minute. The artesian-well district lies in the valley of the James or Dakota river, flowing wells being found all the way from Yankton, in the extreme south, to Jamestown, North Dakota. At Yankton, two 6-inch wells, 600 feet deep, with a pressure of 56 pounds to the square inch, furnish power for water works and fire protection, run an electric-light plant, tow-mill, feedmill, furniture manufactory, and several printing establishments. One well at Huron with a pressure of over 200 pounds to the square inch, depth 863 feet, and 6-inch pipe, runs the water works and motors for printing houses and other establishments. Two wells at Aberdeen, 900 feet deep, with a pressure of 200 pounds to the square inch, furnish the power for water works and a pumping sewerage system. The Jamestown well is 1,576 feet deep, with a pressure of 100 pounds to the square inch. A system of water works is maintained as at other places, without expense of fuel or engineer.

The Sioux Reservation.-Notwithstanding the failure of the commissioners, appointed under the act of 1888, to accomplish their object, Congress, early in 1889, passed another act designed to procure the opening of this great reservation to settlement. The terms of the new bill are more favorable to the Indians than those of the former act. They are to receive $1.25 an acre for all their land disposed of by the United States to actual settlers within three years after the act becomes operative, 75 cents for all lands sold in the two years subsequent, and 50 cents per acre for the remaining land. The former act gave them a uniform rate of 50 cents an acre. The area of land opened for settlement is about the same in each instance. The quantity of land to be allotted to heads of families of the Sioux nation on their respective diminished reservation, whenever they take their lands in severalty, is double the quantity previously provided. The allotments in severalty are not to be compulsory. Under this act, the President appointed Ex-Governor Charles A. Foster, of Ohio, Hon. William Warner, of Missouri, and Gen. George A. Cook, as commissioners to secure the consent of the Indian tribes interested. They reached the reservation early in June, and visited each of the agencies, completing their work early in August. They were finally successful in securing the consent of the necessary three fourths of all the Indians. It is therefore only a question of time when 11,000,000 acres of the reservation will be open to settlement, and the two parts of the new State of South Dakota heretofore separated will be united by a band of new settlements. The area of the reservation is 26,751,105 acres.

County Indebtedness.-The summary of the county indebtedness in Dakota, as returned to the Territorial statistican, shows the total bonded indebtedness to be $2,648,905 and the amounts of warrants outstanding $759,749, or a total indebtedness of $3,408,654. The total indebtedness of Aurora County is $35,400; of Barnes County, $81,331; Beadle, $67,940; Benson, $23,740: Billings, $1,151; Bon Homme, $27,500; Bottineau, $16,445; Brookings. $8,057; Brown, $1,500; Brulé, $17,029; Buffalo, $7,064; Burleigh, $129,600; Campbell, $14,555; Butte, $22,433; Cass, $219,000; Cavalier, $1,600; Charles Mix, $12,900; Clark, $22,526; Clay, $5,500;

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Codington, $47,122; Custer, $75,768; Davison, $70,805; Day, $15,075; Deuel, $11,500; Douglas, $14,693; Eddy, $5,739; Edmunds, $17,200;/ Emmons, $32,265; Fall River, $14,149; Faulk, $22,736; Foster, $18,000; Grand Forks, $42,150; Grant, $107,550; Griggs, $73,889; Hamlin, $52; Hand, $10,811; Hanson, $20,000; Hughes, $59,100: Hutchinson, $73,786, and $18,000 in the treasury; Hyde, $40,540; Jerauld, $100,000; Kingsbury, $13,000; Lake, $33,375; Lamoure, $8,507; Lawrence, $633,358; Lincoln, $400; gan, $12,895; McCook, $20,000; McHenry, $7,991; McIntosh. $5,794; McLean, $23,871; McPherson, $9,495; Marshall, $9,451; Mercier, $17,134; Miner, $15,036; Minnehaha, $12,000; Moody, $43.50; Morton, $65,000; Nelson, 31,200; Oliver, $33,370; Pennington, $133,497; Potter, $20,629; Ramsey, $58,000; Richland, $33,652; Roberts, $23,231; Rolette, $26,966; Sargent, $29,300; Spink, $11,684; with $11,536 in the treasury; Stark, $15,000: Steele, $22,811; Stutsman, $75,709; Sully, $12,000; Towner, $26,415; Traill, $105, with $22,069 in the treasury; Turner, $22,000; Union, $31,150: Walsh, $25,000, and $24,200 in the treasury; Walworth, $9,142; Ward, nothing, and $2,646 in the treasury; Wells, $8,000; Yankton, $334,618.

DALTON, JOHN CALL, physiologist, born in Chelmsford, Mass., Feb. 2, 1825; died in New York city, Feb. 12, 1889. He was graduated at Harvard in 1844, and at the medical department of that university in 1847. Physiology attracted

his attention, and almost immediately he began his researches in that branch of medical science. In 1851 he presented his essay "On the Corpus Luteum of Menstruation and Pregnancy" (Philadelphia, 1851) to the American Medical Association, and gained its prize. This led to his appointment to the chair of physiology in the medical department of the University of Buffalo, where he was the first to teach that branch by illustrations from living animals. In 1854 he accepted a similar professorship at the Vermont Medical College, in Woodstock, which he filled for two years. In 1859 he was called to the Long Island College Hospital, which had then just begun its career as a medical school, and he held the chair of physiology there until 1861.

In

April, 1861, he went to Washington as surgeon of the Seventh Regiment of the New York National Guards, and in August was made brigadesurgeon of volunteers. He continued in active service, holding various places, until his resignation in March, 1864. During the winter of 1854-55 he delivered a course of lectures on physiology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, temporarily taking the place of Dr. Alonzo Clark. He was elected to that chair in 1855, which he held until 1883, when he was made emeritus professor, and advanced to the presidency of the college, which connection he retained until his death. Dr. Dalton was a member of the American Medical Association, the New York State Medical Society, the County Medical Society, the New York Society of Neurology and Electrology, the New York Pathological Society, and the Medical Journal Association of New York City. In 1876 he was delegate from the American Medical Association to the International Medical Congress in Philadelphia, and presided over the section on Biology. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1864, and in 1874-77 he was vice-president of the New York Academy of Medicine. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Columbia in 1887. His researches were chiefly in the direction of physiology, in which branch of science he was a recognized leader. These include "Some Account of the Proteus Anguinus" (1853), "On the Constitution and Physiology of the Bile" (1857), "Anatomy of the Placenta" (1858), "Sugar Formation in the Liver" (1871), "On the Spectrum of Bile" (1874), "A New Method of Determining the Position of Absorption Bands in the Spectrum of Colored Organic Bands" (1874), "Experimental Production of Anesthesia by Cerebral Compression" (1876), and "Report on the Corpus Luteum" (1878). Besides many contributions to medical journals and to cyclopædias, he published "Introductory Address delivered at the College of Physicians and Surgeons" (New York, 1855); A Treatise of Human Physiology (Philadelphia, 1859; 7th ed., 1882); Vivisection, What it is, and What it has accomplished" (New York, 1867); "A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene for Schools, Families, and Colleges" (1868); "The Investigation of Abortion in Cows" (Albany, 1868); Trichina Spiralis, a Lecture" (New York, 1869); "Spontaneous Generation" (1872); "Galen and Paracelsus" (1873); "The Origin and Propagation of Disease (1874); "Experimentation on Animals as a Means of Knowledge in Physiology, Pathology, and Practical Medicine (1875); "Doctrines of the Circulation" (1884); "Topographical Anatomy of the Brain" (Philadelphia, 1885); and "History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York" (New York,

1888).

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DAMIEN DE VEUSTER, JOSEPH, the leper-priest, born near Louvain, Belgium, Jan. 3, 1840; died at Kalawao, Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, April 15, 1889. At nineteen years of age, Damien, a theological student at the university, having received minor orders, and belonging to the Society of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Society of Picpus), offered himself as a missionary in place of his brother, who

in the island of Maui, and heard the bishop express a regret that he was unable to send a priest to Molokai, the leper settlement. He at once volunteered to go to the place, and in company with the bishop and the French consul set sail in a boat loaded with cattle for Kaulapapa, the port of the leper colony. At a public meeting of the eight hundred lepers, half of whom were Catholics, the bishop said, "Since you have written me so often that you have no priest, I leave you one for a little time," and returned at once to the vessel. Father Damien did not accompany him to the shore, but entered upon his new mission, in full assurance that he must finally contract the disease, so loathsome that it has been said, " corruption could go no further, nor flesh suffer deeper dishonor, this side of the grave." Three varieties of leprosy are knownthat mentioned in the Bible, where the whole body becomes white and scaly, but no further inconvenience results; the anaesthetic, in which feeling is lost, and a sloughing off of the extremities progresses unfelt; and the tubercular, a more virulent type. The two last are generally combined. The following is a description by an eye witness :

When leprosy is fully developed, it is characterized by the presence of dusky red or livid tubercles of different sizes upon the face, lips, nose, eye-brows, and ears, and the extremities of the body. The skin of the tuberculated face is at the same time thickened, wrinkled, and shining, and the features are very greatly distorted. The hair of the eye-brows, eyelashes, and beard falls off; the eyes are often injected, and the conjunctiva swelled, the pupil of the eye contracts, giving the organ a weird, cat-like expression; the voice becomes hoarse and nasal; the sense of smell is impaired or lost, and that of touch or common sensation is strangely altered. The tuberculated parts, which are in the first instance sometimes supersensitive, latterly in the course of the disease become paralyzed, or anaesthetic. As the malady progresses, the tubercles soften and open, ulcerations of similar mucous tubercles appear in the nose and throat, rendering

aries." In December, 1888, he was visited by E. Clifford, an Englishman, Treasurer of the Church Army, an Episcopal institution, who desired to try upon him gurjun oil, an Indian specific for leprosy, which afforded temporary relief. At this time he was described by Mr. Clifford as "forty-nine years old, a thick-set, strongly built man, with black, curly hair and short gray beard. His countenance must have been handsome, with a full, well-curved mouth, and a short, straight nose; but he is now disfigured with leprosy." On Jan. 28. 1889, he wrote to this friend, "Au revoir au ciel,” and three weeks before his death he repeated his delight that he should “celebrate Easter in Heaven." On March 28th, he was finally prostrated; and though not an ascetic, refused steadily comforts that could not be shared by those under his charge. The concentration of the disease in his throat and lungs caused extreme suffering, and he himself recognized signs of the end. The house was besieged by his affectionate people, who were with difficulty restrained from the room. The evening before his death, which took place at midnight, he took leave of all and blessed them, especially the children. His last days were attended by a brother priest, and a devoted lay-brother. By his own request, he was buried beneath the pandanus tree that had sheltered him sixteen years before. Shortly after his death there was an outbreak of intemperance among the lepers, the making of ki-root beer being resumed. In March, 1886, by request of the Hawaiian Government, Father Damien wrote a short account of his work, to accompany the report of the Board of Health. It was throughout a plea for further amelioration of the lepers' condition. The motive of his life is modestly expressed in the opening words: "By special providence of Our Divine Lord, who during his public life showed a particular sympathy for the lepers, my way was traced toward Kalawao in May, A. D. 1873."

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The settlement of Molokai is the only one of its kind in the world, and from the accession of King Kalakaua has been treated by the government with liberal generosity. Father Conrardi, who went to become an assistant of Father Damien in 1886, and from that time shared his home, is a native of Oregon. Father Wendolin resides at Kaulapapa, and three Franciscan Sisters are in care of a hospital. Two are from Syracuse, N. Y. One of the two lay-brothers at work in the settlement is an American also. memorial fund has been organized in England, to erect a monument to Father Damien at his grave in Molokai, to endow a ward in a London hospital for the study of leprosy, and to make inquiry into the condition of the disease in India. where there are two hundred and fifty thousand lepers. The average death-rate of lepers at Molokai is one hundred and fifty yearly, and the hospital proper contains eighty patients. The length of life on the island, after removal, is usually four years. Nine tenths of the people are engaged in active occupation. There is a branch hospital at Honolulu for determination of cases, and shipments of lepers are made weekly to Molokai. The natives manifest no fears of the disease. Occasional visits are allowed to the island. See "The Lepers of Molokai," by Charles Warren Stoddard (Notre Dame, Ind., 1885; en

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larged and illustrated ed., with selections from Damien's letters, 1890); Life and Letters of Father Damien," edited with an introduction by his brother, Father Pamphile (London, 1889); and "Father Damien: a Journey from Cashmere to his Home in Hawaii," by Edward Clifford (London, 1889).

DAVIS, JEFFERSON, an American statesman, born in Todd County, Ky., June 3, 1808; died in New Orleans, La., Dec. 6, 1889. His father was Samuel Davis, who served in the Georgia cavalry during the War of Independence, and during the boy's infancy removed to Wilkinson County, Miss. The son was appointed by President Monroe to a cadetship at West Point, where he was graduated in 1828, standing No. 23 in a class of thirty-three members. Not one of his classmates became distinguished. Of the eleven members of the class (including Mr. Davis) who were living when the civil war began in 1861, two were in the National military service and three in the Confederate. A short time before his death, Mr. Davis dictated a brief and fragmentary autobiography, which was published in "Belford's Magazine" for January, 1890. By permission, we copy a large portion of it here:

"I was born June 3, 1808, in Christian County, Ky., in that part of it which, by a subsequent division, is now in Todd County. At this place has since risen the village of Fairview, and on the exact spot where I was born has been constructed the Baptist church of the place. My father, Samuel Davis, was a native of Georgia, and served in the War of the Revolution, first in the "mounted gun-men," and afterward as captain of infantry at the siege of Savannah. During my infancy my father removed to Wilkinson County, Miss. After passing through the County Academy, I entered Transvaal College, Kentucky, at the age of sixteen, and was advanced as far as the senior class when I was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, which I entered in September, 1824. I graduated in 1828, and then, in accordance with the custom of cadets, entered active service with the rank of lieutenant, serving as an officer of infantry on the Northwest frontier until 1833, when, a regiment of dragoons having been created, I was transferred to it. After a successful campaign against the Indians, I resigned from the army, in 1835, being anxious to fulfill a long-existing engagement with a daughter of Col. Zachary Taylor, whom I married, not after a romantic elopement,' as has so often been stated, but at the house of her aunt and in the presence of many of her relatives, at a place near Louisville, Ky. Then I became a cotton-planter in Warren County, Miss. It was my misfortune, early in my married life, to lose my wife; and for many years thereafter I lived in great seclusion on the plantation in the swamps of the Mississippi. In 1843 I for the first time took part in the political life of the country. Next year I was chosen one of the presidential electors at large of the State; and in the succeeding year was elected to Congress, taking my seat in the House of Representatives in December, 1845. The proposition to terminate the joint occupancy of Oregon, and the reformation of the tariff, were the two questions arousing most public attention at