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with Oriental designs, and other fine speci- Aurora, one representing Otho in the tomb of

mens.

The Netherlands exhibition was well selected and representative, having been organized by the Government. The educational, agricultural, and industrial methods of the kingdom were well illustrated. There were a great number of charts and drawings, illustrating the system of public works in Holland, and the plans for draining the Zuyder Zee. There were plans also of Dutch dwellings and public buildings, model working-men's homes, schoolhouses, etc. The book and music publishers made a good exhibit. In the small exhibition of manufactures, woolens for male ware, fine blankets, excellent imitations of Turkish carpets, handsome oil-cloths, clay-pipes, belting, and handsome tiles, after the old Delft manner, were noticeable; and also some fine lacquered work, particularly a screen, with illustrations from Goethe and Schiller. The colonial display was fine, including the cereals, spices, and woods of the Dutch East Indies, and the weapons, embroideries, filigree, and rich webs made by the natives.

The Belgians made a good exhibition of their excellent manufactures. Of special note were the laces of Mechlin and Brussels, the cloths of Verviers, the tapestries of Malines, the linens, paper materials, fine glass, and wood-carvings, notably an elaborate wooden pulpit, various fancy articles, and a large display of fire-arms. The German exhibition was strong in cheap and substantial textiles and articles of general utility, besides containing the best book exhibit and the best display of fine porcelain in the Fair. The Saxon and other cloth-makers filled large booths with their cloths for male wear, more durable than fine, their calicoes and mixed goods, velveteens; and scattered among these were some rich velvets and beautifully-figured textures. Several piano-makers exhibited excellent instruments. The peasant clock-makers of the Black Forest, and their rivals in Freiburg, the toy-makers of Nuremberg and Magdeburg, the looking-glass manufacturers, the pencil-makers (Faber and his principal competitor), the manufacturers of cheap jewelry, the cutlers, and the dealers in common bronzes, all set up displays more or less extensive. Of the fine bronzes of Berlin none were sent. Of chemical products there was a considerable variety, including dyes, gelatine, medicinal barks, essential oils, bronze powders, soap, cologne-water, etc. One case contained all the varieties of amber found in the Baltic. A collection of surgical instruments and appliances included models of hospital wards and a hospital train, and photographic illustrations of operations, and all kinds of instruments. The cheap gold and the imitation jewelry were very fine of their kind, and for the most part tastefully designed. Conspicuous in the magnificent display of the Royal Porcelain Manufactory of Berlin were the Borussia vase, a vase containing a copy of Guido's

Charlemagne, after Kaulbach, a table-top, with a copy of Raphael's Poetry, and a vase with a finely-rendered design of Klōber's, among a great number of other finely-painted and richly-decorated pieces, in which the grounds and flat colors were wonderfully even and brilliant. A collection of gray and blue stone-ware winejugs and beer-mugs in the old German style was interesting.

In the Austro-Hungarian exhibition the most noticeable group was the brilliant collection of Bohemian glass. The finest specimens were in pure white glass, with flowers, leaves, arabesques, etc., ground into their surface with the emery-wheel. There were also fine examples of ruby and emerald ware, with gilded ornaments, and cheaper samples of darkgreen glass in the ancient Vienna style. The Bohemian porcelain also is of very fine texture, and the exhibited samples were tastefully decorated; and in the Hungarian exhibit of china-ware there were some fine imitations of Chinese and early European styles from the town of Herend. From Innspruck were sent some fine stained-glass windows. The display of meerschaum carving from Vienna was very large and fine. Other exhibits were Russia leather from Vienna, the garnet jewelry of Prague, Hungarian fire-opals, Viennese silks and shawls, delicate laces from the Erzgebirge, bent-wood and hollow-iron furniture from Vienna, woolens and cottons, ready-made clothing, buttons, chemicals, perfumes, musical instruments, mirrors, with paintings on their faces, and a fine collection of photographs.

In the Swiss section all the principal exports of the republic were shown. Forty-five watchmakers exhibited every imaginable variety of watches and chronometers, some of them so minute as to be inserted in a finger-ring or the top of a pencil-holder. There were good exhibits of scientific instruments, electrical clocks, and music-boxes. Prominent exhibits also were the handsome laces and embroideries of Appenzell and St. Gallen, the carved-wood trinkets from the Bernese Oberland, and the public exhibits of education and engineering, including some masterpieces of chartography. Other Swiss specialties were the silk boltingcloths, braids for ladies' hats, red-cotton cloth for the Eastern trade, condensed milk, chocolate, dyes, and liquors.

The Swedish exhibition was one of the largest in the Fair, and was to most people an unexpected revelation of the state of arts and manufactures in that country. The iron exhibit, embracing samples of pig-metal, rails, railroad axles, nails, spikes, bars, and pipes, and ingots of iron and steel, and maps of the mining-regions, and drawings of furnaces and machinery, was the largest one in the Fair. The exhibit of furs was fine. There was also a very attractive display of porcelain, showing rare and beautiful colors and rich ornamentation: the Parian ware, with delicately-moulded

vines and flowers, table-sets with black ground and vines and arabesques in white, large vases with paintings of flowers, a pair of vases with a ground of red and a dull metallic color, and pictures from an ancient Saga, some reproductions of Palissy ware, and a massive stove, and a pair of candelabra, with a beautiful blue ground of delicate shade, richly ornamented with white, gold, and dark blue, were prominent in this rare and fine collection. The exhibit of common industrial products, woolen cloths of the very finest, plain silks and cotton goods, cutlery, kitchen-utensils of polished brass, hardware, and carpentry, all showed an advanced stage of industrial art, and solid, conscientious workmanship. The peasant-figures modeled by Prof. Lödermann, and costumed in the genuine dress of the people, grouped to represent familiar scenes of popular life, illustrated vividly the intimate habits of the Swedish folk. The military exhibit was large, and showed an advanced condition of the military art.

In the Norwegian court the most attractive exhibit was the beautiful silver filigree-work from Christiania. Other interesting groups were the textiles, metals, and various special manufactures. There was a series of costumed figures of the inhabitants, and a collection of Gothic antiquities, arms, and utensils, of great interest.

The Danes exhibited the furs, skins, woolen manufactures, etc., of their country, some Esquimaux curiosities, and two exceedingly attractive groups, terra-cottas, in Etruscan style, and artistic silver-work from Copenhagen, including a silver vase, which was one of the gems of the Exposition.

The Russian section was organized and supported by the Government, and, as a national display, was the most striking one in the whole Exhibition. The fruits of the new national school of arts, which cultivates the early Muscovite styles, were the most prominent feature of this exhibition. The Strozonoff School of Technical Design in Moscow exhibited an interesting collection of casts and drawings which are given its scholars to study. Two Moscow silversmiths exhibited some of the finest specimens of repoussé work and enamel, both ancient Russian arts, in the whole Fair. Their display embraced silver beakers, with historical and national designs, artistic bronze casts of Russian peasants and soldiers, a silver plaque, with a copy of the Last Supper of Leonardo, and several pieces of table-furniture of gilded silver, with the Russian napkin in white silver draped over them with wonderfully deceptive effect. There was a large exhibit of malachite, jasper, lapislazuli, rhodonite, nephrite, etc., from the Ural Mountains, made, combined with metals, into ornamental pieces of furniture, and also worked up into smaller ornaments. A unique style of jewelry was in the form of flowers, with petals of gold of different shades, colored by different

degrees of heat. There were some samples of gold and silver cloth, mixed with silks, or richly embroidered in colors, of dazzling splendor. A collection of garments and table-coverings from Circassia, embroidered in silk, silver, and gold, was curious and pleasing. The Russian display of furs, cured skins, and madeup garments, was the finest of the Exhibition. The exhibit of gutta-percha goods revealed a flourishing condition of that new industry. The collection of minerals and fossils sent by the Pedagogic Museum of St. Petersburg was highly interesting. The exhibits of pianos, scientific apparatus, amber, velvet cloaks, with linings of the white fur of the Thibet goat, or trimmings of sable-fur, chemicals, fans, umbrellas, and various other articles, spoke well for the industrial condition of Russia.

The

The Italian section, though not very large, contained a tolerably good representation of the ornamental industries and manners of art treatment for which she is distinguished. The ancient Italian art of wood-carving was represented by a great number of elaborate specimens from half a dozen different cities, in which the ornaments ranged from bold realistic figures to delicate floral designs in low-relief and conventional Renaissance patterns. Articles exhibited were immense mantels and bedsteads, and tables, cabinets, and chests of all sizes. Inlaying with wood, the art for which Siena is distinguished, in floral and arabesque patterns, was exhibited; and also wood inlaid with malachite, lapis-lazuli, onyx, etc. display of Venetian glass was not brilliant, nor was that of miniature mosaic, called Roman mosaic; of Florentine mosaic there was a fair exhibit in jewelry and table-tops, and some fine pieces were placed in the art exhibition. There were some admirable reproductions of majolica pottery, and numerous copies of antique bronzes, armor, hammered metal-work, etc. Of Genoese filigree there was a fair representation. There was a good exhibit of the coral ornaments of Naples. The jewelers of Turin and Rome made a brilliant display of gold and precious stones, one of the richest and most artistic in the whole Exhibition. The finest part of this exhibit was the show of tiaras and necklaces of Signor Castellani, of Rome, brother of the archæologist whose splendid collection of antiques was exhibited in the Art Building; the manner of the Etruscan jewelry was admirably reproduced, and even improved. of the silks of Turin and the velvets of Genoa the display was almost nothing. In the more utilitarian industries Italy made a very small, but in some branches not discreditable, exhibition.

The Portuguese exhibition was a full one, and of considerable interest. There were some beautiful filigree-work, and examples of most delicate wood-carving; also specimens of fine silver-work, and tasteful porcelain. And in the whole range of useful manufactures there was a creditable display. A kind of coarse

pottery of strange forms and ornaments, and some little terra-cotta figures of country-folk, were curious features. There was a good exhibit of printing materials from the Royal Typographic Establishment, and a large collection of minerals.

The Spanish exhibition was one of engross ing interest, as revealing styles of ornamentation and workmanship strikingly different from those of the countries whose work is better known to us. The tapestries, brocades, laces, velvets, shawls, scarfs, cotton and woolen dress-goods, the glassware, pottery, and porcelain tiles, all showed forms, colors, and devices, in a fine but unfamiliar taste. The metal-work, silver and gold and iron inlaid with gold, the copies of ancient armor and utensils, ornamented in the Moorish manner, were beautiful beyond compare. The exhibit represented all the industrial activity and productivity of the country.

The Turkish exhibition was varied and fine, including, notably, gorgeous embroidery, fine linen and woolen fabrics, curious pottery and pipes, attar of roses, Oriental floor-cloths, and interesting ancient armor.

In the Egyptian court the chief groups were the magnificent embroideries, the goldsmiths' work and brazen salvers, engraved with beautiful arabesques, fine inlaid cabinet-work, and the displays of silk and cotton, and some fine examples of ancient Saracenic art. There were magnificent caparisons, with velvet hangings, embroidered with gold-thread and mounted with gold. The furniture was, much of it, of ebony, inlaid with ivory and mother-ofpearl. Many articles of daily use were ornainented with precious stones and metals. The silken and embroidered stuffs were gorgeous beyond description. Table-ware of solid gold, with beautiful engraved or open-work arabesques, and a good display of porcelain, were also noticeable. The rugs and carpets were also fine. The varieties of silk-cocoons and of cottons were prominent exhibits, and the other products of the soil were well represented.

The Bey of Tunis displayed a collection of arms, beautifully engraved, inlaid, and jeweled, jewelry and silversmiths' work, and rich goldthread embroideries, and decorated trappings. The Orange Free State in South Africa, with enterprising spirit, sent a selection of its products, comprising wool, fine wheat and corn, the singular grain called Kaffre corn, coal, dried fruit, hides of the springbok and jackal-skins, whips of rhinoceros-hide, the curious creamof-tartar plant, ivory, diamonds, and stuffed birds.

The Hawaiian kingdom was represented by sugar, coffee, corals, and shells, handsomely marked woods, strange textile fibres, stuffed birds, and the contribution of the Queen, fans, feather-work, and curious articles of native use.

Probably no national exhibit was so much visited and wondered at as the Japanese; cer

tainly none represented more manual labor and skill and artistic invention. The promi nent specialties in this exhibition were the bronzes, the porcelain, the lacquered-ware, and the pictorial screens; yet every other industry exhibited is peculiarly Japanese, either in its mechanical method or in the artistic treatment which this æsthetic people bestow upon every product of their skill. The rare and costly ancient bronzes and porcelain vases were fewer than at the Vienna Exposition; yet the collection of vases was a large one of entrancing richness and variety, and the infinity of decorative devices would furnish study for a longer time than the whole period of the Exhibition. Some of the Japanese bronzes are cast entire in the moulds; and in others the ornaments are worked out with chisels and polishing-instruments. A large number of them were inlaid with metals, which is done in two manners: by incising the design and filling up the hollow with the metallic inlay, or by filing, and then beating the gold or silver into the roughened surface. A peculiar style of work called mokn-me is produced by soldering plates of several different metals together, chiefly gold, silver, copper, and a dark-blue amalgam, and then hammering, rolling, and working over the mass, and finally beating it out into a sheet, thus producing a beautiful variegated surface of damascened appearance. The grotesque plays the chief part in Japanese decoration. On a great number of the vases was seen the Japanese dragon, and among the ornaments were grotesque figures of birds, beasts, and human beings, and also many wondrously naturalistic representations of animal life. Some of the artists reveled in ludicrous caricatures of popu lar and official manners. On many of them gold or silver bronze was combined, sometimes in raised figures worked out in highrelief, and sometimes inlaid in delicate traceries, with the darker metal, which in the finest examples was of a deep steel color. On the Japanese porcelain was lavished a wealth of ornamentation not less prodigal. Noteworthy were the examples of Kaga ware, with scarlet or green ground and gold ornamentation of exceeding brilliancy; the white Yokohama ware, delicately ornamented in gold and colors; the Banko ware, with colors running through the material; the large pair of vases with raised dragons in gold and finely-painted landscapes on a blue-and-white ground, and a collection of grotesque figures satirizing Japanese manners sent from Tokio. In lacquerwork a wide range of articles was exhibited. The ancient pieces are the best in color and workmanship, of which class a wonderful cabinet, three hundred and fifty years old, was the finest specimen. The art of lacquering is generally practised throughout the em pire, but in the greatest perfection in Tokio and Kiyoto. The slightly-raised figures in lacquer-ware are either carved in the founda

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tion, or are built up by the application of successive layers of the varnish, which is the viscid sap of the tree Rhus vernicifera. The collection of screens was large and highly interesting, containing paintings on silk, sometimes combined with embroidery, in the best style of Japanese art, affording an opportunity of studying their peculiar manner of art-treatment, and, in the subjects, giving glimpses of the inner social life of that remarkable people. The display of carved wood, inlaid, and upholstered furniture was remarkable, embracing some articles in the European style, which, for taste and fine workmanship, were not surpassed. Of the special products of Japanese industry the ivory carvings, the buckskins printed with colored patterns, the stamped bronzed leather, the peculiar sorts of paper, and the elegant silk patterns, were worthy of attention. There was also a fine government exhibit of ores, minerals, grains, medicinal plants, stuffed animals, etc.; and a group of plaster images showing the costumes worn by the different classes.

The Chinese exhibition was handsomely incased in a showy structure carpentered by their own workmen. Though not so large as the Japanese exhibit, it was well selected, and more representative, including the more ordinary products and manufactures of the Celestials. The porcelain was worthy of their high reputation in the art. In lacquer-work they must yield the palm to the Japanese. The silks and embroideries were beautiful in colors and design. Handsomely-embroidered screens were framed with wood elaborately carved. The ivory carvings were wonderfully delicate and finished. The carved and inlaid furniture, particularly the former, was marvelous in its elaborateness and detail of ornament. Among the fine collection of bronzes were some of great age and rarity. The model of a josshouse was a conspicuous object. Among the products exhibited were cotton and hempen fabrics, calico prints, shoes, hats, and clothing, fancy-leather articles, paper, musical instruments, woods, wine, grain, wax, cotton, wool, and hair. To judge from their different displays one would say that, although the Chinese may be behind the Japanese somewhat in artistic invention and the appreciation of form, they are fully their equals in the understand ing of colors and in technical skill.

The Brazilian people and their Emperor took great pains to set off the products and resources of that vast tropical empire to the best advantage, and the presence of the latter at the Exhibition gave additional éclat to the display. The most noticeable of the contents of their showy Moresque colonnade, besides the educational exhibit and the large collections of minerals, entomology, and natural products, were the Paraguayan tea or maté, an herb which yields a decoction similar to tea, but less injurious, which was described in a special pamphlet; the artificial flowers made from

bright-colored plumage, the jewelry set with green and blue beetles, the excellent work in leather, including some saddles of embossed leather, the light furniture from native woods, an ingenious combination bed, table, washstand, and chairs, for travelers' use, and the crockery-ware.

From the Argentine Republic was sent a mineral collection of great variety. The textile fabrics embraced cotton, woolen, silk, and some unusual materials. There was a fine display of skins and manufactured leather. The weapons and clothing of the natives were an attractive feature.

Chili also sent silks, leather, etc., with stuffed animals and specimens of antiquities and native handiwork.

Antiquities and the weapons and dress of the natives formed part of the Peruvian exhibit also, which included manufactures of leather, soap, and sugar, valuable metals and minerals, and a considerable range of tropical products.

The Mexican Republic made a large exhibit of minerals and native woods, besides some creditable manufactures-leather, silks, clothing, etc.-a collection of medicinal plants and of textile fibres, some richly-embroidered deerskin garments, and a considerable collection of Aztec antiquities. The Mexican exhibit, though interesting, was not nearly so full as was expected.

In the carriage annex were exhibited a large variety of carriages, parts of carriages, children's carriages, etc., and a Pullman-car in the American department; a luxurious railwaycoach from Brazil; drags, coupés, barouches, broughams, etc., from England, of substantial make and elegant finish; and some handsome sleighs from Canada. The French exhibit of carriages in the Machinery Building was also fine.

The educational exhibits of several different countries were very complete and instructive, and illustrated fairly the present stage of education, particularly of primary education, in those lands where the most attention is paid to it, and also gave a comparative view of different systems. The American system of popular education was adequately exhibited by several of the States. The Belgian schools have been a bone of contention between the liberal and clerical parties in that country, and this rivalry has given an impetus to education. The model of a juvenile school-house exhibited was exceedingly complete and commodious in its appointments, containing a lavatory, gymnasium, and a school-room with graduated desks and seats, well lighted, and warmed by the fresh-air system, by which the air is entirely renewed every half-hour: the desks when opened in one way present a writingtable; another turn discloses a slate affixed to the stand; and when turned another way a lace cushion is exposed; when opened wide they form a lunch-table. The teachers pro

vide a luncheon for the poorer children. The educational apparatus comprises the abacus, the higher apparatus of the Froebel system, and pictures and specimens of every description which can convey instruction through the sight, stuffed animals, mechanical models, specimens of raw materials and manufactured products, exhibiting the methods of the silk, cotton, woolen, metal industries, etc. Holland exhibited the work of the scholars of her technical and industrial schools. The Swedish model school-house was exhibited with much pride, and was a pattern public school. All their school-houses are constructed and furnished after the same model. It was of pinewood, solidly made and finely finished; the seats have comfortable backs; the lighting and ventilation are excellent. In the upper

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story is the lodging of the teacher. school-room contains maps and pictures, representing the national industries and productions, globes, books of reference, zoological specimens, herbaria, and a musical instrument. In Sweden education is obligatory. afternoon the scholars are taught some trade or domestic occupation. Every parish contains its regular school, except the less populous parishes, which are supplied with circuit teachers. The books and implements of study are provided by the Government at a minimum price. When a scholar shows a special fitness for any particular occupation, he is enabled to pursue his further studies at the expense of the state. The Swiss with their genius for juvenile instruction have devised a vast variety of appliances and processes of teaching, which were amply exhibited at the Exposition. Norway, Jamaica, and Cape Colony, exhibited their systems of primary instruction. The colony of Ontario presented its compulsory system, in which the Catholic and Protestant schools are both sustained at public expense, and answerable to the Bureau of Education. The Hawaiian schools, the Art-School of Cairo, and technical and primary schools in other parts of the world, sent specimens of their pupils' work. The Japanese Commission exhibited with great complacency the status and method of education introduced into Japan of late years after European models. They have universities, intermediate and common schools; in Tokio is a special advanced school for women, and also schools for the exclusive teaching of foreign languages, in one of which French, English, German, Russian, and Chinese, are taught, and in another the English language alone. In their exhibited model school were a gymnasium, a school library, the apparatus of Froebel adapted to their special requisitions, maps, anatomical, zoological, and botanical specimens, etc. Their text-books are copied after those of the best European schools; they follow English methods in science and German methods in languages. They learn to use the abacus universally in calculations, and acquire great skill in its employ. Education is oblig

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The Women's Pavilion, 208 feet square, cov ering about an acre of ground, was designed to receive the products of female industry and ingenuity of every class. The American exhibitors occupied three-fourths of the floorspace. The other nations represented were Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, and the colonies, France, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Germany, Spain and her colonies, Brazil, Mexico, Tunis, Japan, and Egypt. This was the first collective display of women's work ever attempted, and much of its incompleteness was due to its novelty: nor was it a complete collection of all feminine products exhibited, as many of the best productions of female art and invention were included in the other collections. In the centre of the building, grouped about a flower-bordered fountain, was an abundant display of ornamental needle-work. The Royal School of Needle-work, patronized by the Queen of England, set up here, as well as in the Main Hall, a representation of their skill, which contrasted strongly in the medieval manner of the designs with the productions of American ladies in the same field. Two embroidered flags worked by the ladies of New York hung down from the rafters. Designs for woven fabrics, made by ladies trained in the Massachusetts School of Technology, showed study and invention. Wood-work carved or inlaid by ladies in the West bore graceful but simple patterns. The Women's Medical College of Philadelphia presented a materia medica, very complete and accurate. A combination desk, invented by Mrs. Stiles, has found great favor, and is a very ingenious and practical contrivance for the economy of room, presenting, when closed, the appearance of a cabinet, 6

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