movement, 276; statistics, 314;

western, 218

Rancher's frontier, 12, 16

Ranches, 9, 16; Virginia, 88

Rappahannock River, 84, 90; set-
tlement, 93
Reclamation, 298

Reclamation Service, 320
Red Cloud (Indian), 144
Red River valley, 145

Redemptioners, 22, 90, 97, 100
Reformers, 281, 324; social, 262–
263

Regulation, War of the, 248
Regulators, 116, 119, 120. 212
Religion of the Middle West, 345
Religious freedom of the Old West,
121

Religious spirit, Ohio Valley, 164,
165; Upland South, 164, 165
Rensselaerswyck, 80

Representation, 114, 117, 120
Republican party, 327

Salisbury, Mass., 56

Salt, 17; annual pilgrimage to
coast for, 17
Salt springs, 17, 18
Salzburgers, 97

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 301
Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 149
Scalps, Massachusetts bounty for,
45

Scandinavians, 263, 350; Middle
West, 146; Western life, 232-
233, 234

Schools, early difficulties, 107; see
also Public schools
Schurz, Carl, 337
Science, 284, 330-331
Scientific farming, 294

Scotch Highlanders, 104; Georgia,
98
Scotch-Irish, 5, 22, 71; migration
in Great Valley and Piedmont,
103; Pennsylvania, 104; South
Carolina, 97; Virginia, 86, 91–
92
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, 105,
109, 164

Scovillites, 116

Seaboard cities, 194, 195, 196

Seattle, 298

"Section" of land, 123, 132

Sectionalism, 27, 28, 52, 157, 215,

220, 321

Sections, relation, 159

Self-government, 169, 190, 207, 248,

275

Self-made man, 219, 318
Servants, 60, 353

Service to the Union, 358
Settlement, community type, 73,
74

Settler, 20

Sevier, John, 105, 187

Seward, W. H., 141; on the North-

west, 230; on the slavery issue

in the Mississippi Valley, 199,
200

Shays' Rebellion, 112, 119, 122, 249
Sheffield, 71

Sheldon, George, 58
Shenandoah Valley, 68, 90, 91, 92,
99, 105

Sherman, W. T., 142

Sibley, H. H. (1811-1891), 272,
273, 328

Silver movement, 238, 239, 329
Simsbury, 63

Singletary, Amos, 240
Sioux Indians, 130
Six Nations, 15, 83

Slavery question, 24, 29, 98, 111,
139, 304, 330; compromise move-
ment, 174; democracy and, 256;
expansion, 174; Middle West
and, 139; Mississippi Valley and,
198, 201; Northwest and, 230;
slaves as property, 115; Virginia
and North Carolina, 122
Smith, Major Lawrence, 84
Social control, 277

Social forces, in American history,

311; mode of investigating, 330;
on the Atlantic coast, 295;
political

243

institutions

Social mobility, 355

and,

Social order, Mississippi Valley,
203-204; new, 263

Social reformers, 262-263
Socialism, 246, 277, 307, 321
Society, backwoods, 212; rebirth
of in the West, 205

Soils, 278, 279; search for, 18
Solid South, 217

South, 27, 166, 218; contribution
to settlement of Old Northwest
(Ohio, Indiana, Illinois), 223,
225-226; Ohio Valley and, 174;
solid, 217; transforming forces,

295; West and, 196, 197; see
also Upland South

South Carolina, 174; condition of
antagonism between coast and in-
terior, 116; land system, town-
ships, 96; trade, 108

South Dakota, development, 237
Southeastern Europe, 294, 299, 316
Southerners and the Middle West,
133-134, 135, 138
Southwest, 297

Spain, 167, 181, 246; Mississippi
Valley and, 184, 185

Spangenberg, A. G., 17

Spanish America 181, 182, 295
Spanish frontier, 125
Spanish War, 246
Speculation, 319
Spoils system, 32, 254
Spotswood, Alexander, 22, 88, 90,
91, 113, 247; Mississippi Valley
and, 180

Spotsylvania County, Va., 90
Spreckles, Claus, 265
Squatter-sovereignty, 140

Squatters, 272, 343; doctrines, 273,

328; ideal, 320; Middle West,
137; Ohio Valley, 170; Pennsyl-

vania in 1726, 101

Stark, John, 103-104
State historical societies, 340
State lines, 127

State universities, 221, 354; as safe-

guard of democracy, 286; Michi-
gan, 233; peculiar power, 283-
284; pioneer ideals and, 269, 281
States, checkerboard, 218; frontier
pioneers' demand for statehood,
248; groups, 159; new states vs.
Atlantic States, 207; System of,
168

Staunton, Va., 92

Steam navigation, 7, 135, 171
Steel, 313

Talleyrand, 299

Taney, R. B., 141

Tariff, 25, 27, 170, 172, 197, 216
Taylor, Zachary, 255
Tecumthe, 134, 144

Tennessee, 122, 168, 187, 225, 252,
253; democracy, 192
Tennyson's" Ulysses," 310
Territories, system of, 168, 169
Texas, 168

Thomas, J. B., 174

Tocqueville, A. C. H. C. de, 153,
275, 303, 343
Toledo, Ohio, 231
Toleration, 355
Town meeting, 62

Towns, legislating into existence,
125; locating, Massachusetts, 76;
New England and Virginia, 41;
new settlements in New England,
55; South Carolina, 96; typical
form of establishing in New Eng-
land, 74; Virginia, 85, 86
Trader's frontier, 12; effects fol-
lowing, 12; rapidity of advance,
12, 13

Trading posts, 14
Transportation, 148; Great Lakes,

150

Tryon, William, 106

Tuscarora War, 94, 95

Ulstermen, 103

Unification of the West, 215
United States, collection of na-
tions, 158; development since
1890, 311; federal aspect, 159;
fundamental forces, 311; original
contribution to society, 281-282;
wealth, 312

U. S. Steel Corporation, 152-153,
247, 265, 313
Universities, duties, 292; function,
287; influence of university men,
285; need of freedom, 287; pres-
sure of democracies on, 283;
State and, 286; see also State
universities

Upland South, 164; religious spirit,
164, 165

Van Buren, Martin, 254, 326
Van Rensselaer manor, 81
Vandalia, 229

Verendryes, the, 180

Vermont, 69, 72, 77, 78, 111, 122,

136

Vermonters in Wisconsin and

Michigan, 228

Vicksburg, 201

Vigilance committees, 212
Vinton, S. F., 141, 229

Virginia, 301; early attempt to es-
tablish frontier, 41; Indian wars,
69-70; inequalities, coast VS.
interior, 113; interest in Missis-
sippi Valley, 182; land grants,
91; land grants to societies, 85;
Piedmont, society, 95; Piedmont
portions, 87, 89; settlement in
latter part of 17th century, 83;
slavery, 122; two Virginias in
later 17th century, 94; Western
democracy and, 250

Virginia Convention of 1829-30,
28, 31

Visions, 270, 331, 339-340
Voyageurs, 17

Wachovia, 95

Walker, F. A., 128

War of 1812, 168, 213
Washington, George, 92, 124; Mis-
sissippi Valley and, 181, 182,
194, 196, 324; Ohio Valley and,
163, 167

Wealth, 213-214, 219, 288, 319;
democracy versus, 192; in poli-
tics, 173; United States, 312
Wells (town), 47

Welsh tract," 97
Wentworth, Benning, 77
West, American ideals and, 290;
beginning of, 6; center of in-
terest, 327; constructive force,
206; contributions to democracy,
243; factor in American history,
1, 3; ideals, 209, 214, 267; in-
definiteness of term, 126; insur-
gent voice, 319; main streams of
settlement, 215; mark of New
England, 36; phase of division,
216-217; population, 35; prob-
lem of, 205; South and, 196,
197; war ings against, 208, 209;
Middle West; see also Old West;
Old Northwest

West Virginia, 114

Westchester County, N. Y., 81

Western colleges, 36

Western life, dominant forces, 222
Western Reserve, 124, 133

Western spirit, 310

Western Waters," 161, 206, 302;
men of freedom and independ-
ence, 183

"Western World," 161, 166, 206,
302; basis of its civilization, 177
Wheat, 329; areas, 149

Whig party, 27, 173, 304, 351
White, Abraham, 240
White, Hugh, 192
Whitman, Walt, 336

Wilderness, 262, 269, 270, 279
Wilkinson, James, 169, 187
Williams, John (1664–1729), 70
Williams, Roger, 262
Windsor, 76

Winthrop, John, 62

Wisconsin, 137, 138, 218, 294, 341;
development and elements, 233-
234; German element, 227, 228,
236; New England element, 228;
settlement, 226, 227
Wood, Abraham, 98
Woodstock, 59
World's fairs, 156
World-politics, 246, 315
Wyoming Valley, 79, 124

Yemassee War, 95

"Young America" doctrine, 140