the total number of organizations reported to the bureau each quarter was: First quarter, 1898, 1,048; second quarter, 1898, 1,079; third quarter, 1898, 1,087. Of the 1,087 unions, 280 were in the building trades; iron and steel, 137; railroad (steam), 131; printing, binding, etc., 68; clothing, 62; and cigar, cigarettes, and tobacco, 54. The others vary from 3 to 36 unions. As to distribution, Greater New York shows the largest returns, with 40.4 per cent. of all the unions in the State. Following New York are Buffalo, 7.4 per cent.; Syracuse, & per cent.; Albany, 4.1 per cent.; Rochester, 3.9 per cent.; Utica, 2.7 per cent.; Troy, 2.3 per cent.; and Newburg, 2 per cent. The other cities and towns vary from 19 unions to 1. Of the 87 cities and towns represented, the 8 mentioned had 68.6 per cent. of all the organizations in the State. The total membership of both sexes of all unions at the end of the third quarter, 1898, was 171,067. In regard to distribution of membership by towns, Greater New York heads the list of cities and towns with 73.3 per cent., followed by Buffalo with 5.3 per cent.; Syracuse, 3.7 per cent.; Rochester, 2.6 per cent.; Albany, 2 per cent.; Utica, 1.3 per cent.; Troy, 1.3 per cent.; Newburg, 1 per cent. The other localities vary from 1,077 to 3 members. Of the 87 cities and towns represented, the 8 mentioned had 90.4 per cent. of the total membership. Of the organized wage workers in the State, the proportion of women in each quarter varies from 2.7 per cent. to 4.4 per cent. (an average of 3.7 per cent.), with a somewhat larger proportion in 1898 than in 1897. Women appear in any one quarter in but 8 industries, and of the total number from 75 to 86 per cent. in the different quarters (an average of 80 per cent. for all) are in cigars, etc., and clothing. After these two the only industries with any considerable representation of women are the printing, textile, and theatrical trades, the three containing in the various quarters from 11 per cent. to 20 per cent. (an average of 16 per cent.) of all the women. The report also discusses fully the frauds and impositions that are practiced upon immigrants.

Canals. The canals are chiefly under the charge of the Superintendent of Public Works. On Dec. 2, 1898, George W. Aldridge, holding that office, was suspended, and on Jan. 16 John N. Partridge was confirmed as his successor. The report of the commission appointed by Gov. Black to investigate the canals apparently yielded testimony that showed acts of such character as to warrant the recommendation that they should be investigated by a grand jury. Accordingly Gov. Roosevelt, shortly after his inauguration, appointed Austen G. Fox and Wallace MacFarlane, of opposite political faith to the Superintendent of Public Works, to assist the AttorneyGeneral in the institution and prosecution of such criminal proceedings as should be warranted by the testimony taken by the investigating commission. The Legislature appropriated $20,000 to pay the expenses of the investigation. After several months they reported that criminal prosecutions were inadvisable and impracticable. In the absence of evidence of fraudulent collusion between the State officers and the contractors, the counsel concluded that the numerous instances of apparently unjustifiable favoritism to contractors and of improvident agreements reported by the commission could not be said to be criminal, though they did subject the State to a large pecuniary loss, and apparently showed grave delinquency on the part of those charged with the execution of the work. The delinquency shown justified public indignation, but it did not afford

ground for criminal prosecution. The report giving their reasons for their conclusions was transmitted, with the Governor's message, to the Legislature.

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In his annual report on the State canals, covering the period between Jan. 18 and Sept. 30, Col. Partridge says: On Feb. 1 the balance of the ordinary repair fund available for the last eight months of the fiscal year was $126,913 less than for the year before, and there were outstanding bills aggregating upward of $37,651. To meet this condition I at once cut the force of employees down to the minimum, and later increased the force during navigation season by the employment of only so many as were clearly shown to be needed. The results obtained were: The earliest opening of navigation (April 17), a small number of interruptions to navigation, a balance of $2,061.76 at the end of the year, and no unpaid bills in the office, with the exception of several in dispute, aggregating $776.64. The canals were closed officially on Dec. 1."

On March 8 Gov. Roosevelt appointed a commission, consisting of Major Thomas W. Symonds, John N. Scatcherd, George E. Greene, Frank S. Witherbee, and Gen. Francis V. Greene, with State Engineer and Surveyor Bond and State Superintendent of Public Works Partridge, for the purpose of formulating a definite canal policy for the State, and to submit a report to form the basis of recommendations to the next Legislature, with a view of finally disposing of the canal question. The field of inquiry was unlimited by the Governor. It included: Whether the present improvement plan, which has been suspended, providing for the deepening of the Erie and Oswego Canals to 9 feet and the Champlain Canal to 7 feet, should be carried to completion, and the cost of the same; whether a large canal should be constructed from Albany to Oswego, and the western section of the Erie closed; whether it is wisest to turn the canals over to the National Government for a ship water way, and to what extent the railroads have taken the place of the canals. In answer, the commission recommended that the deepening of the Oswego and Champlain Canals be completed at a cost of $2,642,120; that the present canals be maintained and enlarged; and said the project of a ship canal is a subject for consideration by the Federal Government.

Fisheries. The commissioners in charge of this department are Barnet H. Davis, Edward Thompson, William R. Weed, H. S. Holden, and Charles H. Babcock. They reported that during the year the new hatchery at Constantia, on Oneida lake, was completed. It has a capacity of 125,000,000 eggs of the spring spawning fish and 35,000,000 eggs of the fall or winter spawning fish, such as whitefish or ciscoes. The following is the distribution from each hatchery: Adirondack, 508,060 brook trout, 147,140 brown trout, 23,000 rainbow trout, 130,000 lake trout, 3,250,000 frostfish; Beaverkill, 774,875 brook trout, 86,700 brown trout; Caledonia, 365,112 brook trout, 367,268 brown trout, 45.125 rainbow trout, 368,786 lake trout, 1,000 red-throat trout, 18.300.000 whitefish, 65,000 fresh-water shrimp: Clayton, 15,000,000 ciscoes, 5,800,000 whitefish, 115.100 large-mouth black bass; Chautauqua lake, 2,650,000 muscalonge: Oneida, 50 pickerel, 17,550,472 pike perch, 1,350 small- and large-mouth black bass, 2,562,800 yellow perch; Cold Spring, 466,000 brook trout, 93,835 brown trout, 44,485 rainbow trout, 48,000,000 tomcods, 48,000,000 smelt, 6,550,000 lobsters, 1,214.800 shad: Catskill, 1,500,000 herring, 3,882,600 shad; donated to State waters by the United States Fish Commission, 5,800,000

shad; Fulton Chain, 790,750 brook trout, 55,000 brown trout, 199,000 lake trout, 1,500,000 frostfish; Pleasant Valley, 295,250 brook trout, 120,800 brown trout, 75,400 rainbow trout, 29,000 lake trout; Sacandaga, 858,000 brook trout, 90,000 brown trout, 187,000 lake trout, 1,035,000 frostfish.

Railroads. This department is cared for by three commissioners, each of whom serves five years and receives a salary of $8,000. Those holding office during the year were Ashley W. Cole, George W. Dunn, and Frank M. Baker. The total number of passengers carried by the steam surface railroads for the year ended June 30, 1899, was 149,926,184, an increase of 672,925. This includes passengers not carried in this State. The number carried in the State was 68,720,642. The gross earnings of steam surface railroads for the year were $5,977,508.39 in excess of those of the previous year. The operating expenses were $2,855,613.34 in excess of those of 1898, making the net earnings from operations $3,121,895.05 more than in 1898. The income from other sources was $2,034,990.89 in excess of 1898. The companies paid in taxes $506,051.74 more than in 1898, and declared dividends $534,692.90 in excess of those declared in 1898. Capital stock increased $8,977,400 over that of 1898, and funded debt increased $11,983.01 over 1898. The percentage of dividends to capital stock was 2.43, as compared with 2.39 in 1898. Four more persons were killed on steam surface roads in the State in 1899 than in 1898, but the number of persons injured was 181 fewer. The total number of accidents on steam surface railroads in which persons were killed or injured during the year was 2,030-704 persons were killed and 1,326 injured. Three employees were killed and 9 injured through catching feet in frogs and guard rails. The number of persons carried on the street surface railroads, including the few remaining horse railroads, during the year, including "transfers," was 920,365,560, an increase over 1898 of 71,054,890. One hundred and twenty-six persons were killed and 589 wounded. The total number of passengers carried by the elevated roads in New York and Brooklyn during the year was 213,248,419.

Forest Preserves.-According to the report of Verplanck Colvin, superintendent of the Adirondack Survey, the total amounts of land owned by the State in forest counties are as follow: Clinton, 14,106.32; Delaware, 6,455.50; Essex, 208,729.47; Franklin, 88,868.64; Fulton, 17,061.87; Greene, 507.50; Hamilton, 437,692.65; Herkimer, 123,629.71; Lewis, 3,008; Oneida, 3,013.70; Saratoga, 8,221.90; St. Lawrence, 27,451.66; Sullivan, 293.90; Ulster, 33,038.90; Warren, 84,314.81; total, 1,056,444.53. The purchases made recently are: Essex, 24,513 acres; Franklin, 24,909; Hamilton, 150,438; Herkimer, 40,305; and Warren, 16, 467. A large additional area is under contract for purchase, but title has not been perfected. The lands contracted for are as follow: In Essex County, 310 acres; Hamilton, 16,545; Herkimer, 2,160; Warren, 1,154; total areas, 20,169 acres. At the last regular session of the Legislature a preliminary bill was passed, which has become a law, under which commissioners have been appointed to make a survey of Watkins Glen and such adjacent woodlands on either side as they may deem desirable to have embraced in a proposed park. They are to ascertain the prices at which the Glen and other properties can be purchased, and report their proceedings to the next Legislature for final action.

National Guard. The charge of the State militia is with the Adjutant General, who is chief

of the Governor's staff. The incumbent during the year was Avery D. Andrews, whose resignation was offered at the close of the year, and on Dec. 26 Edward M. Hoffman was appointed his successor. Gen. Andrews's report says: "The system of staff administration adopted by the State of New York, while entirely new in this country, bears a general similarity to the staff organization of many of the armies of Europe, there known as the general staff. The Adjutant General, as chief of staff to the commander in chief, becomes the directing agency not only of the line, but of the staff, thus insuring harmony and coordination of action. Under the military code the major general commands the National Guard and the captain commands the Naval Militia, and to them and to their subordinate commanders has been given the fullest authority and the most cordial support in all matters relating to the drill, instruction, discipline, and command of their troops, while to their staffs and to the staffs of the various brigades and regiments have been assigned the duties relating to their various offices. The National Guard consists of 15 regiments and 5 battalions of infantry, 4 troops of cavalry organized into a squadron of 3 troops, and 1 separate troop, 4 batteries of light artillery, and 4 mounted signal corps. These are organized into 5 brigades, each commanded by a brigadier general, and the whole under the command of a major general. The organization closely resembles that of a division. The separate companies throughout the State (with the exception of the Seventeenth, at Flushing) have been organized into battalions and regiments, with headquarters in convenient localities. The Naval Militia consists of 2 battalions and 1 separate naval division, all under the command of a captain." According to the annual report of Major-Gen. Charles F. Roe, commanding officer of the National Guard of the State of New York, the strength of the National Guard, as reported on Sept. 30, 1899, was 795 officers and 13,439 enlisted men.

Historian. The State Historian has charge of the historical records. The incumbent during the year was Hugh Hastings. His fourth annual report was largely devoted to the work of New York regiments during the war with Spain, including a brief sketch of the policy pursued in securing information and reports from the dif ferent organizations. A chapter described the manner in which the colors of the One Hundred and Fourth New York Volunteers (Wadsworth Guards), lost during the civil war, were recovered. The regiment lost two sets of colors, one at Gettysburg, on Seminary Ridge, on July 1, 1863, and the other at the Weldon Railroad, Aug. 19, 1864. The colors lost at Gettysburg were found in the War Department in Washington, and by special act of Congress were restored to New York and deposited in the Bureau of Military Records. The State Historian recommended that Congress should be requested to return to New York the 12 remaining battle flags that were captured from State organizations during the civil war, and that were subsequently found in Richmond, Va., at the close of the war. On Jan. 12 the State purchased 33 acres of land on Stony Point peninsula, on the Hudson river, in Rockland County, the scene of Anthony Wayne's capture of Stony Point from the British army in the War of the Revolution. The purchase was made on recommendation of the Society for the Preservation of Scenic and Historic Places and Objects. The price paid was $21,500, and the land was bought from the estate of Frederick Tompkins and from Watson Tompkins.

Topography. The United States Geological Survey completed the mapping of nearly half of the area of the State during the year. Seven topographic parties were sent to New York early in the spring, and have been actively at work ever since. The surveying was under the joint supervision of the State and Federal authorities the New York Legislature appropriated $20,000 and the director of the Geological Survey an equal sum. During the summer the topographers mapped enough ground to make up 15 atlases, covering the counties of Wayne, Oswego, Ontario, Seneca, Yates, Tioga, Madison, Albany, Dutchess, and Orange. The neighborhood of the Fulton chain of lakes, the Racquette and Blue mountain lakes in the Adirondacks, and the regions about Northville, Saratoga, and Lucerne were also surveyed. This work will all be reproduced on maps at the scale of one mile to an inch. When they shall have been completed the Geological Survey will have maps of the main highways, of the Hudson river, the territory along the routes of the New York Central Railroad and the Erie Railroad, the watershed for the supply of the Erie Canal, including nearly all of the big lakes in central New York, embracing a large part of the Mohawk river branches in the Adirondacks. The survey has also completed nearly all the international border lakes-Ontario and Erie -leaving only a portion of the St. Lawrence to be filled out. These maps are executed in wonderful detail, and are the most complete and finest made in this country. In the country districts every house is indicated, as well as all public and private roads, town and county boundaries, all streams, lakes, and ponds, railways (electric and steam), streets, and other highways. In the mountains the various trails and paths are shown, and every block in each of the larger cities is clearly reproduced.

Political. The usual election was held in November, on which occasion candidates for 7 vacancies in the 4 judicial districts were voted for. The nominees were as follow: Democratic-First District, George C. Barrett, James A. O'Gorman; Fifth District, Howard C. Wiggins; Sixth District, Albert H. Sewell; Eighth District, John Cunneen, Charles F. Tabor, and Louis Braunlein. Republican-First District, George C. Barrett and Joseph F. Daly; Fifth District, William S. Andrews; Sixth District, Albert H. Sewell; Eighth District, Daniel J. Kenefick, Truman C. White, and Warren B. Hooker. Prohibition-First District, Charles E. Manierre and Thomas Drew Stetson; Sixth District, Steven M. Wing; Eighth District, Dexter D. Dorn and Walter T. Bliss. Socialist Labor-First District, John J. Kinneally and Thomas Wright; Fifth District, Frank W. Roberts; Sixth District, Edward C. Elston; Eighth District, Max Forker, James A. McKenzie, and James W. Sharpe. The election resulted in the choice of the following candidates: First District, George C. Barrett and James A. O'Gorman; Fifth District, William S. Andrews; Sixth District, Albert H. Sewell; Eighth District, Truman O. White, Daniel J. Kenefick, and Warren B. Hooker. There was also an election in the Thirtyfourth Congressional District to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Warren B. Hooker, who had been nominated as a Supreme Court justice. Edward B. Vreeland, Republican, and Stillman E. Lewis, Democrat, were the opposing candidates, and the former was elected by a vote of 21,733 against 12,406 for Lewis. The following four amendments were also voted for, all of which were carried by large majorities: 1. Giving to the New York Municipal Assembly the powers of a

Board of Supervisors. 2. Relative to the increase of the bonded indebtedness of municipalities (relating solely to New York city). 3. Authorizing the Governor to appoint additional justices of the appellate division benches. 4. Authorizing the Governor to designate additional justices of the Court of Appeals.

NEW YORK CITY. Government.-The city officials who held office during the year were: Mayor, Robert A. Van Wyck (salary, $15,000); President of the Council, Randolph Guggenheimer (salary $5,000); Borough Presidents, Manhattan, James J. Coogan (salary, $5,000), who succeeded, on Jan. 5, to the place made vacant by the death of Augustus W. Peters; Brooklyn, Edward M. Grout (salary, $5,000); Bronx, Louis F. Haffen (salary, $5,000); Queens, Frederick Bowley (salary, $3,000); and Richmond, George Cromwell (salary, $3,000), all of whom are Tammany Democrats and took office on Jan. 1, 1898, except Mr. Coogan. Also there are the following county officers: County Clerk, William Sohmer (salary, $15,000); Sheriff, William F. Grell (salary, $12,000 and half the fees); and Register, Isaac Fromme (salary, $12,000), all of whom are Tammany Democrats and took office on Jan. 1, 1898, except the sheriff, who took office on Jan. 1, 1900.

Finances. The conditions of the debts of the city of New York, including the boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond, Jan. 1, 1900, is shown on the next page.

In the year bonds and corporate stock of the city were issued as follow: For public buildings, $10,108,974.28; for public parks, $1,880,715.08; for bridges, $3,345,823.66; for repavement of roads and drives, $567,740; for water supply, $3,749,343; for docks, $3,000,000; for condemnation of rear tenements, $11,241.16; for street openings, $1,923,726.77; for refunding matured loans, $1,683,800.73; for local improvements, $61,514.65; for memorial arch, $5,000; for Wallabout basin, $100,000; for Street Cleaning Department, $400,000; for Fire Department, $300,000; special revenue bonds, $3,170,311.35; a total of $30,308,190.68. The tax rate confirmed by the Municipal Assembly on Aug. 2 was for Manhattan and Bronx, $2.48 for each $100 of assessment. The rate for 1898 was $2.01. For Brooklyn the rate was $2.36, Queens, $3.27; and Richmond, $2.42.

Bonds.-On April 4 the Municipal Council passed the resolution authorizing the issue of $500,000 in bonds for tearing down the reservoir at 42d Street and Fifth Avenue, and doing the subsurface work on the foundations of the New York Library Building. On Aug. 9 the Council passed the resolution authorizing the issue of $2.100,000 in bonds for the erection of a new Hall of Records. The vote of President Guggenheimer was required to make the necessary majority, but as he was Acting Mayor his right to vote was questioned. His action was sustained by the Corporation Counsel, and the corporation issued the bonds.

Board of Estimate and Apportionment.This body consists of the Mayor, the President and Secretary of the Department of Taxes and Assessments, the Comptroller, the President of the Council, and the Corporation Counsel. This board allowed the following-named amounts for 1900: The Mayoralty, $63.755; Municipal Assembly and City Clerk, $200,052; Department of Finance, $779,305; interest on city debt, $10,094.197.54; interest on bonds and stocks to be issued after Oct. 10, 1899, and in 1900, $884,180.74; interest on revenue bonds of 1900, $729,166.67;