reconstituted as follows: M. Conmoundouros, President of the Council and Minister of the Interior; M. Augherinos, Minister of Education; M. Papamichalopulo, Minister of Finance; M. Delyannis, Minister of Foreign Affairs; M. Valamakis, Minister of Justice; M. Bouboulis, Minister of Marine; M. Valtinos, Minister of War. On January 26th the Chamber, by 97 against 73 votes, refused to grant to the Ministry 2,500,000 drachmas of a new loan of 60,000,000 for the defrayal of current expenses. The Ministry consequently resigned, but when M. Trikoupis informed thie King that the Opposition agreed that the vote did not raise a Cabinet question, the King requested M. Coumoundouros to remain in office. The Chamber subsequently voted the grant demanded by the Ministry. On March 18th M. Coumoundouros again resigned, as the Chamber adopted, by 99 votes against 93, a resolution moved by the Opposition that the budget was not adapted to the financial condition of the country, and expressly disapproved of the policy of the Government. A new Ministry was formed under the presidency of M. Trikoupis, who took the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, and for a time that of Finance also. M. Trikoupis resigned in his turn, in August, when the Chamber of Deputies elected, by 92 votes against 55, the Opposition candidate as its President, and M. Coumoundouros became once more Prime Minister.

GREEK CHURCH. The aggregate population connected with the Greek or Orthodox Eastern Church was estimated in 1880 at about 78,000,000. It is the predominant Church in seven countries in the following order: Greece, where 98.9 per cent. of the total population belong to it; Servia, 94.5 per cent.; Roumania, 87.4 per cent.; Montenegro, 82.5 per cent.; Russia, 68.6 per cent.; Bulgaria, 67.7 per cent.; and Eastern Roumelia, 60.6 per cent. In the Austro-Hungarian monarchy it numbers about 8 per cent. of the total population.

The plan of holding a General Conference of Eastern Orthodox Bishops was discussed in several Russian and Greek newspapers. It was originally proposed by the "St. Petersburg Section of the Society of Friends of Religious Enlightenment" to the Holy Synod of Russia. The patriarchs of the East and other Orthodox bishops were to be invited to attend the consecration of the Church of the Saviour at Moscow, August 12 to September 7, 1880, and to consult together with the Russian bishops concerning many important questions relating to the Orthodox Church. As subjects well worthy of engaging the attention of the Eastern bishops were designated, in Russian papers, the Bulgarian question, the Rascolniks of Russia and the liturgical books, the general administration of the Eastern Church, the establishment of a patriarchate in Russia, and church unity. A paper of Athens, the "Threskeutike

Phone," remarked on this plan: "Doubtless a synod of representatives of all the autocephalous Orthodox Churches, with equal rights, saving only the precedency of honor reserved to the cecumenical and other patriarchs of the East, meeting from time to time at Constantinople as the first in honor of the churches, or in any other city that might be determined on, would contribute greatly to the settlement of questions of general interest, and would have in its hands the supreme administration of the whole Eastern Church."

The "Threskeutike Phone," referred to above, is the first religious newspaper of Greece. It was established at the beginning of 1880, and is edited by A. Diomedes Griacus, Professor of Theology in the University of Athens, and Ignatius Moshake, a theological instructor in the same institution. The editors are well acquainted with the literature of Western Europe, and by the establishment of the first Church newspaper, will endeavor to give to their Church an institution which has long been in a flourishing condition in the Protestant and Catholic Churches of America and Europe. Even in its first numbers it discussed several important reform questions, as the convocation of an ŒŒcumenical Council of the Orthodox Church, and the reestablishment of a patriarchate in Russia. An important event in the history of the Russian Church is the resignation of Count Demetrius Andreevitch Tolstoy as chief procurator of the Holy Synod. Count Tolstoy, who was made chief procurator June 3, 1865, and Minister of Public Instruction the following year, had but one predecessor who held the two offices at once, Prince Alexander Nicolaevitch Galitzin, in 1816-'17. He was the twentysecond chief procurator since the Holy Synod was established, in 1721. He is succeeded as chief procurator by the Privy-Councilor Constantine Petrovitch Pobedonostchev, who, however, will not be at the same time Minister of Public Instruction.

The "Tserkovnaia Vaistnik" says of the new procurator that some years ago the Ecclesiastical Academy of St. Petersburg counted him one of its most honored members. The St. Petersburg "Vaidomosti" says that he "is known, not only as a man of high culture and much learning, but also, in the best and fullest sense, a thorough Russian. Not long since a university professor, he has attained, in a comparatively short time, the position of a member of the Emperor's Council. In the wider sphere of duties opened up before him he has not fallen behind in literary labor. And, withal, he has occupied a position of activity and influence in the new enterprise of the volunteer fleet, which seems likely to play an important part in Russia's future. What he has done in the past is a pledge that in the new post to which he has been called he will discharge its duties, not in a merely formal way, but with an earnestness and zeal so needful at this time for the orthodox The Russian Church continues to be

in the widest sense of the word a state Church. The Holy Synod in 1880 caused a manifesto to be read in the western and central provinces, solemnly consigning the revolutionists to eternal punishment. "Russia being ruled by the anointed of the Lord," says the manifesto, "it is the sacred duty of every subject to obey the behests of the sovereign, and to contribute to the extermination of the rebels." An official list of the Russian episcopate for the year 1880 gives the following statistics: Of the prelates in active service, there are in Russia proper three metropolitans, thirteen archbishops, thirty-six bishops in charge of dioceses, and twenty-two assistant bishops (entitled vicar-bishops). The Exarchate of Georgia bas one archbishop, two bishops, and three vicar-bishops. In America there is the bishop of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. These, then, number in all eighty-one. There are retired, two archbishops and eleven bishops. The entire number of Russian bishops is therefore ninety-four. In Russia, with very few exceptions, the bishops, on their first entrance upon the episcopal office, serve for a few years as vicar-bishops, and are then transferred to the charge of a diocese very rarely being, in case of survival, the successors of the bishops to whom they were assistants. The Orthodox Missionary Society for Russia, of which the Metropolitan of Russia is president, has had for years a special missionary paper, called "The Missioner." It has now been deemed best to suspend for the present the publication of a special missionary journal, and "The Missioner" has been joined to the "Moscow Diocesan Gazette."

The "Golos" of Moscow stated in January, that in the prison of Suzealya there were at that time an archbishop and two bishops of the Starolbryatsi, or Old Believers, their only crime being that of having held to their faith and performed their office accordingly. One had been in prison twenty-six years, another twentytwo, and the third seventeen years.

means.

In Turkey, the Patriarchate of Constantinople has suffered a considerable loss in its ordinary revenues in consequence of the troubled times; and the Patriarch, who is trying to improve the education of the clergy, finds himself straitened in his designs for lack of The Greek community in London, therefore, sent the Patriarch in 1880 a voluntary contribution of £104, that of Manchester £40, that of Marseilles 1,810 francs, and that of Vienna 1,077 francs. In Asia Minor, also, several persons have determined to pay for the education, at the Theological School of Chalce, of theological students from their own part of the country.

The Bulgarians endeavor to carry through the nationality principle in the organization of a national church as well as in the building up of a state embracing all Bulgarian districts of the Balkan Peninsula. They desire every Bulgarian, wherever he lives, to be under the jurisdiction of the Bulgarian Exarch, so that in

one and the same city there could be two Orthodox bishops, a thing quite contrary to the canons of the Orthodox Church. The Greek ecclesiastics think that a Bulgarian priest living at Constantinople ought not to be subject to any other than the cecumenical Patriarch, just as a Greek priest, living in St. Petersburg, would be subject to the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg. The Bulgarians do not want any fellowship with the Greeks, and the Greeks bitterly complain of the hostilities_displayed by the Bulgarians toward them. In March, 1880, the Greek Patriarch of Constantinople directed the attention of the Porte to the outrages committed by the Bulgarian population of Eastern Roumelia toward the Greek population.

The Bishops of Bosnia and Herzegovina were officially notified by the Patriarch of Constantinople of a convention concluded between the Patriarch and the Government of Austro-Hungary. The convention was signed on April 6th at the Patriarchate in the Fanar, between the Patriarch and Count Dubski, the Austrian representative. Some difficulties were raised at first by the Porte, on account of the undetermined character of the occupation; but these were between the Porte and the Patriarch, and not between the former and the Austrian Government, and were finally overcome.

As the population connected with the Greek Church of Bosnia and Herzegovina belongs to the Servian nationality, the occupation of the two provinces by Austria naturally awakened a wish among the Servians of Hungary for the consolidation of all the churches of the Servian nationality under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Carlovitz.* The Servian nationalists hoped in this way to obtain a strong reenforcement in their struggle against the Magyars. The central Government of Austro-Hungary was urged to avail itself of the advantages which the submission of the churches of the two provinces would have for the confirmation of the Austrian rule, and for the extension of Austrian influence on the Balkan Peninsula. The Hungarian Government of BudaPesth did not ignore the dangers which an increase of the Servian element of the monarchy might involve for the predominance of the Magyars, and therefore made greater efforts than ever before to secure for the highest offices in the Servian Church men devoted to the Hungarian interests. On December 11, 1879, the Patriarch of Carlovitz, Iratchkovits, was relieved "at his own request" from the administration of the Servian patriarchate, and in his place the Bishop of Bacz (German Andjelits) was appointed "administrator of the Servian patriarchate." Bishop Andjelits was regarded by the Servian nationalists as the most devoted partisan of the Magyar Government, and it was expected that the Servian Congress would not elect him Patriarch. Many

See "Annual Cyclopædia" of 1879 for an historical sketch of the Servian Church.

of the prominent Servians protested against his appointment as an illegal act, because they denied the right of the Government to appoint an administrator of the patriarchate. In October, 1880, the assemblies of the eparchies (dioceses) generally demanded the immediate convocation of the Servian Church Cougress. The majority of the bishops have been gained over by the Magyar Government, and take side against the demands of the national Servian party. The Greek Church of the Roumanian nationality in the lands of the Hungarian crown has, until 1880, been on better terms with the Magyar Government. But the new elections, held in 1880, for the Roumanian Church Congress resulted in favor of the nationalists, and the Hungarian Government has now adopted the same hostile policy against the Roumanians which has for several years been pursued with regard to the Servians. The Roumanian Church Congress was to have met on October 13, 1880, at Hermannstadt. But a few days before, the Metropolitan Miron countermanded the convocation of the Church Congress, and the Roumanian nationalists generally denounce him as a tool of the Magyar Government.

In the Synod of the Municipality of Roumania, which met in November, 1880, Bishop Ghenadie, of Argesh, moved the establishment of a theological faculty, and declared his readiness to devote a considerable portion of his revenues for this purpose. The lower clergy of Roumania are generally in a deplorable condition. Their income is utterly insufficient, and they are generally destitute of theological knowledge.

Russian papers give the following statistics as to the number of persons belonging to the Orthodox Eastern Church in the western part of the United States: There are in the diocese of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska, including about 200 Slavs and Greeks at San Francisco, 11,572 members of the Eastern Church. The church-buildings are nine in number, including one at San Francisco.

The head of the Russian mission in Japan, the Rev. Nicolas Kassatkine, was, in 1880, consecrated as missionary bishop for Japan. He has been laboring in Japan as a missionary since 1861, when he was sent there for the avowed purpose of exploring the country with a view to religious propaganda. He gave eight years' preparation to this work, studying the language and manners of the country, and translating into Japanese several of the sacred books of the Russian Church. In 1869 he had, however, converted only three persons. As his confidence in the success of his work was unbounded, he returned to Russia for the purpose of soliciting the establishment in Japan of a religious mission. He obtained it, and since his return to Japan the conversions have for ten years continued to increase. In 1875 there were already in the empire 500 OrthodoxGreek Christians; a year after, more than 1,000; in 1878, 4,115; and in 1880 they numbered

more than 6,000. In the summer of 1878 there were six priests and 88 unconsecrated Japanese preachers working for the propagation of the Orthodox-Greek faith. Among the native priests, the most prominent, from his influence and the persecutions to which he has been subjected, is a converted bonze, named Paul Savabé.

GUATEMALA (REPÚBLICA DE GUATEMALA), the most westerly of the five independent states of Central America. For statistics relating to area, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1875. Here follows a list of the twenty-two departments into which the republic is divided, and their capitals:

DEPARTMENTS.
Guatemala...
Amatitlan..
Escuintla..
Sacatepéquez..
Chimaltenango
Sololá..
Totonicapan..
Suchitepéquez..
Retalhulen
Quezaltenango.
San Marcos...
Huehuetenango..
Quiché...
Santa Rosa..
Jutiapa.....
Jalapa...
Chiquimula..
Zacapa...
Izabal..

Alta Verapaz..
Baja Verapaz...
Peten.

.......

Capitals.
.Guatemala.
. Amatitlan,
.. Escuintla.

..Antigua Guatemala,
..Chimaltenango.

.Sololá.
.Totonicapan.
Mazatenango.
Retalhulen.
Quezaltenango.
San Márcos.
Huehuetenango.
..Santa Cruz del Quiché.
..Cuajiniquilapa.
....Jutiapa.
....Jalapa.

Chiquimula.
..Zacapa.
Izabal.
.Coban.
Salamá.

The

..La Libertad, or Sacluk. The President of the Republic is General Rufino Barrios, elected May 7, 1878, and reelected in 1880 for a period of six years. Cabinet was composed of the following Ministers: Interior and Justice, Señor Don Fernando Cruz; Foreign Affairs, Dr. L. Montúfar; War, Finance, and Public Credit, Señor Don J. M. Barrundia; Public Instruction, Señor Don Delfino Sanchez; Public Works, Señor Don M. Herrera.

The Guatemala Minister to the United States is Señor Don A. Ubico, accredited in 1880; and the Consul-General (for the Union) at New York is Señor Don Jacobo Baiz.

The United States Minister (resident in Guatemala and accredited to the five Central American republics) is Dr. Cornelius A. Logan; and the United States Consul (at Guatemala City), Mr. J. F. Medina.

The armed force of the Republic comprises 3,200 men in active service, and 15,225 militia.

The finances of the country are by general report in a prosperous state. The revenue has of late years fallen little short of $5,000,000, while the ordinary expenditures are for the most part below that limit. The total amount of the national debt on January 1, 1879, was set down at $5,369,529. According to returns published in 1880, by the manager-general of the Treasury, the portion of the home debt redeemable by forty per cent. of the customs' receipts (import branch) had been reduced by $66,617.85, and stood at $1,408,578.68 on July

The increase of the exports, as here seen, has been constant, and the imports have varied little, thus showing the development of producing power, and maintaining an ever-growing balance of trade in favor of the republic. The exports for 1879 were to the following countries in order of importance: United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Balize, the other Central American states, Belgium, South America, Spain, Italy; and the staples shipped were: bullion, cochineal, hides, woolens, sugar, maize, indigo, cocoanuts, sarsaparilla, timber, Spanish beans, cacao, vanilla, skins, horses, and India-rubber. The most important of these was coffee, the value of which stood at $4,032,269.60, against $2,617,278.24 for 1875. The quantity of coffee exported in 1879 was 25,

201,685 pounds; the several countries to which it was sent, and the value of the shipments respectively, having been as below:

COUNTRIES. Great Britain.. France.. Germany. United States.. Balize.. Belgium.. Italy.

South America.. Spain...

Total...

Values. $1,281,083 44 521,650 24 678,672 00 1,180,812 00 267,075 04 102,337 60 1,985 28 48,017 60

1,186 40

$4,032,269 60

The imports for the same year were from the sources and of the respective values expressed in the annexed tables:

He was

HALDEMAN, SAMUEL S., naturalist and philologist, was born of Dutch ancestry near Columbia, Pennsylvania, in 1812. educated at Dickinson College, Carlisle, devoting himself chiefly to the scientific course. In 1836 he was assistant to the geological survey of New Jersey; in 1837 to that of Pennsylvania. In the course of this year he discovered the Scolithus linearis, the earliest fossil then found. In 1851 he was Professor of Natural History in the University of Pennsylvania, and, later, Professor of Comparative Philology. At different times he held professorships in Delaware College and in the Agricultural College of that State. He wrote essays for the American Association for the Advancement of

66

Science, American Philosophical Society, and other societies, including the Philological Association, of which he was a founder and President. He was a contributor to "Silliman's Journal," the "Literary World," the "Iconographic Cyclopædia," and "Johnson's Cyclopædia," of which he was associate editor. He wrote the zoological portion of Trego's "Geography of Pennsylvania" (1843), and Rupp's History of Lancaster County" (1844). He was an advocate of spelling reform, and, besides several manuals of orthography, orthoëpy, and etymology, he gained in 1858, over eighteen competitors, the Trevelyan prize, by a treatise on Analytical Orthography." He made extensive researches into Indian antiquities and "Pennsylvania Dutch." He published in 1849 "Some Points in Linguistic Ethnology," dealing with Indian dialects, and, in 1856, "Relations of the English and Chinese Languages." Besides these, he was the author of "Fresh Water Univalve Mollusca," the "Zoology of Invertebrate Animals " (1850), and other works of scientific value. He died near Columbia,

Escuintla, the occasion having been solemnized in due form, and celebrated with brilliant fêtes, attended by the Presidents of Guatemala, Honduras, and Salvador. It is confidently stated that the line will be completed to the capital at an early day.

Education continues to be the object of sedulous attention on the part of President Barrios, who has brought the system of public schools to its present prosperous condition. The amount expended on public instruction in 1879 was $800,000, against $1,440 in 1871! Edacation is compulsory, and parents or guardians not providing for the mental culture of their children in private schools, or by private tui tion, are required to send them to the public schools. There are at present eighteen graded primary schools in the capital. Active measures are being taken for the education of the Indian population.

Pennsylvania, September 10th, at the age of sixty-eight.

HANCOCK, WINFIELD SCOTT, an American soldier, was born February 14, 1824, in Montgomery Square, a small village in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. His grandfather, Richard Hancock, of Scottish birth, was one of the 2,500 impressed American seamen of the War of 1812, who were incarcerated in the Dartmoor Prison in England. His father, Benjamin Franklin Hancock, was born in Philadelphia, and when quite a young man was thrown upon his own resources for a livelihood, having displeased his guardian by not marrying in the Society of Friends. He married the daughter of a Revolutionary soldier, Elizabeth Hayworth, whose ancestry was English and Welsh. He supported himself and wife by teaching, while studying law; was admitted to the bar in 1828, and removed to Norristown, where he practiced his profession forty years, earning the repu tation of a well-read, judicious, and successful lawyer.

Winfield S. Hancock and his brother Hilary B. had the combined advantages of home instruction and a course in the Norristown Academy and the public high-school, which afforded the educational facilities of the better class of academies of that day. He early evinced a decided taste for military exercises. At the age of sixteen he entered the Military Academy at West Point, having obtained his cadetship through the unsolicited influence of his father's friend, John B. Sterigere, who represented his district in Congress. Among his contemporaries as cadets in the Academy were Grant, McClellan, Reynolds, Buell, Franklin, Rosecrans, and Lyon, who afterward became distinguished generals in the Union army, and Longstreet, Picket, and "Stonewall " Jackson,