Congressional District boundaries are determined by State legislatures. Article 1, Section 4, Paragraph 1, of the Constitution provides that: "The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof."

The Congressional apportionment act of 1842 required every State populous enough to be entitled to more than one representative to be divided by the State legislature into districts "composed of contiguous territory," each returning one member. While the districting requirement was omitted in the apportionment act of 1850, an act of 1862 revived the provisions of the original law of 1842. The apportionment act of 1872 continued the requirement of "contiguous territory" and added a provision that districts should contain "as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants." The apportionment law of 1901 added the words "compact territory" to the previous requirement.

4.35 "County,

State boundary describes the "at large" districts. parish, independent city" boundary describes the first geographic classification within the State. "City (except Virginia)" means that a city boundary is required. "Town, village, township, assembly district, borough, Washington precinct" is the first geographic classification within the county. "Ward, representative district" refers to the first classification within the city--representative district Was used only in Providence. "Precinct (except in Washington State)" refers to the classification within the city ward. "Street, road, or river" districts are those in which at least one street, road, or river is named as a boundary. In all cases, the district is classified according to the smallest unit used in the boundary description. For example, "Albany County, Rensselaer County, City of Troy, wards 1 to 4 and 6 to 12" is classified as a ward district.

Few statistics, other than for elections, are collected directly for Congressional Districts. The preparation of District statistics shown here for population characteristics, housing, retail and wholesale trade, manufactures, and agriculture required the summation of figures for whole counties. Only election and total population figures are shown for those Congressional Districts which are not composed of whole counties.

This appendix is issued also as a separate report. То make the separate report reasonably complete in itself, relevant definitions of terms and concepts are included in summary form. Such information appears in more complete detail

for most of the items in the "Source Notes and Explanations" section of the County and City Data Book and in the source publications cited.

VOTE CAST FOR REPRESENTATIVES, 1952, 1954, 1956

Source: United States Congress, Congressional Directory, 85th Congress, 1st Session.

The figures shown represent the votes for the Democratic and Republican nominee for the House of Representatives for each of the 435 Congressional Districts.

These figures represent the official counts that determined the outcome of the elections. They were submitted by request to the Clerk of the House of Representatives by the Secretary of State of each State.

The source noted above contains maps showing the most recent Congressional District composition.

POPULATION, 1950

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population: 1950, Vol. II, Characteristics of the Population.

Population statistics presented here are based upon results of the Seventeenth Decennial Census conducted as of April 1, 1950. Each person enumerated was counted as an inhabitant of his usual place of residence or usual place of abode. This place is not necessarily the same as his legal residence, voting residence, or domicile, although, in the vast majority of cases, the use of any of these bases of classification would produce identical results.

The urban population, according to the definition used in the 1950 Census, comprises all persons living in (1) places of 2,500 inhabitants or more incorporated as cities, boroughs, and villages; (2) incorporated towns of 2,500 inhabitants or more, except in New England, New York, and Wisconsin where "towns" are simply minor civil divisions of counties; (3) the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas, around cities of 50,000 or more; and (4) unincorporated places of 2,500 inhabitants or more outside any urban fringe. The rural population comprises all persons other than those classified as urban. The rural-farm portion comprises all persons living outside urban areas who live on farms, without regard to whether actually engaged in farm occupations.

Age classification of the population is based on the age at last birthday of the person being enumerated, as of the date of the enumeration visit, that is, in completed years.

The "nonwhite" population comprises Negroes, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, Asiatic Indians, etc. Persons of Mexican birth or ancestry who were not definitely Indian or members of other nonwhite races were classified as white.

The foreign-born white data are based on the respondent's answer to the question, "What State (or foreign country) was he born in?" Foreign-born persons are those born outside the United States, its Territories and possessions, etc. Persons born in foreign countries who were American citizens at birth because their parents were American citizens are not considered foreign born.

OCCUPIED DWELLING UNITS, 1950

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Housing: 1950, Vol. I, General Characteristics.

Dwelling unit statistics shown here are from the 1950 Census of Housing conducted as a part of the Seventeenth Decennial Census. A dwelling unit is a group of rooms or a single room occupied or intended for occupancy, as separate living quarters by a family or other group of persons living together or by a person living alone. Ordinarily a dwelling unit is a house, an apartment, or a flat. It may be located in a structure devoted to business or other nonresidential use, such as quarters in a warehouse where the watchman lives, or a merchant's quarters in the back of his shop. Living quarters excluded are: Accomodations predominantly for transients; barracks for workers; living quarters in institutions, general hospitals, and military installations (except for dwelling units in buildings containing only family quarters for staff members).

A dwelling unit is classified as occupied if a person or group of persons was living in it at the time of enumeration, or if the occupants were only temporarily absent.

A dwelling unit is classified as "owner occupied" if the owner was living in the unit, even if it was not fully paid for or had a mortgage on it. A unit is also classified as owner occupied when the owner of the unit was a member of the household but was temporarily away from home.

RETAIL TRADE, 1954

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Business: 1954, Vol. II, Retail Trade, Area Statistics.

Retail trade, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and as covered in the 1954 Census of Business comprises establishments primarily engaged in selling merchandise directly to personal, household, and farm users. Excluded from retail trade are places of business operated by membership clubs, school cafeterias, cafeterias operated by industrial plants for their employees, establishments operated by agencies of the Federal Government or military posts, hospitals, etc. Also excluded are those establishments with no paid employment in 1954 which had a sales volume of less than $2,500 in that year. The number of establishments represents the number of individual retail locations rather than

the

number of companies or organizations. Separate warehouses, administrative offices, etc., are excluded.

Sales are defined to comprise total receipts of retail establishments customers, after deduction of refunds or allowances for merchandise returned by customers. Included are sales of merchandise, receipts from repairs and from other services to customers, and local and State sales taxes, or Federal excise taxes which are collected by the store directly and paid directly by the store to local, State, or Federal taxing agency. Excluded are amounts not received from customers, such as income from investments, rental of real estate, etc.

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Business: 1954, Vol. IV, Wholesale Trade, Area Statistics.

Wholesale trade, as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual and as covered in the 1954 Census of Business, comprises establishments or places of business which reported any paid employment and which were primarily engaged in selling merchandise directly to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional, or professional users; or to other wholesalers; or acting as agents in buying merchandise for, or selling merchandise to, such persons or companies.

The number of establishments represents the number of individual wholesale locations rather than of companies or organizations. Separate storage warehouses, administrative offices, etc., are excluded.

Wholesale trade is divided into two parts: (1) Merchant wholesalers; and (2) wholesale trade, other than merchant wholesalers. The latter comprises: Sales branches and sales offices of manufacturing and mining companies; petroleum bulk plants and terminals; merchandise agents and brokers; and assemblers of farm products.

Merchant wholesaler establishments include establishments

usually known as wholesalers, distributors, Jobbers (except those in the clothing trade), foreign trade merchants, limited function wholesalers, etc.--distributors primarily engaged in buying, taking title to, and, where customary, physically storing and handling goods made by others and selling the goods at wholesale principally to retailers, or to industrial, institutional, and commercial users. Also included in this group are industrial goods distributors, terminal grain elevators, cash-and-carry wholesalers, drop shippers, and wagon (truck) distributors.

Sales are defined to include: Total receipts from custoners of wholesale establishments during 1954, after deduction of returns, allowances, and discounts; local and State sales taxes or Federal excise taxes collected by establishments directly from customers and paid directly by establishments to a local, State, or Federal taxing agency; excise taxes and import duties paid by wholesale establishments, or paid by manufacturers or importers and passed along to wholesalers; receipts from repairs and from other services to customers; and any retail sales. Excluded are amounts not received from customers, such as income from investments, rental of real estate, etc.

MANUFACTURES, 1954

Source: Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Manufactures: 1954, Vol. III, Area Statistics.

The 1954 Census of Manufactures covers all establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing as defined in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual. The Manual defines manufacturing as the mechanical or chemical transformation of inorganic or organic substances into new products. The assenbly of component parts of products is also considered to be manufacturing, if the resulting product is neither a structure nor other fixed improvement. Reports were required from all establishments employing one or more persons at any time during the census year.

A manufacturing establishment is generally defined 83 a single physical location where industrial operations are performed; for example, a factory, mill, or plant. An establishment is not necessarily identical with the business concern or firm, which may consist of one or more establishments. It is also to be distinguished from organizational subunits, departments, or divisions within an establishment. Separate central administrative offices and auxiliary units of multiestablishment companies are excluded.

"All employees" figures comprise all full-time and parttime employees on the payroll who worked or received pay for