as the result of his experiences and investigations in that country published 'Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan' (1841); and after further exploration 'Incidents of Travel in Yucatan' (1843). He was one of the organizers of the first Atlantic steam navigation company and one of the first presidents of the company which constructed a railway across the Isthmus of Panama, and superintended the construction.

Stephens, Lon V., American financier: b. Boonville, Mo., 21 Dec. 1858. He was graduated at Washington and Lee University; entered the Central National bank at Boonville and served in every position from messenger to president. He was elected State treasurer in 1890 and in 1897 became governor of Missouri. Stephens, Robert Neilson, American novelist: b. New Bloomfield, Pa., 22 July 1867. He was educated at his father's academy, and after leaving school was engaged in various occupations. In 1886 he became dramatic editor of the Philadelphia Press and in 1893 became a theatrical agent and dramatist in New York. He wrote 'An Enemy to the King, which was produced by E. H. Sothern in 1896, and The Ragged Regiment,' produced in 1898. He has published An Enemy to the King) (1897); The Continental Dragoon) (1898); A Gentleman Player (1899); Captain Ravenshaw (1901); Mystery of Murray Davenport (1903).

Stephens, Uriah Smith, American labor reformer: b. near Cape May, N. J., 3 Aug. 1821; d. in Europe 13 Feb. 1882. He was educated for the Baptist ministry, but became a tailor, which calling he followed until his death. He was a lover of books and a close student of economic affairs, and sought through speeches and letters to the press to reform labor conditions in the United States and to further the cause of Abolition. In 1869 he founded the Knights of Labor and ever afterward devoted himself to the upbuilding of that order. He became the first Grand Master Workman of its General Assembly in 1878.

Stephens, William, American colonial governor: b. Boscombe, Isle of Wight, 28 Jan. 1671; d. Georgia August 1753. He was graduated from Cambridge in 1688, and before com

ing to America represented the Isle of Wight in Parliament. In 1736 he made the acquaintance of James Oglethorpe in South Carolina, and in the following year went to Georgia, where he was successful as a planter, and rose to prominence in the new community. In 1743 he was made president of the county of Savannah, and later governor of the entire colony. His administration lasted until 1750, when he resigned. He wrote A Journal of the Proceedings of Georgia from October 20, 1737,' a valuable historical work, but few complete copies of which remain. The Castle-builder, or the History of William Stephens of the Isle of Wight' (2d ed. 1759) is a biography by his son.

Stephens, William Richard Wood, English Anglican clergyman and author: b. Gloucestershire 5 Oct. 1839; d. Winchester 22 Dec. 1902. He was educated at Oxford, took orders in the Established Church, was vicar of Mid-Lavant, Sussex, 1870-3, rector of Woolbeding, Sussex, 1876-94, and dean of Winchester from the latter date. He published 'Saint Chrysostom: his Life and Times (1872); Christianity and Islam' (1877); Hildebrand: his Life and Times' (1888); 'Life and Letters of Edward Augustus Freeman, a work of much value (1895); The English Church from the Norman Conquest to Edward I.' (1901).

>

Ste

Stephenson, ste'vën-son, George, English inventor: b. Wylam, near Newcastle, 9 June 1781; d. near Chesterfield 12 Aug. 1848. He was successively assistant fireman, fireman, and brakesman in a colliery, in 1802 was made engineman at Willington Ballast Hill, in 1808 took with two others the contract to operate the engines at Killingworth pit, and in 1812 was appointed engine-wright there. The application of steampower to locomotive engines had for some time engaged the attention of scientific men. phenson eagerly devoted himself to the working out of the idea, and having established an extended reputation for soundness of judgment and engineering skill he was supplied by Lord locomotive engine, which was placed, 25 July Ravensworth with the means of constructing a 1814, on the colliery tramway, and drew eight loaded wagons at the rate of four miles an hour. Though thus partially successful, Stephenson of conveyance advantageous, and he accordingly invented the "steam blast," which enabled him to double his rate of speed, and in 1815 he took out a patent for, and constructed an engine, which up to the present day (under certain modifications and improvements) has, like Watt's steam-engine, continued as a model in the construction of locomotives. In this same year he devised a safety-lamp, the Geordie, for miners, which was produced prior to and altogether independent of the better known invention of Sir Humphry Davy, and is still employed in preference to the latter in some parts of Northumberland. The following year he took out a patent for an improved form of rail and chair. In 1819 he was employed to construct a railway for the proprietors of the Hetton colliery, and in 1822 the Stockton and Darlington line for Pease, its leading promoter, who appointed him resident engineer, with an annual salary of £300. The line was opened 27 Sept. 1825, the engine being driven by Stephenson himself, and drawing 38 carriages, with a

saw that more was needed to make this mode

total weight of about 90 tons, at a rate of from 12 to 16 miles an hour. This was the first steam railway in Great Britain on which passengers were conveyed as well as goods. At this period a copartnership was formed between Pease and Stephenson for the establishment of a locomotive manufactory at Newcastle, which was long the only work of the kind in the kingdom, and rapidly increased in extent and importance. The scheme of constructing a railway between Liverpool and Manchester had been set on foot in 1824, but the opposition to it, both in and out of Parliament, was so strong that it had to be temporarily abandoned. The bill was passed, however, on a second application, and the work commenced in 1826. After overcoming many difficulties, one of the greatest being the carrying of the line over Chatmoss, the railway was opened on 15 Sept. 1830. The results of the undertaking were most triumphant for Stephenson, and it proved the commencement of the British system of railroad transit. For ten years subsequent to this there was scarcely a line of railway opened in Great Britain with the construction of which Stephenson was not concerned. In 1840 he resigned most of his appointments, and settled at Tapton, in Derbyshire, where he took in hand the working of the Clay Cross Collieries, leaving the extension of the railway system to be carried out by his son Robert (q.v.). He still, however, remained connected either as engineer or otherwise with several lines, made professional journeys to Spain and Belgium, and was created a knight of the latter country by King Leopold. He also took a considerable interest in mechanics' institutes, and was the founder and president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers at Birmingham. George Stephenson may be regarded as an embodiment of the sturdy and energetic spirit which has raised the British nation to its high position industrially among the other countries of the world, and enabled it to effect such triumphs in enterprise. The standard authority is the 'Life' by Smiles as revised by that author for Vol. III. of his 'Lives of the Engineers' (1862).

Stephenson, Robert, English civil engineer: b. Willington Quay, near Newcastle, 16 Oct. 1803; d. London 12 Oct. 1859. He was son of George Stephenson (q.v.). In 1822 he studied at Edinburgh University. The elder Stephenson having shortly after this engaged in the locomotive manufactory at Newcastle in conjunction with Pease, Robert became his apprentice in 1823, but his health giving way after two years, he accepted an engagement to examine the South American mines, returning to England in 1827 by way of the United States and Canada. Not long after his return he assisted his father and Henry Booth in the construction of the locomotive (the Rocket) which gained the prize of £500 offered by the directors of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the best railway engine. The next great work on which he was engaged was the construction of the London and Birmingham Railway, the first railway into London, of which he was appointed engineer. The first sod of the line was cut at Chalk Farm in June, 1834, and the railway opened to the public in September, 1838. Much of his attention was given

to the superintendence of the manufactory at Newcastle, and he made frequent professional journeys abroad, laying out lines of railway in Switzerland, Germany, and other parts of the Continent, and likewise in Canada, Egypt, and India. One of the most brilliant proofs of his engineering skill is displayed in the system of railway bridges and viaducts constructed under his directions. Among these may be mentioned more especially the high-level bridge at Newcastle, the Victoria Bridge at Berwick, the tubular bridges, of which he was the inventor, as exemplified in those over the Conway and the Nile, and the still more wondrous erections of the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Straits, and the Victoria Bridge over the Saint Lawrence. He introduced the tubular girder system in the building of wrought iron bridges. He took a considerable interest in public affairs, and from 1847 represented the borough of Whitby in Parliament. Consult Smiles' Lives of the Engineers,' Vol. III. (1862).

Stephenson's Depot (Carter's Farm), Engagement at. On 19 July 1864 Gen. Averell with 1,000 cavalry, 1,350 infantry, and two batteries, marched up the Valley pike from Martinsburg, W. Va., drove the Confederate cavalry from Darkesville toward Winchester, miles from Winchester. This placed him in rear and halted near Stephenson's Depot, about six of Early, who was at Berryville, who immediately retreated toward Strasburg, first sending Ramseur's division of infantry and two batteries to Winchester to support the cavalry brigades of Jackson and Vaughan, and check Averell's who had received a reinforcement of 300 cavadvance. On the morning of the 20th Averell, alry, raising his force to about 2,800, resumed his march toward Winchester, in line of battle to resist a sudden attack or to make one. A regiment of infantry was deployed on either side of the road, with skirmishers in advance, another regiment marched on each side in column in rear of the right and left flanks, artillery in alry on each flank. Three miles north of the centre, on the road, and a regiment of cavWinchester, on Carter's Farm, Ramseur was encountered, moving with intent to capture Averell, whose force had been reported as a regiment of cavalry and one of infantry. Ramseur opened fire with four guns, and demonstrated with his cavalry on both flanks, under cover of which he formed line, Johnson's brigade on his right, Hoke's on the left, with Pegram's in reserve. Averell deployed his entire command in one line, withdrew his skirmishers, opened fire from his 12 guns, and, without pausing, sent in all his cavalry and infantry, drove in the Confederate cavalry, broke Ramseur's left, held by Hoke, which fled in disorder, followed by the remainder of the division to near Winchester, where Averell's immediate pursuit was checked by Jackson's cavalry. Averell captured four guns and about 280 wounded and unwounded prisoners, among them Gens. Lewis and Lilly, wounded. Ramseur had 73 killed and 130 wounded. Averell had 53 killed, 155 wounded, and 6 missing. Informed that a large force was gathering in his front, Averell established a strong picket-line and fell back two miles. On the morning of the 21st he entered Winchester unopposed, the Confederates having