393.26; insane tax, $303,918.84; special taxes, $858,607.76; corporation taxes, $1,348,585.40; total taxes, $14,732,286.34.

Charities. At the Hospital for the Insane at Mount Pleasant there were 707 patients on June 30, 1887; in the two years following, 753 persons were admitted and 701 discharged, leaving 759 in the hospital on June 30, 1889. The current expenses for 1887-'88 were $124.888.76, and for 1888-'89, $134,872.81. The lands and building are valued at $800,000.

The Hospital for the Insane at Independence contained 791 patients on June 30, 1887; there were admitted 630 during the succeeding two years, and 655 were discharged, leaving 766 on June 30, 1889. For the year 1887-'88 the cost was $139,865.43, and for 1888-89, $142,217.76.

The Hospital for the Insane at Clarinda was opened on Dec. 15, 1888, and on that date 222 patients were admitted, of whom 90 came from the Hospital at Independence and 126 from the Mount Pleasant Hospital. Up to June 30, 1889, 52 patients were received from the counties and 31 patients were discharged, leaving 243 remaining on the latter date. The current expenses to June 30 were $24,975.76.

The Institution for Feeble-minded Children, at Glenwood, contained 331 pupils at the begining and 432 at the close of the biennial period ending June 30, 1889. The number admitted during this period was 178; discharged, 77. The expenditures for the two years were $167,579.70. At the College for the Blind, at Vinton, 157 pupils were enrolled in 1887-'88, and 177 in 1888-89. The expenditures for the two years were $59,797,94.

The Soldiers' Orphans' Home and Home for Indigent Children contained, on June 30, 1887, 42 children classed as soldiers' orphans, and 251 indigent children. On June 30 of this year there were 88 soldiers' orphans and 282 county children. The sum of $66,111.32 was expended during the two years.

The Soldiers' Home at Marshalltown has been in operation about two years. There were received into the Home prior to Jan. 1, 1888, 53 members; from Jan. 1, 1888, to June 30, 1889, 342; total, 395. Of these, 29 died, 74 were discharged, and 18 dropped from the rolls, leaving 274 present on June 30, 1889. There have been expended during the eighteen months from Jan. 1, 1888, to June 30, 1889, $62,066.80, of which $45,862.73 was for support and salaries. Prisons. In the State Penitentiary at Anamosa the number of convicts on June 30, 1887, was 313; there were received during the two years succeeding 210, and discharged 299, leaving 224 on June 30, 1889. The expenditures for the two years were $150,605.68, of which amount $109,586.47 were for ordinary support. The convicts at this prison are completing its construction. At the Fort Madison Penitentiary the number on June 30, 1887, was 360; there were 400 persons received and 380 discharged during the succeeding two years, leaving 380 on June 30, 1889. The expenditures for the two years were $128,833.86, of which $118,294.71 were paid for general support. The receipts from convict labor were $76.615.87. These, with other receipts, reduced the net expense of the institution to $50,650.19 for the two years.

The Iowa Industrial School consists of a boys' department at Eldora and a girls' department at Mitchellville. In the former there were 330 boys on June 30, 1887, and 370 on June 30, 1889; in the latter there were 110 girls on June 30, 1887, and 109 on June 30, 1889. The expenditures of the boys' department for the term amounted to $72,489.41; of the girls', $28,034.39.

Insurance.-There are in the State 110 cooperative fire and tornado associations. These had risks in force Jan. 1, 1888, $49,735,089.82, and Jan. 1, 1889, $59,517,176.60—an increase of nearly $10,000,000. The people of the State paid for all insurance, exclusive of life insurance, $4,519,822.93. The companies paid back to the people in losses other than life $1,240,988.40. In life insurance the people paid in premiums $1,291,840.90, and the companies paid back to the people in losses $495.521.55.

Statistics.-The Bureau of Labor Statistics, in its latest report, devotes much space to figures showing the general condition of the laboring class in the State. It presents the following summary of returns received from 2,140 workingmen: Number owning homes, 1,167; number of homes mortgaged, 494; number renting, 565; number saved money, 1,081; number in debt, 615; number having life insurance, 731; number having fire insurance, 1,156; number belonging to labor organizations, 724: 1,704 out of the 2,138 have answered the question, "Is prohibition a good thing for the wage workers?" Of these, 1,328 answer Yes, and 376 answer No; 500 have had their wages increased during the past year, and 223 decreased; 1,404 are paid weekly, 11 semi-monthly, and 254 monthly.

Railroads. In the controversy between the State Railroad Commissioners and the railroads, over the enforcement of rates established by the former, there were pending at the beginning of the year three injunction suits brought in the Federal courts against the commissioners by the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, by the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, and by the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad, respectively (the injunction suit brought by the Rock Island Railroad in the State court having been dismissed), and about forty countersuits begun by the Attorney-General against each of the above-mentioned roads, except the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul, to recover the penalty of $5.000 for violation of the rates established by the commission. The latter suits were in most cases brought under section 27 of the act of 1888, which provides that "any such railroad corporation guilty of extortion.. shall forfeit and pay the State of Iowa not less than $1,000 nor more than $5,000. . . to be recovered in a civil action by ordinary proceedings instituted in the name of the State of Iowa." They were filed in the State courts, but those against the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad were later removed to the Federal court, where a motion was filed that they be remanded back to the State courts. This motion was granted by Judge Brewer on Jan. 22, on the ground that the suits, although brought in the form of civil actions and so styled in the section above quoted, were in their nature and effect criminal prosecutions, and as such, under the law of Congress, can only proceed in the State courts.

In the injunction suit brought by the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad against the commissioners, arguments were made before Judge Brewer in December, 1888. The suit was begun to enjoin the commissioners from enforcing the schedule of rates fixed by them in November on the petition of the shippers of Davenport, Dubuque, and Burlington. This petition was made under section 18 of the railroad act. The railroads claimed that, under this provision, the commissioners had power to readjust the rates only in respect to some particular shipment or class of goods brought to their notice by the petition, and possessed no authority thereunder to fix a schedule of charges for all the traffic of a particular road or roads, as has been done in the present case. They also claimed that the November rates were unreasonable. The decision of Judge Brewer was against both of these contentions, and the preliminary injunction prayed for was refused. The court was of opinion that the rates would probably prove compensatory, and the plaintiff company was directed to make trial of them. If actual experience should prove that the rates were too low, relief could then be had by permanent injunction on the final hearing of the case. Immediately upon this decision the railroads signified to the commissioners their intention of observing the new rates, saying that they understood the effect of Judge Brewer's decision to be that the last schedule fixed by the commissioners should be complied with, pending further hearing in the courts. At the same time the commissioners were urged to modify their schedules, and some concessions were ob

tained in favor of the railroads. But the reduction from previous rates was so great that the companies found it necesssary to curtail expenses in order to maintain their dividends. The people found their train service reduced and many conveniences in the movement of trains taken away. The running of trains on many of the branch lines was abandoned, and one or two of the smaller companies discontinued business altogether. Later in the year some of the branch lines were opened by order of the commissioners. The people, however, began to see that they were gaining little by antagonizing the roads, and expressed their opinion in November by defeating the party responsible for recent railroad legislation. On Dec. 17, as a result of long negotiations between the commissioners and the railroads, an adjustment of all legal controversies was made by the following agreement:

In view of the fact that all the railroads of the State have yielded to the rates promulgated by the authority of the State, it is proposed by the undersigned railroad companies that they will, at their own cost, dismiss the suits pending between them and the Railroad Commissioners, provided that in consideration thereof the commissioners, defendants therein, will waive all damages because of the wrongful suing out of the temporary writs of injunction, and it is further provided that the Attorney-General be directed by the necessary authorities to dismiss, at the costs of the State, all suits for penalties now pending brought by the State against any railroad.

In accordance with this, both the injunction suits and the penalty suits were withdrawn. The attitude of the commissioners, and the general policy of the State during the past two

VOL. XXIX.-29 A

years, has effectually stopped all railroad extension. The net earnings on traffic in the State of roads reporting to the commission increased from $10,998,442.90 in 1887-'88 to $11,861,310.09 in 1888-'89. On Aug. 8 the commissioners rendered an opinion on a petition of Davenport and Burlington shippers to the effect that the law gave them no authority to fix joint rates for through traffic.

Decisions.-On Jan. 28 the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision, in the case of Kimmish vs. Ball, sustaining the constitutionality of the Iowa law that makes a person having in his possession in the State any Texas cattle that have wintered south of the southern boundary of Kansas and Missouri liable for any damages that may accrue from allowing them to run at large and spreading Texas fever. It was claimed that this statute was an interference with interstate commerce, and also in violation of constitutional provisions giving the citizens of the several States all the privileges and immunities of citizens of any State. The Supreme Court held that it was simply a requirement that whoever permits diseased cattle to run at large shall be liable for any damage occasioned thereby, and that the question of interstate traffic did not enter into the case.

In the State Supreme Court, on Feb. 7, an opinion was given in the case of Collins vs. Hills regarding the legality of sales of liquor in the original packages in which they were imported into the State. The court held that, although the prohibitory law could not prevent the importation of liquors, it could prevent their sale in any form in the State, and that, in forbidding sales in the form above mentioned, it was not attempting to regulate interstate commerce.

Political. On June 6 a State Convention of the Prohibition party met at Cedar Rapids, adopted a platform, and nominated the following ticket: For Governor, Malcolm Smith; for Lieutenant-Governor, J. O. Murphy; for Judge of the Supreme Court, W. A. Maginnis (who declined the nomination, and was succeeded on the ticket by J. W. Rogers); for Superintendent of Public Instruction, Mrs. C. A. Dunham; for Railroad Commissioner, J. W. Noble.

The Republican State Convention met at Des Moines on Aug. 14. Twenty-five ballots were taken before a choice of candidate for Governor was made. On the final ballot Joseph G. Hutchison received 621 votes, 577 being necessary for a choice. The ticket was completed by the choice of Alfred N. Poyneer for Lieutenant-Governor, Spencer Smith for Railroad Commissioner, Henry Sabin for Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Josiah Given for Judge of the Supreme Court for both the long and the short terms. The platform included the following:

We reaffirm the principle and policy of State railway regulation. We urge upon Congress the absolute prevention of rebates and discrimination on railways that foster monopolies and prevent competition.

It is the duty of the State and Federal Governments to enact and execute laws to punish trade conspiracies, trusts, and combines designed to limit the production prices, and interfere with the natural course of trade. of the necessaries of life, unnaturally disturbed, raise

We reaffirm the past utterances of the Republican party of Iowa upon prohibition, which has become the settled policy of the State, and upon which there

should be no backward step. We stand for the complete enforcement of the law.

We favor the establishment of courts of arbitration for the settlement of differences between corporations and organized labor.

We earnestly indorse the eminently wise, vigorous, and courageous administration of Gov. Larrabee.

The Greenback Labor party met in State convention at Cedar Rapids on Aug. 20, and nominated the following ticket: For Governor, Elias Doty; Lieutenant-Governor, J. M. McDonald; Judge of the Supreme Court, E. M. Farnsworth (for both terms); Railroad Commissioner, Robert Garret; Superintendent of Public Instruction, T. F. Tobin. The platform favors restoration of fractional currency, ownership of railroads by the State, a secret ballot, and free trade. It contains also the following declarations:

That paper money is more convenient than metal, and just as valuable when properly created; therefore we favor a Government issue of paper money in volume sufficient to transact the business of the country on a cash basis, to the exclusion of all other lawcreated moneys and credits.

We favor the raising of all revenue from a direct tax on land. We also favor the abolition of all other tax collecting and useless burdens that have been established by Congress for the sole purpose of making places for political friends, to the end that our lands may not be overburdened by needless taxation.

On Sept. 4 the Union Labor party held its State Convention at Des Moines, and nominated for Governor, S. B. Downing; for Lieutenant-Governor, Ezra Brownell; for Railroad Commissioner, L. H. Griffith; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, Mrs. H. J. Bellangee; for Judge of the Supreme Court, L. H. Weller for the short term and M. H. Jones for the long term. The platform favors the election of United States senators by the people, loaning money to farmers by the Government at low rates of interest, Government operation of railroads and telegraphs, the Australian ballot system, and reclamation of unearned land-grant claims.

The Democratic State Convention met at Sioux City on Sept. 18. Its nominees were: For Governor, Horace Boies; for Lieutenant-Governor, S. L. Bestow; for Judge of the Supreme Court, William F. Brannan for both terms; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, Thomas M. Irish; for Railroad Commissioner, David Morgan. The platform included the following:

We renew our opposition to the unconstitutional and unjust policy of high-tariff taxation, which robs the many to enrich the few, and we denounce the fallacy of the Republican state platform of Iowa that a high tariff is or can be any protection to the farmer.

We favor the Australian system of voting. We recognize the doctrine of State and National regulation of railroads and other corporations, and approve the same.

In the interest of true temperance we demand the passage of a carefully guarded license tax law which shall provide for the issuance of licenses in towns, townships, and municipal corporations of the State by vote of the people of such corporations, and which shall provide that for each license an annual tax of $500 be paid into the county treasury and such further tax as the town, township, or municipal corporation shall prescribe, the proceeds thereof to go to the use of such municipalities.

The campaign was short, and its results were surprising. The returns for Governor showed

that Boies, the Democratic candidate, had received 180,111 votes or 6,573 more than Hutchison, and had been elected. Poyneer, Republican, received 177,612 votes for Lieutenant-Governor, against 176,031 votes, for Bestow, Democrat; and the other Republican candidates were elected by pluralities varying from 3,291 to 8,480, the latter being the plurality of Smith, candidate for Railroad Commissioner. The Union Labor vote averaged about 5,500, the Prohibition vote about 1.200, and the Greenback vote was scattering. This was the first election since 1853 in which the Democrats have been even partially successful, the election of Peter A. Dey to the Railroad Commission in 1888 alone excepted. The overturn was ascribed in part to the anti-railroad attitude of the Republican party, and in part to the internal dissensions aroused in that party by the contest in the nominating convention. The usually large Republican majority in the General Assembly almost disappeared. The Senate of 1890 will contain 28 Republicans, 20 Democrats, 1 Union Labor man, and 1 Independent. The House will be evenly divided-50 Republicans, 45 Democrats, 4 Union Labor men, and 1 Independent. The Union Labor men and the Independents are expected to act in all cases with the Democrats.

Burlington, a city, the county seat of Des Moines County, Iowa, 137 miles southeast of Des Moines, 207 miles by railroad west southwest of Chicago, and 213 miles north by west of St. Louis, on the west bank of Mississippi river. It was settled in June, 1833, was named, for Burlington, Vt., in January, 1834, and was surveyed and incorporated in 1837. In 1875 the city reorganized under the general incorporation laws of Iowa. The population in 1889 was 30,000. At this point the west bank of the Mississippi consists mostly of steep cliffs of carboniferous limestone, furnishing an abundance of excellent materials for building, paving, and the manufacture of lime. The stone quarries are rich in the fossils of the carboniferous era, particularly of the crinoid family. The summits of these cliffs are capped with 30 or 40 feet of diluvial clay, which, with a surface stratum of vegetable mold, forms the table-land of the country. At the base of these cliffs the slope of their debris passes into the river. From the waterlevel to the elevated plateau that marks the beginning of the fertile prairie toward the west is an elevation of about 200 feet. The business part of the city occupies a semicircular basin formed by the convergence of several ravines. The residences are mainly on the upper elevations, and command extended views. The Mississippi here is broad, deep, and beautifully wooded, with verdant islands. The city covers 6,400 acres, and being chiefly of brick. In 1889 there were 12 is regularly laid out and well built, the houses public schools, with 81 teachers and 4,445 pupils, the average attendance being 2,910. Four Protestant and three Roman Catholic parochial schools had an average attendance of 700 pupils. A business college, organized in 1879, had an average annual attendance of 680 students. The Burlington Institute, a Baptist University, founded in 1854, was temporarily closed on account of extensive public improvements affecting the property. There were in 1889 28 church organi

tions, 3 being Roman Catholic; a Sunday-school attendance of 7,000, a Young Men's Christian Association membership of 300, and a local branch of the American Humane Education Society. Several of the Protestant church buildings are costly and ornate. St. Francis Hospital was built in 1887 at a cost of $20,000. The public library, founded in 1868, was in 1885 established as a free library and domiciled in the city hall. It has 12,000 volumes. There are two English and one German daily newspapers, two weekly papers, and three monthly periodicals, literary and educational. Burlington is between the extensive coal mines of Illinois and Iowa, with a wealth of forest supplies at hand. The city is also the center of a vast railroad system, and has large lumber and iron interests. Its manufactories include rolling and wire mills; iron, brass, and stove foundries; linseed oil and flouring mills; wagon, implement, desk, furniture, and trunk factories; carriage works, planing-mills, machine shops, broom and woodenware factories, and many others. There are three grain elevators. The jobbing trade covers all lines, and the retail custom comes from both sides of the river. There are three national and two State (savings) banks, having a total working capital of $1,000,000 and deposits in December, 1889, aggregating $3,250,000. Other financial institutions are a joint stock fire insurance company, a loan and building association, and a life insurance company. In November, 1889, the post office collected and delivered 293,018 pieces of mail. Burlington has the Holly system of water-works, opened in 1878, with a daily capacity of 6,500,000 gallons; 20 miles of mains and 215 hydrants; cost, $200,000. The fire department, of twentyseven members, is paid, the annual expense being $12,000. The fire apparatus cost $20,000. The Gamewell alarm is used, there being twentyone street boxes. The sewage system covers three miles of mains; cost, $144,000. Street railways traverse all quarters of the city, and the principal streets are paved with brick and granite. Steam heating works supply the business section, and there are two electric light and power companies and one gas company. The Telephone Exchange, in December, 1889, operated 282 instruments. The Commercial Club, composed of fifty merchants, was organized in 1887. In 1889 the assessed valuation of city property, real and personal, was $5,078,712, on a basis of about one sixth value. The city is noted for its few business failures, its fine natural drainage, and its pure atmosphere. The average temperature is about 50° Fahr. The average annual death-rate is slightly under 10 per 1,000. Among the finer buildings are the Grand Opera House, the Post-Office, the Court House, Masonic Temple, and the Odd Fellows' building. Many of the residences are beautiful and costly, and the city abounds in shade trees. The Union Depot is a modern structure of brick and stone, and sixtysix passenger trains daily enter and leave it. Across the river are lowlands, subject to occasional inundation, which extend eastward seven or eight miles to the Illinois bluffs; and here, opposite the city, are the Chicago, Burlington and Quiney Railroad stock yards, a hotel for stock men and employés, and a saw-mill. The place is known as EAST BURLINGTON.

WEST BURLINGTON, a town in Des Moines County, Iowa, three miles west of Burlington, was incorporated in 1883; the population in 1889 was 1,700. It covers over forty acres. The Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company have nine large construction and repair shops here, employing 700 men. A large foundry, a broom factory, and minor industries give employment to an average of 135 persons. The town in 1889 had one public school with four teachers and 196 pupils, besides one Lutheran and one Roman Catholic parochial school. There were five Protestant churches and one Roman Catholic. There is a system of water works with a daily capacity of 384,000 gallons, and three fire companies. The town is level and well laid out.

IRRIGATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Between the lower half of the Missouri valley and the Pacific coast stretches an area of the United States where the rainfall is too small to permit successful agriculture, and artificial watering or irrigation becomes necessary. This arid region stretches from the lower Rio Grande northward along the eastern base of the Rocky mountains into Canada as far as Fort Edmonton, Alberta, and up the western side of the Rockies into the interior of British Columbia as far as the open valleys of Thompson and Fraser rivers extend. Southward of the United States it includes all the interior plateau country of northern and central Mexico. Roughly estimated, the dry area of the United States, being that in which precipitation ranges from twenty inches down to about two inches per annum, would, if compactly placed, be nearly 1,000 miles square. The public-land areas within the lines indicated are estimated at 1,388,705 square miles. In Kansas. Nebraska, and the Indian Territory only, one third of the whole area is arid; in Oregon and Washington half; in Texas one fifth. The population of this region in 1880 was 1,964,014. The property valuation was stated at $2,112,150,000. But the dry region is broken by mountain ranges and other limited areas of sufficient rainfall, and its boundaries are continually diminishing as experience enables farmers to cultivate certain crops where a few years ago it was believed nothing would succeed without irrigation. This arid region, so far as practical husbandry is concerned, embraces the whole country from the 100th meridian westward to the Pacific, except the very humid coast district from Northern California to British Columbia and backward along Columbia river, and it amounts to one third of the whole United States (excluding Alaska); while in Canada it embraces a region about the size of Dakota, and in Mexico a still greater expanse. Throughout this whole extent only small favored spots here and there will admit of dependence upon rain.

But it must not be supposed that all the lands in the arid region are irrigable; in fact, the proportion thus useful is very small. Large areas of stony and saline lands occur, as in the Mojave and Colorado deserts and those of the Great Basin. Another large portion is too elevated for agriculture, on account of frosts. A third class of unavailable lands are those found on the foothills, dry mesas, and somewhat elevated watersheds, like that between the Platte and the Arkansas, which are out of reach of irrigation by

ordinary methods. The timber or pasturage on these rejected areas may make them otherwise valuable, nevertheless. Furthermore, it must be considered that not all the living streams of the arid region are available for irrigation, the exceptions including the rivers most important geographically. Some of the large streams run in deep gorges so far below the general surface of the country that they can not be used; for example, Colorado river carries a great volume of water, but no portion of it can be utilized within the Territory of Utah from the fact that its channel is so much below the adjacent lands. Generally speaking, the smaller streams can be wholly employed in agriculture, and are those of most service. The irrigable arable space in the West is therefore practically restricted to such lowlands (usually bordering on streams) as can be reached by water led in canals from some head point farther up the stream, and to the extent for which there is water available. Sometimes the land may lie well in a valley, but the water supply may be too small at the proper season to bring it all under irrigation; on the other hand, the stream may furnish more water than can be led upon the contiguous lands, because these are too elevated. Another deduction must be made for cases where the water of certain lakes or streams, otherwise available, is injurious to crops

this often involves a conflict with rights and privileges in other directions. A local water supply is ascertained by measuring the average cubical contents of any lake or reservoir, and the discharge of the streams from which the proposed canals are to draw their water, at the seasons when it is needed. But it is only lately that this has been done accurately in the West, and now competent engineers are everywhere collecting data. In Colorado, for example, gauge rods, current meters, and clock-work registers, recording the mean daily discharge in cubic feet, have been set up by the State Engineer in several important streams, and will be placed in others, until the gauging of all has been made. These results are recorded on maps and flats of the water districts into which the State is divided. In California there are said to be ready for publication fine drainage and topographical maps, each covering the entire State, as well as detail maps showing rivers, ditches, land divisions, and extent and classifications of irrigations in various districts. It may be useful to give the mean discharges on June 15, of a few of the larger rivers of eastern Colorado as indicating what streams of similar size and watershed may be expected to do elsewhere at that season of average high water. These averages are from observations extending over from one to five years.

by reason of the detrimental salts that it contains; and lastly, there is the consumption of water in mining or for milling purposes and for domestic use, diminishing the farmers' resources in equal proportion.

On the other hand, in many localities where river-fed ditches are out of the question, the storage of water in reservoirs or procuring it by artesian wells may supply the deficiency and sustain agriculture. Major John W. Powell has estimated the total reclaimable area within the arid region at enough to make eight States of the size of Indiana, and to support a population of more than 8,600,000 farmers, not counting the village and city population to which such an agricultural populace would give support.

Measurement and Duty of Water.-Little can be done toward systematic irrigation in any region until three facts are fairly well determined: 1, what supply of water can be depended upon; 2, how far this supply will go-that is, how much work a definite unit of water will do which is called the "duty" of water; and 3, the means of precise measurement of the water. It is also necessary to know the legal rights of the public and of individuals with reference to the use of water for irrigating, since

Knowing the source of supply, a man or corporation proposing to build a reservoir or canal, or both, can arrive at the limit of its capacity, after subtracting, if necessary, the water to which there are prior claims. This is merely a matter of calculating the size of the wet cross section of a canal needed to carry a certain maximum of water at a known velocity of current, the latter factor depending, of course, upon the grade. The amount is generally estimated in cubic feet per second, and so far no great difficulty has been encountered. The laws of Colorado and some other States require the insertion, by its owner, near the head of each ditch, of a "rating flume," which is practically only an open box so placed in the ditch as to carry the greatest amount of water likely to enter therein. The water in the square cross section of this flume, when the head gate is raised so as to admit all to which it is entitled, is easily calculated by an officer of the State, and the ditch is officially rated accordingly. Changes of grade and form and accidents compel an annual rerating. To facilitate the measurement of ditches with or without this device, Colorado distributes to her farmers a pamphlet giving directions and algebraic formula for determining the carrying capacity of