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Sarah Bernhardt has cultivated other arts besides the one in which she has won celebrity. After posing for a bust, in 1869, it occurred to her to try her hand at modeling; and since then she has produced several pieces of sculpture which have been praised for their merit. She has also painted in oils with more than an amateur's skill. The subjects which she chooses for her sculptures and paintings are oftenest of a somber and funereal character. She is an accomplished performer upon the harp and the piano. She is known as a graceful and spirited writer for the press, and was at one time art critic of the Globe" newspaper. She has made several ascensions in balloons, and written descriptions of her aeronautic experiences. A picturesque and elegant villa on the Parc Monceau was built for her after her own plans and drawings.

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In the summer of 1879 Mlle. Bernhardt played in a series of French dramas presented by the company of the Comédie Française in London, where she was singled out from the company for popular favor and praise in a still more decided way than in Paris. She exhibited her plastic and pictorial creations while there, and gave rehearsals in the houses of the leaders of fashionable English society, requiring to be paid at the rate of a hundred guineas for each performance. The following year Bernhardt returned to London; but she was not this time supported, as she had been the season before, by the strength of the famous company of which she was a member. At this time a difficulty occurred between Mlle. Bernhardt and Emile Augier, the director of the Comédie Française, in consequence of which she resigned her position and severed her connection with the company. She was afterward sued for breach of contract, and ordered by the civil tribunal to pay one hundred thousand francs damages to the company. The cause of the rupture with the Comédie Française was her want of success in the play of "L'Aventurière," she attributing her failure to the want of time for proper preparation and an insufficient number of rehearsals.

A contract was signed by Sarah Bernhardt with Henry Abbey, of Booth's Theatre, in New York, on June 9, 1880, by which Mlle. Bernhardt engaged to make the tour of the principal cities of the United States, the manager agreeing to pay her one thousand dollars for each performance, with a share also of the profits.

Mlle. Bernhardt arrived in New York toward the end of October, 1880, and in the second week of November commenced her engagement in Booth's Theatre, playing through the series of her most famous rôles. After concluding there, she gave them next in Boston, and then in Philadelphia, playing to very large houses in each city, and winning admiration and applause from the public, and obtaining the highly appreciative, though sometimes qualified and measured, praise of the dramatic critics.

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BOLIVIA (REPÚBLICA DE BOLIVIA). For area, territorial division, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia for 1872 and 1878, and, for a retrospective view of Bolivian statistics and Bolivia's relations with the neighboring states, see our volume for 1879.

The President of the Republic is General Narciso Campero (June, 1880); the first VicePresident is Dr. A. Arce; and the second VicePresident, Señor Belisario Salinas. In December, 1880, the Cabinet was composed of but two Ministers: Señor J. M. Calvo, Minister of Justice, Public Worship, and Public Instruction, and acting Minister of the Interior, and of Foreign Relations; and Señor Belisario Salinas, Minister of War and acting Minister of Finance.

The regulation strength of the army in time of peace is 3,000, as follows: 8 generals, 1,012 subaltern officers, and 2,000 men, maintained, it would appear, at an annual expenditure of $2,000,000, or about two thirds of the entire revenue. As stated in our article for 1879, the force was raised to 20,000 men accustomed to fighting and the use of arms, after the commencement of the war with Chili. In October, 1880, however, the Bolivian army had, by Chilian reports, been reduced to two battalions.

Information concerning the Bolivian revenue has always been difficult to procure from official sources, and can now be obtained only through indirect channels. The figures of the following table, said to emanate from ex-Minister Don Julio Mendez, give no signs of decreased yield in the usual sources of income, and refer to the period between the declaration of war and December 31, 1879-that is to say, about ten months:

Second half-year, Indian tax....
Tithes, first fruits, etc. (paid almost exclusively
by the Indians).
Coca contribution..

Bullion from the interior.
Negotiation with “Banco Nacional".
Forced loan (collected)...
Joco nitrate-works (saved).
Southern custom-houses..

Total.....

The war expenses, on the other ported to have been as follows: Bolivian army in Peru... Fifth division, Campero..

Total....

Balance against the Treasury. Total...

$691,248 70

252,016 00

250,000 00

880,000 00

600,000 00

500,000 00

50,000 00

60,000 00

$2,788,264 70 hand, are re

$1,013,929 00 450,000 00

$1,563,929 00 1,219,835 00

$2,768,264 70

From this table it is apparent that the Indian population, who furnish the tillers of the soil and the fighting element of the country, are also the chief support of the national exchequer.

The national debt was estimated to amount to $30,000,000 in June, 1879, comprising a home debt of $21,500,000 contracted by the Government of the republic at various periods, as the forced loan of 1879 to equip the army for the Chilian campaign, and a foreign debt

contracted in England in 1872* for the purpose of constructing a railway. The railway for which it was incurred has not yet been built. The works, commenced in 1872 under British auspices, suffered "unanticipated detentions" until 1877, when they were resumed under American contractors, Messrs. P. and T. Collins, of Philadelphia, several chancery suits having intervened in the course of the five years' interval. The firm just mentioned deposited, states Colonel George Earl Church,* £40,000 as a caution-fund for compliance with their contract to complete the road from end to end. They sent several large ocean-steamers directly from Philadelphia to the northern terminus of the road at San Antonio on the river Madeira, where there are now (April, 1880) about fifty miles of railway material and contractors' plant. In a short time they had a thousand men at work, and a locomotive running over the first and worst five miles of the road. They cleared fifteen miles of forest, cut large quantities of sleepers, employed four large corps of engineers actively in the field, and thoroughly demonstrated the perfect practicability of the work. As this was thus again being vigorously pushed forward, the bondholders filed a new bill in chancery, March 2, 1878, alleging the revocation of the Bolivian concession and the impracticability of the railway. The trustees were again prevented from applying the trust fund. As in the previous suit, the plaintiffs resorted to every imaginable device to delay the trial. It finally took place before Mr. Justice Fry, April, 1879, who, after hearing their witnesses, dismissed the bill, with costs. Their own engineers gave evidence proving the perfect practicability of the road. The bondholders appealed from the decision. The appeal was heard by the Lords Justices in May, 1879. These held that, owing to the lapse of time, the seven years during which the plaintiffs, the bondholders, had succeeded in preventing the construction of the railway, the burden of proof of its practicability rested upon the defendants, the Navigation and Railway Companies. These gave ample engineering evidence, by their engineers, as to the physical feasibility of the road and its ease of construction. The Court of Appeal gave judgment in May, 1879, to the effect that, "no doubt the scheme was a great one, and one which, if there had been funds and other means for carrying it into effect, would probably produce the revenue which would afford a security for the bondholders"; and then decided that "the railway was impracticable in a business sense," ordering the trust fund, £850,000, to be distributed, pro rata, among the bondholders, and the Bolivian bonds to be surrendered and deposited in the Bank of England,

See Annual Cyclopædia" for 1879, p. 81.

+ The instigator of the enterprise, and to whom, as the resuit of a treaty between Brazil and Bolivia, both countries made concessions, having for their object the opening of a commercial outlet for Bolivian products to the Atlantic through the Amazon River, and its great tributary the Madeira.

and declaring, moreover, that "the loss of the £850,000 makes the scheme impracticable." The defendant companies appealed to the House of Lords, and the Lords, while eulogizing the magnitude of the enterprise, and lauding the good faith of Colonel Church and its other promoters, confirmed the decision of the Court of Appeal. Bolivia is thus placed in a unique position, continues Colonel Church. Her own bondholders submit her to a relentless litigation of six years, preventing the opening of the commercial route for which they subscribed the loan. Even pending litigation, up to 1875, she paid interest on the loan, and now she finds herself without the money, without the railway, without her bonds, and, by judgment of the Court of Appeal, confirmed by the House of Lords, is told, practically, that an unauthorized act of her diplomatic agent is more powerful than her Congressional decrees. The following extract from a letter to the London "Times," by its Philadelphia correspondent, in May, 1880, shows how the interests of the American contractors have been affected by the foregoing decision:

*

The House of Lords, in affirming the decision of the Court of Appeal in reference to the Bolivian loan, deprived the American contractors for the Madeira and Mamoré Railway of Bolivia and Brazil of any chance rials furnished. These contractors, Messrs. P. and T. of getting payment for work already done and mateCollins, of Philadelphia, and their creditors, have presented à petition for relief to Congress. They request the passage of a resolution by Congress, asking the President to bring the matter alleged in their petition to the attention of her Majesty's Government, and also instructing the Secretary of the Treasury to give public notice that the United States bonds now in the Bank of England, being the trust fund for the construcpaid by the United States until the rights of the petition of the Madeira and Mamoré Railway, will not be tioners to the fund are respected. They also ask for such other relief as may be due to them by reason of the fact that, as American citizens, their rights and property are being jeopardized by the hostile action of the Govcession and grant of money, upon the faith of which ernment of Bolivia, in attempting to withdraw the conthe contractors agreed to build the railway, and have already expended their money. This petition was presented in the Senate by Senator Bayard, and in the House by Speaker Randall. The contractors and their the Philadelphia and Reading Railway, which is maincreditors have expended nearly $1,000,000 on the work, ly owned in England, having furnished large quantities of materials, and being a principal creditor. The numbers of the $3,727,900 United States bonds in the be furnished to the Secretary of the Treasury. The trust are in the possession of the contractors, and will petitions have been referred to appropriate committees by Congress, but their contemplated action has not yet transpired.

As observed in our volume for 1879, no reliable returns of Bolivia's exports and imports have ever been published by any of the Government departments; hence the impossibility of all but conjecture as to the aggregate value of the foreign trade of the republic. The sub

The Bolivian Minister, who, in June, 1876, addressed a letter to Colonel Church, assuming to declare the concessions of the navigation company to be null and of no value. No evidence appears to have since been produced of his authority for the act.

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Copper, nitre, and guano were the commodities chiefly shipped to Great Britain, whence the articles imported are for the most part cotton, linen, and woolen manufactures and machinery. Bolivia being cut off from direct communication with the Pacific seaboard since the commencement of the war with Chili, her foreign trade must of necessity be very limited at present. Nor will any one be surprised to learn that imports are subject to a very high rate of duty, particularly on some articles from the United States. For example, 100 lbs. of soap, costing in New York $4.57, pay an import duty equal to $2.75 United States money; a gallon of kerosene with the tin containing it, which costs in New York thirteen cents pays a duty equal to nine and a quarter cents of the same money; and, besides these enormous duties, Bolivia permits Peru to charge five per cent. additional for transit across her territory, from the port of Arica. Nevertheless, the prod

ucts of Bolivia are admitted into the United States free of duty of any kind. "We can not understand," writes a merchant established in La Paz, "why the United States Government maintains at great expense a Minister in this republic who does nothing to forward the interests of American manufacturers in this matter. Nothing could be more simple than to induce Bolivia to enter into a reasonable commercial treaty on a reciprocal basis."

Nothing could well be more deplorable, in a political point of view, than the picture presented by Bolivia in the course of the past year. Immediately after the reverses of the allied Peruvian and Bolivian arms, which precipitated exPresident Prado's determination to seek safety in flight, General Daza abandoned his post of Chief Magistrate of Bolivia, and fled to escape being assassinated. In Bolivia all is bitterness, writes a journalist from Valparaiso, in February, 1880; everybody wants to be President, and we can not say who is governing; Minister Jofré is in Oruro; General Campero has accepted the Presidency provisionally; Camacho is in command of the Bolivian army stationed at Tacna; and, lastly, Daza has withdrawn to the interior, with the evident intention of provoking a reaction in his favor. General Campero was duly invested with the power in constitutional form in June, and lost no time in appointing a Cabinet, and taking such steps as he deemed most urgent for the continued maintenance of troops at the seat of war. Early in September, the Bolivian Con

gress issued a decree for a forced loan from all the departments of the republic to the amount of $500,000, with interest at ten per cent., the bonds to be received in payment of taxes. The Congress further authorized the Governinent to make new emissions, if necessary, and determine the guarantees for their payment. By another decree of the Congress, $200,000 in small money, of from one to ten cents, was to be coined in nickel, copper, or other metal.

Yet governmental energy, zealously seconded by individual patriotism, for the enthusiasm for the war had not diminished in Bolivia, was insufficient to grapple successfully with the everincreasing difficulties of the situation. The National Convention, already called into existence, lent efficient aid to the Executive in devising and carrying out plans for the creation of resources with which to continue the struggle without truce and regardless of sacrifices. The following decree, issued on February 21st, will serve to illustrate the spirit and determination of that body:

ARTICLE I. The National Convention of Bolivia has ordered the sale by public auction of the property of all the convents and monasteries of the republic, except the eighth part, which is destined for the support of the religious communities.

ART. II. The sale is also ordered of the treasures of the churches, including the ornaments of the images, the sacred vessels being alone excepted.

ART. III. The product of the sale shall be applied chase of ships, the levying of troops, etc. to defraying the expenses of the war, such as the pur

ART. IV. Priests who in the pulpit or in any other place, and laymen who in the press or in public meeting, oppose the execution of this law, either pacifically or by promoting public disturbances, shall be tried as traitors to the country.

Prior to the date of this decree, the forced loan, already alluded to as forming part of the national revenue for 1879, had been ordered and collected to the amount of $500,000; and other measures of like character were resorted to later. Still, the Bolivian army was but an insignificant factor at the seat of war; indeed, at the end of June, telegrams (from Santiago, the capital of Chili) announced that it was completely disbanded, the men receiving neither pay nor food, and selling their arms and accoutrements to obtain temporary relief. "In the four corners of the republic," exclaims a leading journal of La Paz, in July, "dismay and dejection seem to threaten the destruction of our nationality, and, in the midst of the awful confusion, what means of salvation remains to us? Shall we yield to the conqueror? No, a thousand times no! However great our effeminacy be, or however deep the grief brought upon us by the disasters of San Francisco and of the Alianza, it is our duty to look up to Heaven for that strength which the earth denies us, and set about the grand work of defending our country. Savages in their miserable condition do not bow under defeat, but perseveringly defend their huts and their families, and are we to triumph by tears and cowardly inaction? Do we not blush at the thought of our

situated on the Rio Negro and above San Cárlos; while the Venezuelan commissioners were at Javita, one day's journey beyond that point. According to the latest official returns, the number of slaves in Brazil was 1,368,254; but as these figures were taken from registers reaching only to the end of 1878, the number must at present be several thousand less, allowing for deaths, and for public and private emancipation. The distribution of the accumulated emancipation fund (about $2,204,940) was, however, based on the same returns; and the following table shows the number of slaves in, and the share of said fund allotted to each of the provinces at the close of the year above referred to:

PROVINCES.

Municipio Neutro..
Rio de Janeiro

Pernambuco..
Maranhão..

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Amazonas..

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Pará.

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Rio Grande do Sul.

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Sergipe....

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Santa Catharina.

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Rio Grande do Norte.
Pianhy..

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Bahia....
Minas Geraes...

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Alagoas.
Parana..
Matto Grosso.

children learning hereafter of our selfishness
and our moral and physical degradation? In this
deplorable state of things, let us renew our ef-
forts to arouse the slumbering spirit of our coun-
trymen to reconstruct Bolivia, prepare for the
national defense, and gain the victory over Chili,
cost what it may. To that end the National Con-
vention should, we think, continue for at least
six months longer its labor of reconstructing
our demoralized national administration. Let
the representatives be paid, for no labor is more
worthy of remuneration than theirs. Exac-
tions can lead to no practical or useful end.
The members of the Convention have hitherto
manifested an unusual degree of self-denial in
the service of their country. Many of them
will continue to do so; but such can not be
expected to constitute the rule. It is but fair
that those who devote their time and energy
to the cause of Bolivia, and thereby neglect
their own private concerns, should be remu-
nerated. In the trying times through which
we are now passing, it is not prudent to ex-
pect everything of the Executive. Chili, in
making war against us, has had the counsel
and guidance of her people's representatives,
while we intrusted everything to the Govern- Espirito Santo..
ment. What has been the result? Daza's
Government plunged us in ruin; and the
present Government, spite of all its patriot-
ism, will at no distant day lose its prestige, for
of professional malcontents there is, unfortu-
nately, no lack in Bolivia. The wise direction
of public affairs requires the energetic coöp-
eration of the Parliament with an honest Gov-
ernment like that of the illustrious General
Campero. Our country's wounds need the
firm hand and determined treatment of a
National Convention, and a National Conven-
tion alone. Lastly, Bolivia, like the phoenix,
must find within her own breast the secret of
her regeneration. The Assembly, by the light
of their understanding, the Executive by pa-
triotic action, and the people by unceasing
labor in the cultivation of the fruits of the
earth, must raise up the nation from the
depths to which she has fallen, and carry our
arms to the retrieval of honor lost and soil
usurped." A confederation between Peru and
Bolivia, accepted by the people of the first
country in June, and to be decided upon by a
plebiscitum in the second, appears to have been
favorably considered by the National Conven-
tion at La Paz, and the question even submit-
ted to the President for Executive sanction in
October. (The leading incidents of the war
will be narrated in the article PERU.)

BRAZIL (IMPERIO DO BRAZIL). (Statistics concerning area, territorial divisions, population, etc., will be found in the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878.) The commissioners appointed to determine the limits of the empire with the neighboring republic of Venezuela were reported to have made satisfactory progress. At latest accounts the Brazilian section had advanced as far as Maroa, a Venezuelan village

São Paulo..

Goyaz.
Parahyba...

Ceara....

Total.....

It is stated that, in virtue of a recent revenue law, the emancipation fund will be doubled in the fiscal years 1881-'82, and be probably about $1,000,000.

In the matter of immigration, Brazil has been particularly unfortunate, notwithstanding the many sacrifices she has made with a view to attracting useful colonists to her shores. Recent experiments with Russians have been attended with results so unfavorable as to discourage the Government from further attempts of the kind. Indeed, it would appear that the abandonment of state immigration has been resolved upon, and that recourse will hereafter be had to the more practical plan of reforming the land laws so as to facilitate grants, sales on credit, and leases, thus affording to small holders easy terms and security from former trammels. Notice is stated to have been transmitted to Europe that the "assisted passage" system would be discontinued, except in the case of already existing contracts; and on the 7th of May all Government lodginghouses were to be closed. Frequent allusion has been made in the British and in the Brazilian press to the disadvantage of allowing large tracts of land to be held on a nominal tenure, yet lying neglected and uncultivated; and it is hoped that the remedial measures just mentioned, together with others in con

templation, will not only remove old evils, but afford a free scope to labor, encouraging useful industry, and offering to settlers the incentive of being enabled to benefit their future condition by terms of equality. The subject of Chinese immigration has been mooted, with the assurance that experiments in that direction might prove eminently successful. examples of the efficiency of Chinese labor, California and Australia have been alluded to; but in both of these the prevailing conditions were different from those characterizing Brazil, where the only desideratum is not competition for labor but hands to cultivate the soil.

As

The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, born December 2, 1825; proclaimed April 7, 1831; regency until July 23, 1840; crowned July 18, 1841; married September 4, 1843, to Theresa Christina Maria, daughter of the late King Francis I of the Two Sicilies.

A change of Ministry occurred early in the year, but did not result in a change of party, the Liberals continuing in power. The new Cabinet was made up as follows: Minister of the Interior, Baron Homem de Mello; of Justice, Councilor M. P. S. Dantas, Senator; of Foreign Affairs, Councilor P. L. Pereira de Souza, Deputy; of Finance, Councilor J. A. Saraiva, Senator, and President of the Council of State; of War, Viscount de Pelotas, Senator; of the Navy, Councilor J. R. Lima Duarte, Deputy; of Public Works, Commerce, and Agriculture, Councilor M. Buarque de Macedo, Deputy.

The Council of State was composed of the following members in ordinary: the Princess Imperial Donna Isabel; Prince Gaston d'Orléans, Count d'Eu; the Senators-Viscount d'Abaeté, Viscount de Muritiba, Viscount de Bom Retiro, Viscount de Jaguary, Viscount de Nictheroy, Viscount de Araxá, J. P. Dias de Carvacho, and J. J. Teixeira; Vice-Admiral J. R. de Lamare; Dr. P. J. Soares de Souza; and of six members extraordinary: Senators-J. L. C. Paranaguá and M. P. S. Dantas; CouncilorsMartin Francisco and B. A. de M. Taques; Viscount de Prados, and Dr. J. C. de Andrade. The President of the Senate, which comprises fifty-eight members elected for life, is Viscount de Jaguary; and the Vice-President, Count de Baependy.

The President of the Chamber of Deputies, with one hundred and twenty-two members elected for four years, is Viscount de Prados; and the Vice-President, F. de Almeida.

The Presidents of the several provinces were as follows:

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The Archbishop of Bahia, N—————, is Primate of all Brazil, and there are eleven bishops: those of Pará, São Luiz, Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diamantina, Goyaz, and Cuyabá.

The Brazilian Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the United States is Councilor A. P. de Carvalho Borges, accredited October 9, 1871; and the Brazilian ConsulGeneral (for the Union) at New York is Senhor Salvador de Mendonça.

According to the law of February 27, 1875, military service is obligatory for all Brazilian citizens; but numerous exceptions are admitted, and substitution is allowable. The period of service is six years in the regular army, and three in the reserve. The regulation strength of the army in time of peace is fixed at 13,000 men; though the actual strength in 1880 was 15,304, of whom 1,743 were officers. The strength in time of war was to be fixed at 32,000. The arms were distributed as follows: Infantry, twenty-one battalions, eight garrison companies, and one dépôt company for drilling recruits; cavalry, five regiments, one squadron, and five garrison companies; artillery, three mounted regiments, and five foot-battalions; sappers and miners, one battalion; gendarmes, 8,340 men, of whom 931 were at Rio de Janeiro. The National Guard had been disbanded, and was to be reorganized on completion of the new census.

The navy, in 1880, consisted of nine ironclad steamers, six steam-corvettes, sixteen steam-gunboats, and six steam-transports; and three sail of the line (one corvette and two smaller craft); with an aggregate of 3,758 men, and a total armament of 166 guns. There were, besides, five iron-clad ships, one gunboat, one school-ship, and one brig for midshipmen, all without armament; and there was a gunboat in process of building. There were in the navy 14 general staff-officers, 340 first-class officers, a sanitary corps 73 strong, 17 almoners, 88 accountants, 57 guardians, and 185 engineers; an imperial marine corps 2,695 strong; a naval battalion, 286, and 1,229 apprentices; total, 4,984 men.

The financial position of the empire may in general be considered to have improved, owing mainly to increased productions, the coffeecrop alone promising to fall little short of 300,000 tons (or 672,000,000 pounds)! The issue of gold bonds has proved a financial success these obligations being largely held in England and in Brazil, and regarded as a favorite investment.

In a non-official report published in July, 1880, the revenue for the fiscal year 1878-79

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