the simultaneous rising of the Russians and the Poles against the authority of the Emperor. In consequence of this speech the Russian Government succeeded in obtaining his expulsion from France. Having fled to Brussels, he found himself in great danger in consequence of a reward of 10,000 rubles offered for him by the Russian Government. He returned to Paris after the Revolution of February, 1848, and in June of the same year took part in the Slavic Congress at Prague, and the revolutionary movements succeeding it. He then went to Berlin, but soon was ordered to leave the Prussian dominions. In March, 1849, he went to Dresden, where he became one of the organizers and leaders of the riots of that year. After their suppression he was compelled to flee, and on May 10th was captured in Chemnitz, together with Heubner. He was brought to the fortress of Königstein, and in May, 1850, was sentenced to death. His sentence was, however, commuted to imprisonment for life, and in June of the same year he was delivered to Austria. Here he was also sentenced to death, which was again changed to imprisonment for life, and he was then handed over to Russia, there to be again tried for political of fenses. After having spent several years in the fortress at St. Petersburg, he was transported to Eastern Siberia. Here he spent several years as a penal colonist, and then received permission from the Governor-General Korsakoff to settle in the Russian territory of the Amoor. From there he succeeded in escaping to Japan on an American vessel, and thence he went by way of California to London. He immediately resumed his political activity, inciting the Russians and the Poles in numerous addresses and pamphlets to rise against the Government and the nobility, and to form a large Slavic federal republic. He entered into communication with Alexander Herzen and Ogarev, and took part in the publication of the journal Kolokol; but in the end even fell out with his own party by the excess of his radicalism. In 1863 he went to Stockholm, to aid the expeditions against the Baltic provinces, fitted out by Russians and Poles. After the failure of this plan he went to Switzerland, where he for some time took part in the work of the "International." His attempt to create in this union of working-men a secret society with the object of bringing about a general anarchy brought him into conflict with the other leaders of the union, and in the Congress of Hague, in 1872, he was with a large number of his friends formally expelled from the "International," since which time he has been bitterly attacked in the radical press. His influence on the young men of Russia continued for some time, but was also gone at the time of his death. In 1873 a difficulty arose between him and Marx, and since then he ceased entirely to labor for the "International," and retired to private life.

BALARD, ANTOINE JÉRÔME, a French

chemist, born September 30, 1802; died at the close of March, 1876. He was successively professor at the Royal College, at the School of Pharmacy, and finally at the Faculty of Sciences, in Montpellier. The discovery of bromine, in 1826, gained for him great reputation. He was soon after called to Paris to take the place of Thénard as Professor of Chemistry in the Faculty of Sciences. In 1844 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences. He was soon after appointed Master of Conferences in the Normal School, and in 1861 succeeded M. Pélouze as Professor of Chemistry in the College of France. Besides his discovery of bromine, he made other useful and interesting discoveries, as extracting the sulphate of soda directly from the sea-water. He did not write any books, but furnished a large number of articles to the Annales de Physique et de Chimie and to the Mémoires of the Academy of Sciences. He exhibited chemical products at the Universal Exhibition of London in 1851, and was one of the jurors in the Exhibition of Paris in 1855, and at London in 1862. In 1868 he was appointed Inspector-General of Superior Instruction, and Honorary Professor in the Faculty of Sciences in Paris. He was decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1837, was created an officer in 1855, and a commander in 1863.

BALDASSERONI, GIOVANNI, an Italian statesman, born in Leghorn in 1790; died October 19, 1876. After holding several offices in the customs service in the grand-duchy of Tuscany, he was appointed administrator of finances. In this position he gained the confidence of the grand-duke to such a degree that in 1845 he was appointed councilor of state, and was intrusted with the actual direction of the finances of the country, although he was not created director of the finances until 1847. In the ministerial crises of 1847 and 1848 he retained his position under all the varying governments. After having been appointed senator, he was compelled to retire with the ministry of Ridolfi by the republican demonstration of July 30, 1848. For a time he did not take part in public affairs, but on May 24, 1849, Leopold II. appointed him president of the new conservative ministry, while at the same time he took charge of the ministry of finance. In this position he remained until the overthrow of the grand-duke in 1859. He wrote a biography of the Grand-duke Leopold II. (1871).

BANDEL, JOSEPH ERNST VON, a German sculptor, born May 17, 1800; died September 25, 1876. He received his first instruction in art in Nuremberg, and subsequently attended the Art Academy in Munich. As early as 1820 he began to furnish for the Art Academy of Munich well-executed works, among which a statue of Charitas in marble attracted special attention by its delicacy and artistic beauty. Among the marble busts made by him, that of King Maximilian of Bavaria was notice

able. But the great work of his life was the colossal statue of Arminius, or Hermann, the Deliverer of Germany, on the Grotenburg, near Detmold. It was begun as early as 1835, but suspended in 1841, in consequence of the exhaustion of his funds. In spite of frequent and bitter disappointment, Bandel never lost the hope of completing a work which he looked on as the first national monument of the great battle in the Teutoburg Forest. After sacrificing his entire private property in the prosecution of his labors, he saw at length, in 1871, Then the Imperial his work nearly finished. Government of Germany made an appropriation of 10,000 thalers for its entire completion, and on August 17, 1875, the statue was unveiled in the presence of the German Emperor, a number of German princes, and a vast concourse of people from all parts of the empire. Simultaneously with the unveiling of the statue on the Grotenburg, enthusiastic meetings in commemoration of the event which this statue was to celebrate took place in all the large cities of Germany. Even in foreign countries, as in the United States, the German population took part in the celebration by sending telegrams to the Emperor and Bandel, and by appropriate addresses. The whole statue weighs 76,570 kilogrammes (one kilogramme lbs.), of which 10,588 kilogrammes are copper, 63,076 wrought-iron, and 2,906 cast-iron. The height of the statue is 17.3 metres up to the top of the helmet, 19 metres to the end of the extended right hand, and 26 metres to the end of The entire monument, the uplifted sword. therefore, inclusive of the foundation, 31.4 metres high, will attain the extraordinary height of 57.4 metres, or 183 feet. (For a full account of the statue, and the ceremony of unveiling it, see ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1875, page 355.) Among the other works of Bandel, the following are particularly noteworthy: "Amor and Psyche, ""Venus," and the monument on the grave of Herr von Langer, the Director of the Royal Art Academy in Munich. Bandel was peculiarly noted for his works in marble, in the artistic finish of which he is ranked by critics among the best sculptors of modern times. In 1846 he published, with Massmann, "Der Exsterstein in Westfalen."

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BAPTISTS. I. REGULAR BAPTISTS IN THE UNITED STATES.-In the following table is given a summary of the statistics of the Baptist churches in the United States for 1875, as they appeared in the American Baptist Year-Book for 1876 (published in January, 1876). The decrease from the previous year which is apparent in some of the items is explained by the fact that the anti-mission Baptists, included in the tables of the previous years, were omitted in the present one. They number 41,454 members. Had they been included, the table would have shown an increase of 95,583 members. The number of additions by baptism during the year was 32,515:

The annual meeting of the American Baptist Publication Society was held at Buffalo, N. Y., May 25th. The report stated that the total receipts of the society for the year ending March 1, 1876, had been $564,064.05. Of this, $73.699.42 were received in the Benevolent Department, leaving $490,364.63 as the amount received in the Business Department. Of the latter sum, $180,203.57 had been given specifically for the publication building, leaving the actual ordinary business receipts of the year, $310,161.06. The new building for the publication-house in Philadelphia had been finished, at a total cost for ground, building, and furniture, of $258,586.68, all of which was either paid or provided for, and was formally opened February 29, 1876. Eighteen new publications had been added to the list of the society, of which 57,300 copies had been printed. The total number of publications on the catalogue of the society, March 1, 1876, was 1,174. The Missionary Department of the society had continued the Bible and Sunday-school work at Rome, Italy, and had sustained a general Sunday-school secretary and State Sunday-school missionaries and colporteurs in different States and Territories.

besides a Karen assistant at Rangoon and a Eurasian at Nellore. These missionaries were laboring among the Burmans, the Karens, the Eurasians, and in Japan. Twenty schools were aided or supported, of which four had been begun during the year. In them were 51 na

tive teachers and 1,420 pupils.

The fifth annual meeting of the Woman's Baptist Missionary Society of the West was held in Chicago, Ill., April 11th and 12th. The treasurer reported that the total receipts for the year had been $13,744.02. The sum of $11,816.93 had been spent in the foreign work, and $1,467.43 had been applied to the "home expenses " of the society. The joint annual meeting of the two societies was held in Buffalo, N. Y., May 24th.

The annual meeting of the American Baptist Historical Society was held in Philadelphia, May 28th. The Rev. Dr. Malcolm, who had long served the society as president, having retired in consequence of age and infirmity, was chosen honorary president for life. The Rev. Dr. Cathcart was chosen president. The report stated that the society had now in its collection 4,264 bound volumes, besides a large body of valuable pamphlets and manuscripts.

Social unions have been organized in many of the Baptist churches of the United States, as voluntary societies for social and literary intercourse. A general convention of these 80cial unions was held in Philadelphia, May 29th. Mr. J. P. Townsend, of New York, presided.

The Southern Baptist Convention met at Richmond, Va., May 11th. The Rev. J. P. Boyce, D. D., of Kentucky, was chosen president. The treasurer of the Foreign Mission Board reported that his receipts had been about $45,000. This sum was stated to be about $13,000 above the average collectionsexclusive of the Rome chapel-fund-of the three past years; and some $23,000, or 100 per cent., above the average of the six years previous. The women of Georgia and Virginia had contributed $2,491.60 for the Moon house (so called after the Misses Moon, missionaries), in Fung-Chow, China, and the women of South Carolina $1,343.41 for the missionary-house at Canton. Women in other States had also helped these objects. The total amount of $8,726.27 had been raised for the house at Canton, and the expenditure for this purpose was limited to $10,000. Reports were made of missionary operations, of which the following is a summary:

African Missions.-Foreign missionaries, 2; native assistants, 3; churches, 3; baptized, 26; total membership, 58. The Rev. W. J. David had visited the Vey people, north of Liberia, and had been impressed with the favorable opening for missionary effort. He afterward decided to establish himself at Tonchea. The convention recommended that approved colored ministers be advised to go to this field.

China Missions.-Foreign missionaries, 15;

ordained native pastors, 2; native assistants, 15; out-stations, 6; churches, 5; baptisms, 37; memberships, 350. The missions were at Fung-Chow, Shanghai, and Canton, that at Chefoo having been closed. At Canton an average attendance of 91 pupils was reported for all the schools, and a highest attendance of 121.

Italian Missions.-Stations at Rome, La Tour, Milan, Modena, San Capri, and Porsidonio, Lodi, Cività Vecchia, and Bari, with the Rev. G. B. Taylor as American missionary superintendent, and seven Italian ministers. The Vatican adult school, under the care of the Rev. Mr. Van Meter, of 75 or 100 pupils, was addressed weekly by the Italian minister in Rome. Twenty-one thousand dollars had been secured toward the projected fund of $40,000 for the church in Rome. The Northern Baptists had undertaken to raise $20,000 of this sum, but had as yet failed to do so. The convention decided that the publication of the Foreign Mission Journal should be resumed as soon as practicable, and that the Home Mission Board should enjoy equal privileges and responsibilities. The treasurer of the Home Mission Board reported that the board was in debt to the amount of $6,483.44. On account of this incumbrance, it had not enlarged its work. Its work among the Indian tribes was of a very interesting and profitable nature. It gave much attention to the colored people of the South, with results of great promise. Twenty-six missionaries had labored under its direction during the year, who reported 284 baptisms. The board was requested by the convention to employ to the fullest extent practicable any voluntary agents to collect money, and, as soon as it may be done without violation of present contracts, to dispense with paid agents, except in States where it shall be found impracticable to do without them.

The

The report on the missions among the Indian tribes spoke of the importance of this work, and declared that it had reached a crisis. Special efforts were recommended to provide the Indians with educational facilities. Creek nation had made provision to give land for schools and for farms connected with them, $70 per capita for scholars, to those who would go and establish schools among them. The Delawares and Shawnees were calling for religious and educational advantages. convention resolved "that the agency of the Home Mission Board is an imperative necessity to meet the pressing wants of our own peopl and of the Indian tribes."

The

The president, Dr. Boyce, who is also president of that institution, reported of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary that during the next year the contribution of the Baptists of Kentucky of $300,000 to its endowment would be completed. The $200,000 which were to be raised in the other States must be secured within the next two years, else the funds for the support of the professors would