able height, the base of which, on the one side, is washed by the Hudson river, and, on the other is covered by a morass, over which there is but one crossing place. On the top of this hill was the fort; formidable batteries of heavy artillery were planted on it, in front of which, breast-works were advanced, and half way down, was a double row of abattis. The batteries commanded the beach and the crossing place of the morass. Several vessels of war were also in the river, whose guns commanded the foot of the hill. At noon, on the 15th of July, General Wayne marched from Sand Beach, and arrived at eight o'clock in the evening within a mile and a half of the fort, where he made the necessary disposition for the assault. After reconnoitering the situation of the enemy, at half past eleven he led his troops with unloaded muskets and fixed bayonets, and without firing a single gun, completely carried the fort, and made the garrison, amounting to five hundred and forty-three, (the rest being killed) prisoners. In the attack, while at the head of Febiger's regiment, General Wayne received a wound in the head with a musket-ball, which, in the heat of the conflict, supposing mortal, and anxious to expire in the lap of glory, he called to his aids to carry him forward and let him die in the fort. The resistance on the part of the garrison was very spirited. Out of the forlorn hope of twenty men, commanded by Lieutenant Gibbon, whose business it was to remove the abattis, seventeen were killed. For the brave, prudent and soldierlike conduct displayed in this achievement, the Congress presented to General Wayne a gold medal emblematic of the action.* In the campaign of 1781, in which Lord Cornwallis, and a British army were obliged to surrender prisoners of war, he bore a conspicuous part. His presence of mind never failed him in the most critical situations. Of this he gave an eminent example on the James River. Having been deceived by some false information, into a belief that the British army had passed the river, leaving but the rear guard behind, he hasted to attack the latter before it should also have effected its passage; but on pushing through a morass and wood, instead of the rear guard, he found the whole British army drawn up close to him. His situation did not admit of a moment's deliberation. Conceiving the boldest to be the safest measure, he immediately led his small detachment not exceeding eight hundred men, to the charge, and after a short, but very smart and close firing, in which he lost one hundred and eighteen of his men, he succeeded in bringing off the rest, under cover of the wood. Lord Cornwallis, suspecting the attack to be a feint, in order to draw him into an ambuscade, would not permit his troops to pursue. The enemy having made considerable head in Georgia, Wayne was despatched by General Washington to take the command of the forces in that State, and after some sanguinary engagements, succeeded in establishing security and order. For his services in that State the Legislature presented him with a valuable farm. On the peace, which followed shortly after, he retired to private life; but in 1789 we find him a member of the Pennsylvania Convention, and of those in favour of the present Federal Constitution of the United States. In the year 1792 he was appointed to succeed General St. Clair, who had resigned the command of the army engaged against the Indians, on our western frontier. Immediately after the surrender of Stony Point, General Wayne transmitted to the commander in chief the following laconic letter: "Stoney Point, July 16, 2 o'clock, P. M. 1779. "Dear General:-The fort and garrison, with Colonel Johnson, are ours; our officers and men behaved like men determined to be free. He had to oppose an enemy of unceasing activity, abounding in stratagems, and flushed with recent victory. His troops were composed of new levies, who with difficulty could be brought to submit to the strictness of discipline, necessary to be preserved in order to counteract the arts of their wily foe. The service was considered as extremely dangerous, and the recruiting proceeded very slowly. Two gallant armies had been cut to pieces by these savages, who had destroyed with fire and the tomahawk, the advanced settlements of the whites. On his appointment, it was supposed by many, that the military ardor, for which he had ever been eminently distinguished, would be very likely to lead him into action under unfavourable circumstances, when opposed by a foe, whose vigilance was unceasing, and whose rule it was, never to risk an action, without the greatest assurance of success. But the appointment had been made by the man, who of all others was the best judge of the requisite qualities of a commander. General Wayne had been selected for this important situation by President Washington, who entertained a distinguished regard for him; and the result showed his opinion as accurate in this, as in all other instances of his glorious life. Wayne formed an encampment at Pittsburgh, and such exemplary discipline was introduced among the new troops, that on their advance into the Indian country, they appeared like veterans. He wished to come to a general engagement with the enemy, but aware of the serious consequences that would follow a defeat, the movements of the army were conducted with consummate prudence. Parties were constantly in advance, and as well to guard against a surprize, which had been fatal to the officers who had preceded him, as to inure his troops to vigilance and toil, the station of every night was fortified. Provisions were difficult to procure, and a rapid advance into the enemy's country, must have been followed by a rapid retreat. He, properly, conceived that the security of the country and the favoura ble termination of the war, depended more on maintaining the ground, in a slow advance, than by making a rapid incursion into their villages, which he might be obliged instantly to abandon. At this time, the Six M tions had shown a disposition to hostilities, which the care of the President was scarcely able to prevent. And on the south, it was with difficulty that the government of Georgia restrained the turbulence of its savage neighbours. In this situation, a retreat of the American troops, would probably have been attended with the most fatal consequences to the country. The Indians had collected in great numbers, and it was necessary not only to rout them, but to occupy the country by a chain of posts, that should, for the future, check their predatory incursions. Pursuing this regular and systematic mode of advance, the autumn of 1793 found General Wayne with his army at a post in the wilderness, called Greensville, about six miles in advance of Fort Jefferson, where he determined to encamp for the winter, in order to make the necessary arrangements for opening the campaign to effect early in the following spring. After fortifying his camp, he took possession of the ground on which the Americans had been defeated in 1791, which he fortified also, and called the work Fort Recovery. This situation of the army, menacing the Indian villages, effectually prevented any attack on the white settlements. The impossibility of procuring the necessary supplies prevented the march of the troops till the summer. On the eighth of August, the army arrived at the junction of the rivers Au Glaize and Miami of the Lakes, where they erected works for the protection of the stores. About thirty miles from this place, the British had formed a post, in the vicinity of which the Indians had assembled their whole force. On the 15th, the army again advanced down the Miami, and on the 18th arrived at the Rapids. On the following day they erected some works, for the protection of the baggage. The situation of the enemy was reconnoitered, and they were found posted in a thick wood, in the rear of the British fort. On the 20th the army advanced to the attack. The Miami covered the right flank, and on the left were the mounted volunteers, commanded by General Todd. After marching about five miles, Major Price, who led the advance, received so heavy a fire from the Indians, who were stationed behind trees, that he was compelled to fall back. The enemy had occupied a wood in front of the British fort, which from the quantity of fallen timber, could not be entered by the horse. The legion was immediately ordered to advance with trailed arms, and rouse them from their covert; the cavalry under Captain Campbell, were directed to pass between the Indians and the river, while the volunteers, led by General Scott, made a circuit to turn their flank. So rapid, however, was the charge of the legion, that before the rest of the army could get into action, the enemy were completely routed, and driven through the woods more than two miles, and the troops halted within gun-shot of the British fort. All the Indians' houses and corn-fields were destroyed. In this decisive action, the whole loss of General Wayne's army, in killed and wounded, amounted only to one hundred and seven men. hostilities continued on the part of the Indians, their whole country was laid waste, and forts established, which effectually prevented their return. As The success of this engagement destroyed the enemies' power; and in the following year General Wayne concluded a definitive treaty of peace with them. Appropriate eulogium of an American SOLDIER AND PATRIOT. The north front exhibits the following inscription:- Was born at Waynesborough, in Chester county, State of Pennsylvania, A. D. 1745. After a life of honour and usefulness, He died in December, 1796, at a military post, On the shore of Lake Erie, Commander in chief of the army of THE UNITED STATES. His military achievements In the history of his country, The hearts of his countrymen. Are here interred. BEDFORD MEDICINAL SPRINGS. The town of Bedford, in the neighbourhood of which these springs have their source, and from which they receive their name, is situate on the great Pennsylvania A life of peril and glory was terminated in the month road, leading from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, two hunof December, 1796. He had shielded his country from dred miles from the former, and one hundred from the the murderous tomahawk of the savage. He had esta- latter. The site of the town is healthful and beautiful blished her boundaries. He had forced her enemies to beyond description. Built upon an eminence formed of sue for her protection. He beheld her triumphant, rich limestone and silex, it is always clean. Almost envein arts, and potent in arms. What more could his pa- loped with mountains, which pour their limpid streams triotic spirit wish to see? He died in a hut in the wilder into the vallies, and which are deeply shaded by forest ness, and lies buried on the shores of Lake Erie. The trees, the inhabitants of this village enjoy delightful traveller may search almost in vain for his grave. No summers: never incommoded by heat, they are refreshmausoleum points out the spot where he reposes. ed by pure and cooling breezes, which either play on who deserved a monument the hill, or sport in the dale. aere perennius He Regalique situ pyramidum altius, has not a humble stone to tell his countrymen, that beneath it lie whatever was mortal of a HERO and a PATRIOT. [Port Folio, 1809. In 1809 the remains of Gen. Wayne were taken up by his son Isaac Wayne, Esq. and entombed in St. David's church, in his native county, with military honours, and attended by a large procession of citizens. Upon this occasion, the Rev. David Jones, who had acted as chaplain to the General during the greater part of the Revolutionary and Indian wars, delivered an appropriate discourse. By direction of the Pennsylvania State Society of Cincinnati, an elegant monument was erected. It is constructed of white marble, of the most correct symmetry and beauty. The south front exhibits the following inscription: In honour of the distinguished THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; West of the town, is Will's mountain, which begins a little north of Bedford, and runs a few degrees to the west of south. Its altitude is more than thirteen hundred feet. On the east is Dunning's mountain, which runs parallel to Will's mountain and is eleven hundred feet in height. These ranges of mountains are about ses. one mile and a half distant from each other at their baThe numerous fountains to which those ridges give birth, generally discharge waters remarkably pure and transparent; but not so very cold as might be expected, in so deep and narrow a valley. It is well known forests have not been disturbed, is purer than in those, that the air, cæteris paribus, in those regions, where the where they have been partially tamed by the hand of cultivation, an advantage which the atmosphere around continue to be richly supplied with oxygen, or vital air, these springs possesses; and for ages to come, it must from the extensive forests which cover the surrounding mountains. The summers in these regions, especially in the mornings and evenings, are cooler, than they are either east or west on the same latitude. A large volume of air along the western side of Dunning's mountain, not heated by the rays of the morning sun before ten o'clock: a similar volume along the eastern side of Will's mountain, begins to cool two hours before night: hence, the heat is never intense-cool breezes generally prevail. The mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer rarely rose, in June, 1810, above 65° at 8 o'clock, A. M.: July of the same year, was but a few degrees warmer, and in August, the mercury did not often rise to 80° before noon, in the shade. The mountain scenery around Bedford, though picturesque, stately, and possessing much to charm the eye of the beholder, is not remarkably grand, or magnificent. One mile and a half south of the town, in a charming and romantic valley, are the mineral springs. This valley is formed by a spur of Dunning's mountain, and a ridge running nearly parallel to Will's mountain. The spring most celebrated and improved, arises from the base of the mountain, on the south-east side of the valley. It has a north-west exposure. In the year 1804, a mechanic of Bedford, when fishing for trout in the stream which runs near the mineral fountain, had his attention drawn by the beauty and singularity of the waters flowing from the bank, and drank freely of them. They operated as a purgative and sudorific. This man had been distressed for many years with rheumatic pains, and formidable ulcers on his legs. On the ensuing night he was much less disturbed with pains, and slept more tranquilly than usual. The unexpected relief obtained, induced him to drink of the waters daily, and bathe his legs in the running fountain. In a few weeks he was perfectly cured. The happy effect which they had on this patient, induced others labouring under this, and various chronic diseases, to visit these springs. On the summer of 1805, a great number of valetudinarians, came in carriages, and encamped in the valley, to seek, from the munificent hand of Nature, their lost health. A dense copse of shrubs, had enveloped the springs until about this time, and rendered it difficult to approach them. The inhabitants of Bedford, now began to make improvements. Upon digging away the bank, it was found, that about twenty feet from the spot where the waters first issued, they poured themselves through the fissure of a limestone rock. This limestone stratum, lies nearly parallel with the surface of the mountain, of which it forms a part; making with the horizon, an angfe of about 35°; and is covered with a mixture of clay and freestone gravel, about three feet in depth. About fifteen perches south of this, there is another mineral spring, which discharged on the 16th of last March, six gallons of water per minute; the sensible qualities of which differ but little from those of the othe. At present it rises sixty feet from the base of the mountain. It once rose twenty-five feet higher on the hill than at present. Between its original source and the bottom of the hill, there is a large bank, manifestly of secondary formation. It would seem that from the first ages of the world to the present time, this bank has been forming by deposite from the stream. It is highly probable that, at some distant period, a much larger quantity of water escaped from the mountain at this place; that, by its own deposite, the channel was partly blocked up; and that the waters which originally burst out here, found a new passage, through the fissure of the limestone rock, mentioned above. There are many hundred tons of this deposite. Its colour is greyish, and it is easily pulverized, With the stronger acids, it effervesces violently: and there is a copious evolution of fixed air. Its composition, however, has not yet been perfectly ascertained. About forty perches north east of the principal fountain, at the base of the same mountain, is a rich sulphur spring, which, hitherto, has been covered by the waters of the creek, in the bed of which it rises. It is expected, that this spring will be improved before the ensuing summer. There are also in the same valley, copious fountains of cool and beautiful waters, which are not distinguished by any peculiarity of mineral quality. The spring which has chiefly engaged the attention of the public, and which is more highly improved, discharged on the 16th of March last, twenty gallons of water per minute; the temperature of which by Fahrenheit is 55°. It emits no smell when issuing from the fountain; is perfectly transparent, and its taste is very soft, but agreeable to most palates. When exposed in a clear glass vessel, there is seen floating in it, a pellucid mineral substance, which, after standing a few days, is solved, so as to become invisible. It deposites in the troughs, which convey it to the baths, a large quantity of oxydized iron. A glass tumbler exposed to the water in the fountain two weeks, was found to be enveloped in a coat of oxyde of iron. The presence of iron is also detected by tincture of galls, with which it strikes a black colour. After being heated to 212° of Fahrenheit, no change is produced in its colour by the tincture; indicating the solvent of the iron, to be sulphuric acid. A few grains of pure vegetable alkali, added to one half pint of the water, changes it to nearly the whiteness of milk. The white particles which produce this colour, in one hour fall to the bottom; and when filtrated and dried, there remains a white powder, slightly caustic. Two ounces of alcohol added to the same quantity of the water, precipitated, in one hour, every mineral substance, which it contains. When this preci pitate was filtrated and dried, there remained a grey powder, the taste of which was similar to that of an equal mixture of phosphate of soda and magnesia.Tincture of galls added to the water, after it had been heated to the boiling point, did not, as was remarked, strike a black colour. Muriatic acid was now added, the temperature still 2120, which produced no visible change; but, upon adding a few grains of pure vegetable alkali, a violent ebullition succeeded,-white fumes arose; a highly offensive smell was emitted, and a copious precipitate immediately fell down. The unpleasant smell resembled that of sulphurated hydrogen. The precipitate was not analyzed, so as to ascertain its composition. Three pints of the water were reduced, by slow evaporation, to a half pint: and a solution of carbonate of ammonia, which had been prepared by the exposure of pure ammonia to the action of the atmosphere, was added to the water thus reduced, which became turbid; and a solution of phosphate of soda was now presented to it, and a copious precipitate fell down, indicating magnesia. From these few, with some other experiments, the presence of a salt of iron, by sulphuric acid of sulphur, perhaps of sulphurretted hydrogen, and the carbonates of magnesia and lime, have been detected. The sulphate of iron is in small quantity-the proportion of carbonate of lime, very small-that of carbonate of magnesia, great. Alumine is believed to be contained in them also. During the warm season of several years past, many hundreds of people have resorted to these springs, in quest of lost health, sought in vain from the skill of the physician. From their recent discovery, little was known of the extent of their influence upon disease, except from casual observation, and the reports of their visitants, until last season; when a regular plan was adopted to ascertain, with precision, how far their effects may be depended on. It has been found by impartial observation, made with as much care as circumstances permitted, that they have a salutary effect in destroying the various species of intestinal worms in children and adults-in removing incipient consumptions of the lungs, or checking a tendency to that disease-in removing chronic obstructions and inflammations of the viscera, particularly of the liver; especially those which follow autumnal fevers, and protracted intermittents. Indeed they have been effectual, in either curing or retarding, all cases of deranged excitement of the visaera, consequent on bilious fever, remittent, or intermittent; whether in their acute or chronic states. Dyspepsia, constipated bowels from torpid liver, incípient dropsies, calculus, diabetes, chronic nephrites, hemorrhoids, rheumatisms, cutaneous eruptions, ulcers, in which the system has been brought to sympathise, or which follow systematic disorders; partial paralysis, the obstructions and profluvia, which too often afflict females, are diseases, in which these waters have been found to possess the most salutary healing virtues. Good effects are experienced in almost all cases of debility, whatever their cause, which not unfrequently baffle the physician, and from year to year teaze the patient. At first view it may appear astonishing, that this mineral fountain should be possessed of powers sufficient to vanquish, and erect trophies over such a formidable phalanx of maladies. It is not indeed to be expected, that the waters alone can extend their influence over so MEDICAL SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY. Medical Graduates in the University of Pennsylvania, from 1791, (the date of the union of the College and University) to 1828, inclusive. 5 | 1804 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1797 1798 1799 ·wide a scope of disease. Yet physicians know how im- 15 1817 72 1800 1801 1802 1803 Of whom were from Virginia, 34339755 The water, in almost all cases, operates as a laxative and diuretic-sometimes, as an emetic, and sudorific.—— It uniformly strengthens the digestive organs, and sharpens the appetite. When used moderately, its usual effect is to exhilarate the spirits, and animate the countenance: taken in excess it causes langour, and stupor of the head; and from its rapid depletion, general debility. When prescribed with judgment, its successful operation can be made to extend over the two great classes of disease; those of debility, and those of strength; Students who attended the Medical Lectures of the Uni and hence another means of its extensive usefulness. [Port Folio, 1811. To Editors of papers throughout the State. In the Register of July 26, we stated that it was very desirable to ascertain the quantity of IRON, which could be produced annually in this state, and requested the republication of some inquiries on that subject. As we have not observed, that our request has been attended to, and presuming it has not been noticed, we respectfully call the attention of Editors in the city and country to the subject. We deem it not merely one of curiosity, but of real importance, at the present period. We hope, therefore, that Editors will generally republish that paragraph, and furnish us as early as possible with a paper containing the desired information, relating to their respective neighbourhoods. The last Miner's Journal has furnished the following information respecting the works in Schuylkill County. "The iron works in Schuylkill county are Greenwood Furnace and Forge; the Schuylkill, Brunswick, and Pinegrove Forges; besides two new forges, which are now being built, one at Mahanoy, and the other at Swatara. Five hundred tons of bar iron may be made by these four furnaces, now in operation, annually. Greenwood works are owned by Messrs. John and Benjamin Pott, who carry them on extensively, and we believe profitably. They are the only persons engaged in the business of these works. The ore for their furnace is obtained from the neighbourhood of Pottsgrove and Reading, and is transported to the furnace on the canal. The price of bar iron is $100 a ton at their forge, The price of pig is $28 a ton at the furnace, of which twenty tons a week can be smelted. West Indies, Mississippi and Lou- Uncertain, Total........... 1950 REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA. DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERY KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE. EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD, NO. 51, FILBERT STREET. VOL. II.-NO. 8. PHILADELPHIA, SEPT. 6, 1828. TO ALL PERSONS, to whom these Presents may come. Whereas King Charles the Second, by his Letters Patents, under the great Seal of England, bearing date the fourth day of March, in the thirty and third year of the King, for divers considerations therein mentioned, hath been graciously pleased to give and grant unto me William Penn (by the name of William Penn, Esq. Son and Heir of Sir William Penn deceased) and to my heirs and assigns forever, all that Tract of Land, or Province, called Pensylvania, in America, with divers great Powers, Preheminences, Royalties, Jurisdictions, and Authorities, necessary for the well being and government thereof: And Whereas, the King's dearest brother, James Duke of York and Albany, &c. by his Deeds of Feoffment, under his hand and seal, duly perfected, bearing date the four and twentieth Day of August, one thousand six hundred eighty and two, did grant unto me, my Heirs and Assigns, all that Tract of Land lying and being from twelve miles Northward of New Castle upon Delaware River, in America, to Cape Henlopen, upon the said River and Bay of Delaware, Southward, together with all Royalties, Franchises, Duties, Jurisdictions, Liberties, and Privileges thereunto belonging. NO.36. one of them being to go off yearly in every County, that on the tenth day of the first month yearly, forever after, of shall meet together in the most convenient place in the Freemen of the said Province and Territories there every County of this Province and Territory thereof, then and there to chuse 1 person qualified as aforesaid in every vincial Council, for three years, it being intended that County, being one third of the number to serve in proone third of the whole provincial Council, consisting and to consist of eighteen Persons, falling off yearly, it shall be yearly supplied with such yearly elections, as aforesaid, and that one Person shall not continue in longer than three years; and in case any member shall decease before the last election during his time, that then at the next election ensuing his decease, another shall be chosen to supply his place for the remaining time he was to have served, and no longer. III. That after the first seven years, every one of the said third parts that goeth yearly off, shall be incapable of being chosen again for one whole year following, that is all that are capable and qualified as aforesaid, may be fitted for Government, and have a share of the care and burthen of it. IV. That the Provincial Council, in all cases and matters of moment, as their arguing upon bills to be passed into Laws, or Proceedings about erecting of Courts of Justice, sitting in Judgment upon Criminals impeached, and choice of officers in such manner as is herein after expressed, not less than two thirds of the whole shall make a quorum; and that the consent and approbation Now know ye, That for the well being and good go- of two thirds of that quorum shall be had in all such cases vernment of the said Province, and Territories thereunto on matters of moment: And that in all cases and matters annexed, and for the encouragement of all the Freemen of lesser moment; one third of the whole shall make a and Planters, that may be therein concerned, in pursu-quorum, the majority of which shall and may always deance of the Rights and Powers therein mentioned, I the termine in such cases and causes of lesser moment. said William Penn have declared, granted, and confirmed, and by these Presents, for me, my Heirs and Assigns, do declare, grant, and confirm, unto all the Freemen, Planters, and Adventurers of, in, and to the said Province and Territories thereof, those Liberties, Franchises, and Properties, so far as in me lieth, to be held, enjoyed, and kept by the Freemen, Planters, and Adventurers of and in the said Province of Pensylvama and Territories thereunto annexed, forever. Imprimis. That the Government of this Province and Territories thereof, shall from time to time, according to the Powers of the Patent, and Deeds of Feoffment aforesaid, consist of the Proprietary and Governor, and Freemen of the said Province and Territories thereof, in form of provincial Council and Assembly, which Assembly shall consist of thirty-six persons, being six out of each county, men of most note for their virtue, wisdom, and ability, by whom all laws shall be made, officers chosen, and public affairs transacted, as is hereafter limited and declared. II. V. That the Governor and provincial Council shall have the Power of preparing and proposing to the Assembly hereafter mentioned, all bills which they shall see needful, and that shall at any time be past into laws within, the said Province and Territories thereof, which bills shall be published and affixed to the most noted place in every county of this Province and Territories thereof twenty days before the meeting of the Assembly, in order to passing them into laws. VI. That the Governor and provincial Council shall take care, that all laws, statutes, and ordinances, which shall at any time be made within the said Province and Territories, be duly and diligently executed. VII. That the Governor and provincial Council, shall, at all times, have the care of the peace and safety of this. Province and Territories thereof; and that nothing be by any persons attempted to the subversion of this Erame of Government. VIII. There being three persons already chosen for That the Governor and provincial Council shall, at every respective County of this Province and Territory there-all times, settle and order the situation of all cities and of, to serve in the provincial Council, one of them for market towns in every county, modelling therein three years, one for two years, and one for one year, and all public Buildings, Streets, and Market Places; and VOL. II. 17 |