ing these conditions. A part of the press, such as the New York Herald, opposed all reforms and reformers and tolerated organisations of the workers themselves only as the lesser of two evils; a much larger part were indifferent chroniclers, without criticism or approval, of the events which happened in industrial life from day to day; and a few, led by the New York Tribune, not only served as open forums for all of the isms of the time, but took an active editorial stand on many of the labour issues which arose during the period. The reform press was as varied in content as the issues which they advocated. Each new ism was heralded by a paper, a pamphlet, or a book. Like the reforms which they advocated, the papers were short-lived; the series of pamphlets were equally short; and the books serve as monuments or as milestones, according as they were entirely forgotten or helped to influence the public opinion which crystallised into action then or later. The Working Man's Advocate and the Republik der Arbeiter are good examples of reform papers. The Proceedings of the Industrial Congress of any given year illustrate the propagandist pamphlets of the time. Of the reform publications which attained the dignity of books, Albert Brisbane's The Social Destiny of Man, or Association and Reorganisation of Industry (Philadelphia, 1840) and E. Kellogg's Labor and Other Capital; the Rights of Each Secured and the Wrongs of Both Eradicated (New York, 1849) serve as examples. Public documents referred to in this section consist chiefly. of legislative reports such as the New York Assembly Journal for a given year of the Laws of the state in question. A few special documentary reports were consulted, such as the Report of the Committee on Internal Health (Boston City Document, No. 66, 1849). Trade union records of the period are not numerous and consist mainly of the minutes of the meetings of local organisations. None of these is in separate published form. Secondary sources consist of biographical publications such as Horace Greeley's Recollections of a Busy Life (New York, 1868); and special historical treatises like Gustavus Myers' History of Tammany Hall (New York, 1901), and Herman Schlüter's Die Anfänge der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung in Amerika (Stuttgart, 1907). The secondary literature of the period is very limited. I. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. Commissioner of Labor. Ninth Annnal Report, 1893, "Building and Loan Associations." Laws of California, 1853. Laws of Maine, 1848. Laws of New Hampshire, 1847. Laws of New York, 1853. Laws of Ohio, 1852. Laws of Pennsylvania, 1848, 1855. Laws of Rhode Island, 1853. "Co-operation in Massachusetts," in Massachusetts Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report, 1877, pp. 51-137. Massachusetts House Documents, Nos. 50 and 81, 1845. New Hampshire Bureau of Labor, Report, 1894. New Hampshire House Journal, 1846. New Hampshire Senate Journal, 1847. The Policy of Our Labor Organisations," in New Jersey Bureau of Labor, Report, 1887, pp. 77-86. New York Assembly Document, 1848, No. 78. New York Assembly Journal, 1847, 1848, 1850, 1852, and 1853. Pennsylvania Senate Journal, 1837. Rhode Island Report of an Investigation into Child Labor, 1853. Wisconsin Senate Journal, 1849. II. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. Andrews, Stephen P. Cost the Limit of Price (New York, 1852). Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography. Arthur, P. M. "Rise of Railway Organization," in George E. Mc- Bailie, William. Josiah Warren (Boston, 1906). Bartlett, D. W. Modern Agitators (New York, 1856). Bemis, E. W. Co-operation in New England, in American Economic Association, Publications (Baltimore, 1886). Brisbane, Albert. Concise Exposition of the Doctrine of Association (New York, 1844). Brisbane, Albert. Social Destiny of Man (Philadelphia, 1840). Brownson, Orestes. Collected Works (Detroit, 1882-1907). The Convert, or Leaves from My Experience (New York, 1857). "The Labouring Classes," in Boston Quarterly Review, 1840, III. Butterfield, C. W. History of Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin (Chicago, 1880). Campbell, John. A Theory of Equality; or, the Way to Make Every Man Act Honestly (Philadelphia, 1848). Negro-Mania (Philadelphia, 1851). Clark, F. C. "A Neglected Socialist," in American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, 1894-1895, V, 718-739. Commons, J. R. "An Idealistic Interpretation of History," in Labor and Administration (New York, 1913); same, entitled "Horace Greeley and the Working Class Origins of the Republican Party," in Political Science Quarterly, 1909, XXIV, 468488. Cooke, G. W. The Poets of Transcendentalism (Boston, 1903). Curtis. "Report" in Transactions of the American Medical Association (Boston, 1849). Curtis, Francis. History of the Republican Party (2 vols., New York, 1904). Devyr, Thomas A. Our National Rights (n. p., n. d.). Dwellings and Schools for the Poor," in North American Review, 1852, LXXIV, 464-489. Ely, R. T. French and German Socialism (New York, 1883). Evans, F. W. Autobiography of a Shaker (Mount Lebanon, N. Y., 1869). Forney, J. W. Anecdotes of Public Men (New York, 1873-1881). Kellogg, Edward. Labor and Other Capital: the Rights of Each Secured and Wrongs of Both Eradicated (New York, 1849). Kingsbury, Susan. Labor Laws and their Enforcement, with Special Reference to Massachusetts (New York, 1911). Lockwood, G. B. The New Harmony Movement (New York, 1905). Masquerier, Lewis. Sociology: or the Reconstruction of Society, Government, and Property (New York, 1877). Minutes of the Cigar Maker's Society of Baltimore, 1856. In Library of Johns Hopkins University. Myers, Gustavus. History of Tammany Hall (New York, 1901). Murray, David. "The Anti-Rent Episode in the State of New York," in Annual Report of the American Historical Society, 1896, I, 139-173. National Cotton Mule Spinners' Association of America, Constitution and By-laws (1890). Noyes, John H. History of American Socialisms (Philadelphia, 1870). Parton, James. The Life of Horace Greeley (Boston, 1872). Persons, C. E. "The Early History of Factory Legislation in Massachusetts: From 1825 to the Passage of the Ten-Hour Law in 1874," in Labor Laws and their Enforcement, with special reference to Massachusetts (New York, 1911), 1-124. Schlüter, Herman. Lincoln, Labor and Slavery (New York, 1913). Podmore, E. P. Robert Owen (2 vols., London, 1906). Weitling, Wilhelm. Das Evangelium eines armen Sünders (Bern, 1845). Garantien der Harmonie und Freiheit (New York, 1879). Wrigley, Edward. The Working Man's Way to Wealth (Philadelphia, 1872). III. PAPERS. The Awl (Lynn, Mass.), weekly, 1844-1846. Bee (Albany), daily, 1845. Pittsburgh Chronicle, daily, 1850. Pittsburgh Daily Commercial Journal, 1848. New York Evening Post, 1841. New York Globe, daily, 1850. Harbinger (Boston and New York), weekly, 1845–1849. New York Herald, daily, 1850. Mechanic (Fall River), weekly, 1844. The Herald of the New Moral World (New York), weekly, 1841. Nonpareil (Cincinnati), weekly, 1851. Philadelphia North American and United States Gazette, daily, 1854. People's Paper (Cincinnati), weekly, 1843. Phalanx (New York), weekly, 1843-1845; continued as Harbinger. Public Ledger (Philadelphia), daily, 1844-1848. Pittsburgh Daily Morning Post, 1848-1849, 1853. Quaker City (Philadelphia), daily, 1849. Die Reform (New York), weekly, 1853–1854. Republik der Arbeiter (New York), weekly, 1850-1855. Spirit of the Age (New York), weekly, 1849-1850. Baltimore Sun, daily, 1855. New York Sun, daily, 1853. New York Times, daily, 1853-1857. New York Tribune, daily, 1842-1857. New York Weekly Tribune, 1845-1853. Voice of Industry (Fitchburg and Lowell, Mass.), weekly, 1845– 1847. Volks-Tribun (New York), weekly, 1846. Working Man's Advocate (New York), weekly, 1844–1848. PART V. NATIONALISATION, 1858-1877 The secondary sources are George E. McNeill, The Labor Movement - The Problem of To-day, especially chapter V. "The Progress of the Movement From 1861-1886"; also T. V. Powderly in Thirty Years of Labor (Columbus, Ohio, 1889), 18-130. Excellent accounts are found also in R. T. Ely, The Labor Movement in America, 69-91, and in a series of articles by F. A. Sorge, in the Neue Zeit (Stuttgart), 1890-1891, II, 397, 438; 1891-1892, I, 69, 110, 172, 206, 651. This period witnessed the establishment of a labour press upon a lasting foundation. No less than one hundred and twenty daily, weekly and monthly journals of labour reform appeared during the decade 1863-1873.1 Fincher's Trades' Review, Philadelphia, 1863-1866, was the paramount trade union paper and perhaps the most influential paper of the entire period. The labour organ of the West, the Chicago Workingman's Advocate, 1864-1876, laid particular stress on labour politics. The Boston Daily Evening Voice, 1864-1867, was the organ of the New England labour movement with its emphasis on shorter hours. The files of the Workingman's Advocate contain the proceedings of all the annual conventions of the National Labor Union, which are reproduced in Vol. IX of the Documentary History of American Industrial Society.2 I. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS. Chinese Immigration. An address to the people of the United States on the social, moral and political effect of Chinese immigration. Prepared by a committee of the Senate of California. 45th Congress, 1st sess., House Miscellaneous Document, No. 9. 1 Doc. Hist., X, 142. 2 A more comprehensive description of the labour press is to be found in Chapter II of Part V, II, 15 et seq. |