limited authority than the Autocrat of all the Rus- same means to extinguish in the bosom of man that The President has intimated in his Proclamation sias: an authority, which, if submitted to, would at noble instinct of Liberty which prompts him to re-that a "standing Army" is about to be raised to car. ence reduce the free people of those United States sist oppression. The system by which Tyrants in ry secession into effect. South Carolina desires that to a state of the most abject and degraded slavery. every age have attempted to obliterate this sentiment her true position shall be clearly understood both at But the President has no power whatsoever to exe. and to crush the spirit of the people, consists in the home, and abroad. Her object is not "disunion" cute the Laws except in the mode and manner pre-skillful employement of promises and threats, in al--she has raised no "standing Army, "and if driven scribed by the Laws themselves. On looking into ternate efforts to encourage their hopes and excite to repel invasion or resist aggression, she will do so these Laws it will be seen that he has no shadow or their fears-to show that existing evils are exaggera-by the strong arms and stout hearts of her citizenssemblance of authority to execute any of the threats ted, the danger of resistance great-and the difficul- South Carolina has solemnly proclaimed her pur. which he has thrown out against the good people ties in the way of success insuperable: and finally to pose; that purpose is the vindication of her rights. of South Carolina. The Act of 28 February, 1795, sow dissension among the people by creating jeal. She has professed a sincere attachment to the U. gives the President authority to call forth the Mili-ousies and exciting a distrust of those whose coun- nion; and that to the utmost of her power she will tia in case of invasion "by a foreign nation or In-sele and example may be supposed to have an impor-endeavor to preserve it," but believes that for this dian Tribe." By the 2nd section of that Act, it is tant bearing on the success of their cause. end, it is her duty to watch over and oppose any in The President denies in the most positive terms the right of a State under any circumstances to secede from the Union, and puts this denial on the ground "that from the time the States parted with so many powers as to constitute jointly with the other States a SINGLE NATION, they cannot from that period possess any right to secede." What then remains of those " rights of the States" for which the President professes so " high a reverence," in what provided that "whenever the Laws of the United These, with animated appeals to the loyalty of fraction of those principles which constitute the onStates shall be opposed, or the execution thereof the people, and an imposing array of military force, ly basis of that union, because a faithful observance obstructed in any State, by combinations too power. constitute the means by which the people have in of them can alone secure its existence; that she venful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judici every age been reduced to slavery. When we turn crates the CONSTITUTION and will protect and defend al proceedings, or by the powers vested in the mar-to the pages of our own history, we find that such it against every aggression either foreign or domesshals by this Act, it shall be lawful for the President were the measures resorted to at the commencement tic,' but above all, that she estimates as beyond all of the United States to call forth the Military of such of our own glorious revolution, to keep our fathers price her LIBERTY, which she is unalterably deter State, or of any other State or States, as may be in subjection to Great Britain; and such are the mined never to surrender while she has the power necessary to suppress such combinations, and to means now used to induce the people of Carolina to to maintain it." cause the Laws to be duly executed." "retrace their steps," and to remain forever degraded The words here used, though they might br sup-colonists, governed not in reference to their own inposed to be very comprehensive in their import, are terests but the interests of others. Our Fathers restrained by those which follow. By the next sec- were told, as we now are, that their grievances tion it is declared that "whenever it may be neces were in a great measure imaginary. They were sary in the judgment of the President to use the promised, as we have been, that those grievances Military force hereby directed to be called forth, the should be redressed. They were told, as we now President shall forthwith, by Proclamation coMMAND are, that the people were misled by a few designing SUCH INSURGENTS TO DISPERSE and retire peaceably men, whose object was a dissolution of the Union, to their respective abodes within a limited time."- and their own self aggrandisement-They were told, do they consist? And by what tenure are they On reading theso two sections together, it is mani as we now are, of the Danger that would be in-held? The uncontrolled will of the federal governfest that they relate entirely to combinations of indi-curred by disobedience to the Laws. The power ment. Like any other petty corporation, the States viduals acting of themselves without any lawful au- and resources of the Mother Country were then, as may exert such powers and such only as may be perthority. The constituted authorities acting under now, ostentatiously displayed in insulting contrast mitted by their superiors. When they step beyond the laws of the State, and its citizens yielding obe with the scattered population and feeble resources these limits, even a federal officer will set at nought dience to its commands, cannot possibly be consid. on which we could alone rely. And the punishment their decrees, repeal their solemn ordinances,--proered as a mere mob forming combinations against due to Treason and Rebellion were held out as the claim their citizens to be TRAITORS, and reduce them the authority and laws of the Union, to be dispers. certain fate of all who should disregard the paternal to subjection by military force; and if driven to desed by an Executive Proclamation, and any attempt efforts of their Royal Master to bring back his err-peration, they should seek a refuge in secession, se to treat them would be a gross and palpable viola.ing children to the arms of their indulgent Mother. they are to be told that they have bound themselves tion of the sovereign authority of the State, and an They were commanded, as we have been, to "re. to those who have perpetrated or permitted these offence punishable criminally in her own Courts.-trace their steps." But though divided among enormities, in the iron bonds of a "PERPETUAL Whether the late Proclamation of the President was themselves to a greater extent than we are now, UNION." intended as a compliance with the provisions of this without an organized Government, and destitute aot, does not very clearly appear. But if so, it can only be considered as directed against the State, since the Laws of the United States have certainly not been forcibly obstructed by combinations of any sort, and it is certainly worthy of observation that the command extended to the people is not that they should disperse but that they should re-assemble in Convention and repeal the obnoxious Ordinance. of arms and resources of every description, they If these principles could be established, then indeed would the days of our liberty be numbered, and the republic will have found A MASTER. If South Carolina had not already taken her stand against the They incurred the legal guilt of rebellion, and usurpation of the federal government, here would braved the dangers, both of the scaffold and the field, have been an occasion, when she must have felt herin opposition to the colossal power of their acknow.self impelled by every impulse of patriotism, and ledged sovereign, rather than submit to the imposi every sentiment of duty, to stand forth, in open detion of taxes light and inconsiderable in themselves, fiance of the arbitrary decrees of the Executive. The power of the President, so far as this subject but imposed without their consent for the benefit of When a sovereign State is denounced, the allegiance is embraced, in relation to the Army and Navy, is others. And what is our present condition? We of her citizens denied, and she is threatened with exactly eu-extensive with that over the militia. By ave an organized Government, and a population military power to reduce her to obedience to the will the 1st section of Act of 3d March, 1807, it is ex-three times as great as that which existed in '76. of one of the functionaries of the federal govern. pressly provided, that in all cases of "obstruction We are maintaining not only the rights and liberment, by whom she is commanded to "tear from her to the laws of the U. S. or of any individual State, ties of the people, but the sovereignty of our own archives" her most solemn decrees-surely the time where it is lawful for the President to call forth the State, against whose authority rebellion may be com has come when it must be seen whether the people Militia for the purpose of causing the laws to be duly mitted, but in obedience to whose commands no of the several States have indeed lost the spirit of executed, it shall be lawful for him to employ for the man can commit treason. We are struggling against the revolution, and whether they are to become the same, such part of the land or naval force of the U. unconstitutional and oppressive taxation imposed willing instruments of an unhallowed despotism.States as may be necessary, having first observed all upon us, not only without our consent, but in defi. In such a sacred cause South Carolina will feel that the pre-requisites of the law in that respect." Here ance of our repeated remonstrances and solemn pro. she is striking not for her own, but the liberties of then it is seen, that unless the President is resolved tests. In such a quarrel our duty to our country, the Union and the RIGHTS of MAN, and she confident. to disregard all constitutional obligations, and to ourselves, and our posterity, is too plain to be misly trusts that the issue of this contest will be an extrample the laws of his country under his feet, he taken. We will stand upon the soil of Carolina and aniple to freemen and a lesson to rulers throughout has no authority whatever to use force against the maintain the sovereign authority of the State, or be the world. State of South Carolina, and should he attempt to buried beneath its ruins. As unhappy Poland fell FELLOW CITIZENS-In the name and behalf of the d so, the patriotic citizens of this State know too before the power of the Autocrat, so may Carolina State of South Carolina, I do once more solemnly well their own rights, and have too sacred a regard be crushed by the power of her enemies-but Poland warn you against all attempts to seduce you from to their duties, to hesitate one moment in repelling was not surrounded by free and independent States, your primary allegiance to the State,-I charge you invasion, come from what quarter it may. Could interested, like herself, in preventing the establish- to be faithful to your duty as citizens of South Carolithey be deterred by the threats of lawless violence, ment of the very tyranny which they are called upon na, and earnestly exhort you to disregard those or any apprehension of consequences, from the faith- to impose upon a sister State. If in spite of our "vain menaces" of military force, which, if the Presiful performance of their duty, they would feel that cominon kindred, and common interests, the glori- dent, in violation of all his constitutional obliga. they were the unworthy descendants of the "Pinck-ous recollections of the past, and the proud hopes of tions, and of your most sacred rights, should be -neys, Sumters, and Rutledges, and a thousand other the future, South Carolina should be coldly aban-tempted to employ, it would become your solemn names which adorn the pages of our revolutionary doned to her fate, and reduced to subjection, by an duty at all hazards to resist. I require you to be fulhistory," some of whom have just gone from among unholy combination among her sister States-which ly prepared, to sustain the dignity and proteet the us, and been gathered to their fathers, leaving as a is believed to be utterly impossible-and the doc- liberties of the State, if need be, with your "lives legacy their solemn injunction, that we should never trines promulgated by the President are to become and fortunes." And may that great and good BEING, abandon this contest until we shall have obtained the foundations of a new system cemented by the who, "as a father careth for his children," inspire "a fresh understanding of the bargain," and restored blood of our citizens, it matters net what may be our US with that HOLY ZEAL IN A GOOD CAUSE, which is the the liberties for which they fought and bled. Others lot. Under such a government, as there could be no BEST SAFEGUARD OF OUR RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES. still linger among us, animating us by their exam-liberty, se there could be no security either for our ple, and exhorting us to maintain that "solemn Or- persons or our property. dinance and Declaration" which they have subscrib. ed with their own names, and in support of which they have "pledged their lives, their fortunes, aud their sacred honor." [L. S.] In testimony whereof, I have caused the seal of the State to be hereunto affixed, and But there is one consolation, of which in the pro have signed the same with my hand. vidence of God no people can be deprived without Done at Columbia, this 20th day of De. their own consent. The proud consciousness of cember, in the year of our Lord 1832, and of the having done their duty. If our country must be || Independence of the United States the fifty-seventh, enslaved, let her not be dishonored by her own sons! ROBERT Y. HAYNE. Samuel Hammond, Secretary of State. The annals which record the struggles of freedom, show us that Rulers in every age and every coun. Let them not "forge the chains themselves by which By the Governor, try jealous of their power, have resorted to the very||their liberties are to be manacled." POSTSCRIPT. LATE AND IMPORTANT FROM EUROPE. the news. this ceremony will be gone through this day,||shouted the loudest acclamations, the spectators re(Saturday). Some accounts state that the Duke||marked a man, ill dressed, aged about thirty, of midof Orleans had summoned General Chasse to dle size, who waved his hat with his right hand. At SPEECH OF THE French King-ATTEMPT TO ASSAS surrender, and that, on his positive refusal, the the moment the King arrived opposite this individSINATE HIM—ANTWERP SUMMONED RY THE FRENCH Prince demanded to know whether it was his ual, the latter drew from his pocket a pistol, and tinued to wave his hat with his right. ARMY, &c. &c.—Our papers are just received by the intention to consider the city neutral ground. Presenting it at his Majesty with his left hand, conTo this interrogation he is said to have return"A young woman near him, observing his movepacket of 24th. We have not time for many extracted an answer in the affirmative; but had it ments, seized hold of his right arm, and thus changor any comments. Perhaps the following view from been otherwise, the French were to have taken the direction of the shot. The assassin disappeared the London Times of 23d embraces the substance of possession of Antwerp in the name of France immedialely amongst groups composed of ill-dressed and England. persons, who appeared disposed to protect him. In The Belgian forces were then to co-operate his flight he threw down the pistol which he had The accounts received yesterday from Holland to Tuesday last, taken in connexion with those from with them; but, in the event of the city being fired, and a second pistol which was loaded. The Antwerp of the same date, afford us melancholy assu- exempted from bombardment, the Belgians were detonation was very loud. The ball grazed the hat rance that the Dutch Government has resolved upon to remain inactive, and the French were to as- of M. Gabriel Delessert, Aide-Major-General of the warlike resistance, and that as the French army was sault the citadel from their trenches. This re- National Guards, who formed part of the procesready to commence operations, almost immediate port, it has been observed, cannot be true; for sion. A movement of alarm was manifested among bloodshed has become inevitable. The "order of the it is not the military custom to summon a place his Majesty's suite. "The young woman who seized the arm of the day" of Gen. Chasse to the garrsson he commands, before the General summoning is in a situation dated the 17th, the "Order of the Day" of the com. daughter of a post-master in the environs of Dunmandant of Breda on the 18th, and the decree of to strengthen his demand by the presence of assassin, is named Mademoiselle Boury. She is the King William, dated the 19th, for calling out the his army. Up to the last moment, therefore, kirk. On being escorted to the house of the Com2d and 3d bans of the schuttery (sedentary National nothing positive had been done beyond the con-missary of Police of the chateau, where she made Guards or militia), establish beyond a doubt that the centration of the French army in the immedi- her declaration, she experienced a violent nervous Government of Holland has thrown down the gaunt-ate vicinity of Antwerp. The Times, as if attack. On the return of the King she was visited let to France and England, and means to tempt the fcom authority. assures us that General Chasse by their Majesties and Madame Adelaide, who paid favors of victory against these powerful nations. will not fire upon the city. The last measure, in particular, if it is not solely intended to excite the national enthusiasm, and to act on foreign Powers by a display of force or national unanimity, would seem to indicate that King Wil. liam is preparing himself against an invasion of his dominions, and as that cannot take place (according to the principles on which the Allies are acting) without being provoked by an aggression of his own people upon Belgium, that the Dutch army intends to pass the Belgic frontiers. For it is obvious that men who have never before been under arms, and who have never before received any sort of military discipline, however they may "be formed into bat. talions," can only be called forth to defend their homes in the absence, or in aid of, the regular army. At the hour her every attention. "Disclosures made to the authorities have been From the Berlin Stauts Gazette, Nov. 10. DECLARATION OF PRUSSIA.-The Courts of London the means of tracing the assassin, and a conspiracy, and Paris have found it suitable to their interests to of which he was to be the instrument. carry into effect the treaty of 15th November, last at which we are writing (midnight) the Minister of year, with respect to the division of territory stipula- the Interior and the Procureur General are at the ted in it between Holland and Belgium, by the decla-house of the Prefect of the Police." ration addressed to both governments, that each of those governments is to evacuate by the 12th instant, the places and portions of territory, which according to that treaty, are to remain in their possession, and that, in case of refusal, a compliance with this demand shall be obtained from the King of the Netherlands by military measures DEATHS. Suddenly, at West Point, on Monday evening, 24th ultimo, THOMAS GIMBREDE, Instructor of Drawing in the Military That we know not what a day or an hour may bring forth," Academy. West Point, aged 51. was never more fully exemplified than in the sudden death of His Majesty the King, conformably to the declara-chis lamented individual. Mr. Gimbrede was born in Novem abour 21 he left his native country for the West Indies, where tions which he has made on every occasion, and in ber, 1781, in the city of Agen, in the south of France. When concert with Austria and Russia, has caused notice to he remained only a few months, having been unfortunate in the be given to the governments of England and France, loss of his entire property. Misfortune in one clime did not, that he must refuse to these coercive measures not however, deter him from inaking use of the means with which only all kind of co-operation, but also his assent, and nature and education had liberally endowed him, to support himself in another. Accordingly he landed at New York about that, on the contrary, he has resolved to place a corps 1802, and sought to maintain himself by portrait painting. This of observation on the Maese, in order to be ready, on he practiced for several years, but without success equal to his the entrance of a French army into Belgium, to avert expectations, and therefore abandoned it for the employment of more successful. His reputation as an artist about this time atholds out no prospect of ultimate vietory, but ex- the eventual consequences which the intended milita- another of his versatile talents--engraving-wherein he was pects from his companions in arms a resolute pur.ry operations might have with respect to the tranquil-tracted the attention of the War Department, and he was appose, like his own, to maintain their honor, and to display their courage, even in defeat. The address of Gen. Chasse to his troops is such as might have been expected from a gallant officer commanded by his Sovereign to preserve his position, and to fight to the last, without any reference to the nature of the contest or the chances of success. He The order of the day, addressed to the garrison of Breda, resembling so much the addresses made to the troops during the last twelve months by the King and the Prince of Orage, and commemorating the invasion of Belgium in August, 1831, would not be of the slightest interest by itself, or detached from the other hostile declarations with which it is connected. But the resistance of the garrison of Antwerp, and the decree for organizing another great portion of the population as a defensive force, are facts of great importance, as indicating an entire system of warlike policy. Respecting the attempt to assassinate the King, the latest accounts iusinuate that it was an accident -or a police invention. ity of Germany, and of his Majesty's dominions, and pointed in 1819 to fill the station in the Military Academy which he so ably sustained until the period of his death. Under his care this department in the Military Academy has been perfectHis Majesty has accordingly issued the necessary ed to merit the approbation of the public, and imparted much orders to the corps of the army stationed in the Rhe-useful instruction to the members of the institution. Long will |nish provinces and Westphalia, and the said corps of the loss of his services be felt in the Academy, but still longer cherished and remembered by the Cadets and officers of the Arobservation will be immediately posted in the manner will his kind and gentlemanly intercourse with his pupils be my. No one knew better than he, how to obviate the difficulabove stated. ties and make attractive the department of learning entrusted his charge; and it may truly be said of him, that in every respect he fulfilled the duties of his station. to and He who "tempers the wind to the shorn lamb," must be the r comforter under this affiction.—[Communicated.] On Monav inorning, Dec. 30, Major Charles B. Tallmadge, Paymaster U. 8. Army. Last evening, Dec. 31, of a lingering illness, Mr. Samuel white, in the 60th year of his age. At Stonington, Con. on Thursday, 27th Dec., Sally Palmer, relict of Ainos Palmer, aged 72 years. At his seat at Throgg's Neck, Westchester, on the morning This morning, after a short illness, Jonathan Ögden, in the of the 30th Dec., Abijah Hammond, Esq. aged 75 years. 65th year of his age. On Monday evening last, Mrs. Ann Maria, wife of Aaron Goodrich, aged 31 years. On Thursday night, Mrs Isabella Mason. We last night received by express from Falmouth letters from our correspondent at Oporto, brought But it is in the relation of husband and parent, that the loss by the Liverpool steamer, which left that city on the 16th inst. The letters of our correspondent are da- of Mr Gimbrede will be most severely felt. To intrude upon the sanctity of that grief which mourns the sudden transition ted the 11th, 12th, 14th and 16th instant. Though from life to death-from time to eternity-of their best and dearthey record no great event, they are full of interest-est friend.--is not within the province of an obituary; to heal the wound and administer consolation, needs the Divine mercy; ing details. The chief points to which we would invite the attention of the reader (not having room for comment) is the change in the command-in-chief of the army, the Emperor himself having replaced Count Villa Flor to that post,-the insults offered We are still left, says the Liverpool Journal by the troops of Don Miguel to British ships of war, of the 24th inst., in suspense respecting the the curious progress of Don Miguel through the probable issue of the present demonstrations country, along with his sister as a hostage; the against Holland. The plot however begins to spirited affair which took place on the 14th inst.; the thicken, and a few hours will disclose the poli- resignation of Colonel Hodges, and the changes in cy of the European courts, or bring intelligence the other appointments of the army. Gount Villa of the reluctant submission of his Dutch Ma-Flor is created Duke of Terceira, to console him by a title for the loss of the chief command of the ar. jesty. On Tuesday the French Army crossed the my. The change may be judicious, for the reasons Belgian frontier, and by the latest accounts stated by our correspondent, tho' we do not sue that they were concentrating within a league of the army suffers much by the absence of Saldanha. Antwerp. Upwards of 30,000 men had halted The English public, who may be entertained with the cavalcade of Don Miguel, should know that the poor there, the two eldest sons of Louis Philip being Princess rides in a litter or sedanchair, because in the illness, Thomas Powell, in the 56th year of his age. with them, the Duke of Orleans at the head of blessed country of Don Miguel there are no roads his brigade, and the Duke of Nemours at the by which she could be conveyed in a carriage with. head of the 1st Lancers. The remainder of out the danger of jolting her to death, or overturn-dence M., wife of John F. Bacon, in the 40th year of her age. the forces was hourly expected, and the whole ing in a ditch. We are sorry at the resignation of when assembled, would present a grand milita- Colonel Hodges, who has returned by the steamer ry display of about 60,000 infantry and 16,000 which brought our letters. The army of the Em. horse. On Tuesday evening last, Mr. John Earle, aged 33 years At his residence near Greenville, S. C. on the 21st ult. Mr. The engravings alone for the Journal peror, which at first had received a compensation in the ensuing year, even upon wood-to corresThe correspondent of the Morning Herald, the arrival of Sir John Doyle, has been also deprived pond with this number-will cost us $500.who appears to accompany or follow close on of the services of that gallant officer.-[Times, 23d.] Will our subscribers then hesitate to remit, in the French army, writes that it is not the inten- PARIS, Nov. 20.-The following are further de-advance, and free of postage, the small sum of tion of Marshal Gerard to summon the citadel tails respecting the circumstances of the attack yes- three dollars! We pledge them the Journal before Tuesday next, the 27th; but the Ant-terday upon the King: werp correspondent of the Times asserts, that "Amongst the persons who, on seeing the King,||shall be worth more than double the money. AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL. AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. PUBLISHED WEEKLY, AT No. 35 WALL STREET, NEW-YORK, AT THREE DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. D. K. MINOR, EDITOR.] CONTENTS: Editorial Notices, &c.... Cumberland Road-Last Annual Report.. page 17 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad; Electrical Telegraph; Literary Notices.. Foreign Intelligence; Marriages and Deaths, &c. 20 21 22 23 .24 30 .31 AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, &c. work has been prosecuted to its present state will eventually pass through the Atlantic States, of forwardness is certainly high commendation from Maine to Lousiana, and serve, in proporof those who have had the management of its tion to its facilities of communication, as a construction. No other work, we believe, in bond of union to, the States. To the town of this country, of the same extent, has been more Petersburg its advantages must be immense. It rapidly brought into use, and there are few will not only greatly increase the amount of trade others which will exert an equal influence upon from that section, which naturally finds an outlet the prosperity of that section of country they through Petersburg, but it will also divert a are designed to benefit. That part of Virginia, large portion of trade which now flows down south and west of Petersburg, is susceptible of the Roanoke, and has, at any rate, to undergo 28 being made highly productive and profitable to a trans-shipment to other craft, at or near the the agriculturist who will do it justice; and point where the Railroad intersects the river, 32 increased facilities of communication and trans-and may therefore as easily go into railroad portation will go far towards producing that cars as steam or other boats. Indeed, it would very desirable object. The counties bordering probably sooner by this route reach its destinaon, and in the vicinity of the Roanoke, Char-tion, than to continue down the river and lotte, Mecklenburg, Halifax, and Pyttsylvania, through the Dismal Swamp Canal, or Albeare among the most wealthy and productive in marle Sound. Its influence will soon be felt, the state; yet under present management and and we doubt not, properly appreciated. Other present means of getting to market, their re-works of a similar nature will naturally follow; sources are by no means developed nor appre- the drooping spirits of the proprietors of the ciated; nor indeed, will they be, until the inhabi-soil will again be revived, and the "Old Domintants learn from actual observation, within the ion" will once more assume a prosperous and limits of "the Old Dominion," the immense flourishing station amongst her sister Statesvalue of judicious internal improvements. It and eventually become, what, with her superior will not do for them to see those improvements resources, she ought always to have been, one MAP OF ANTWERP.-The map and descrip-in other States. They must see them at home; of the most productive and flourishing States tion of the Seat of War in Holland, published and their wonderful effects upon their own pros- in the Union. We most cordially wish all those in the Journal of to-day, will be found of much perity, to appreciate them fully-and no work interested in this road ample returns for their interest. A few typographical errors have oc-yet undertaken in Virginia will probably do as investment and labors; they will certainly be curred in the names of places, in the haste with much to produce this desirable effect as the Pe- entitled to the gratitude and support of the inwhich the engraving was made. The engraving tersburg, and Roanoke Railroad. It will show habitants of a large section of country, for their is by Mr. G. Lansing, of this city, who executes them that their own interest lies in the construc-enterprise and perseverance in projecting and wood engravings in a very handsome manner. tion of other works of a similar character; and thus rapidly bringing the work into use. It is due him, however, in this case, to say, that it will also show them, we believe, that they he was not allowed sufficient time to finish it-not even to take a proof before it went to We have been disappointed in getting our engraving of the Steam Fire Engine, promised in our last. It will be given in the next number. In this number will be found a representation of Mason's Patent for Locking Carriage Wheels for descending steep hills. press. would be the gainers by selling even one-half CUMBERLAND, OR GREAT NATIONAL ROAD.of their plantations to enterprising agricultu- We have been politely favored by an esteemed rists, investing the proceeds in works of internal friend, with the following report of C. W. improvement, and then put their "force" upon WEVER, Esq. to the Secretary of War, in 1828. The following remarks upon the Petersburg, and give their attention to the remaining half, It will not, however, be the less interesting to Va. Railroad were designed to accompany the which would thereby be improved and made those who are desirous to obtain information Report which was published in our last, but more productive and more valuable than the upon the subject of McAdamizing roads, for were deferred for want of room. They are whole now is. This road, when completed and having been made in 1828. Like other reports now, however, none the less appropriate. brought into use will serve as a model; and we from the same source, it is conspicuous for its PETERSBURG, VA. RAILROAD.-We find in the have been informed that it is one worthy of imi-minute detail, and business-like character-and Petersburg Intelligencer of the 18th ult. a re-tation for others, not only in Virginia, but also it will therefore be the more serviceable to those port made by MONCURE ROBINSON, Esq. En- in the Southern States generally. It will also who are now seeking information upon the subgineer, to the 2d Auditor, of the present condi- afford great facilities for the transportation of the ject, especially as it shows what has been done tion and prospects of the above named work. United States Mail. It is another important in our own country. The rapidity and quietness with which this link in that grand chain of Railroad which 18 CUMBERLAND ROAD. BALTIMORE, Nov. 18, 1828. To COL. CHARLES GRATIOT, Chief Engineer U. S. SIR: In obedience to the regulations of the Engineer Department, I have the honor to report upon the progress made in the construction of the United States' road in the State of Ohio, under my superintendency. 44 fords accommodation to the travel. Between; making a total difference of expense in this creek and Crooked creek, is a ridge afford- those items, of $3,72,13; or per mile, $1,191 ing a very bad natural road; and at Crooked 96. This difference was caused by the gradcreek, the travel was very frequently detained uation of the letting of 1826 being much heaAs the vier, and the material more inconvenient, than A small advance, too, by the overflowings of that stream. appropriation of 1826 was inadequate to bridge on the letting of 1825. Wills' creek, and extend the road to the west- in the price of labor affected the cost of the ern side of the bottoms of Crooked creek, it work. Indeed it was almost impossible to proThe work was commenced on the 4th day of was considered more advisable to leave undone cure good material for the cover on some parts July, 1825. In that year, 23 miles and 157, for a season, the necessary works at Wills' of the line. The best which could be obtained poles of the road, together with the requisite creek and extend the road. This short portion were procured; and when an inferior quality The entire road from the west bank of the masonry, were put under contract, which were of the road, and the contemplated bridge there- was used, an extra thickness was required. entirely completed in the year 1827. The road on, were put under contract early last Spring; has a cover of metal, of nine inches in thick- and would, no doubt, have been completed by Ohio river to a point three miles west of the ness, composed of stone reduced to particles this time, but for the unavoidable delay occa- town of Cambridge, is now completed, and unnot exceeding four ounces in weight, and ap- sioned by the almost incessant wet weather of der the travel, with the exception of the short plied in three successive strata of three inches the Spring and Fall months, and the conse-section at Wills' creek, before mentioned. It embraces a distance of 52 miles and 104,44 each. The first stratum was compacted with quent high waters. The bridge will be composed of stone abut- poles. If, to the actual expenditures be added, a heavy roller. Upon the second stratum the travel was admitted and continued until the ments, supporting an arch of wood, construct- the estimated cost of the short section, before stone were sufficiently consolidated for the re-ed in the best possible style of bridge architect-adverted to, and of the bridge erecting on it, ception of the third layer. The cover on this ure, of one hundred and fifty feet chord. Mr. the following results will be furnished, viz: That the average cost of the graduation, and part of the line of road has become entirely Joseph P. Shannon, the son-in-law of the justcompact, impervious to water, very smooth ly celebrated and extensively known bridge cover of metal of six inches, on the first 52 and elastic, with the exception of a few short builder, Mr. Lewis Wernwag, is the under-miles and 104, poles of the road will have been $11,93 per pole, or per mile, $3,817 60. pieces. To the most sceptical, a clear and taker. That the average cost of the 3d stratum of Mr. Shannon received his instructions in the most satisfactory demonstration is afforded, by this portion of the road, of the decided superi-art of bridge building from Mr. Wernwag, and metal on that distance, will have been per pole, ority of the McAdam system of constructing at this time avails himself of the full benefit of $4,39,, or per mile, $1,405 12. That the average cost of the masonry thereroads over any and all other systems which his counsel and experience. No fears, therehave been used in this country. On this part fore, can be entertained of the fidelity and per-on will have been per pole, $6,17%, or per mile, of the road, have been built by separate con-manence of the work. The bridge and small $1,974 72. That the average cost of the masonry theretract, thirty-five thousand two hundred and fifty piece of road connected with it, will, it is confithree perches of masonry, of 24.75 cubical feet dently believed, be completed before the expi-on, with the cost of the wooden superstructure to the perch, and no allowance of extra mea-ration of this year. On this part of the road over Wills' creek, added, will have been per surement for arches, pier heads, &c. exclusive have been erected 21,543 perches of substan-pole, $6,52,8, or per mile, $2,099 28. This may be called the cost of the bridging. of about fifteen hundred perches built by the||tial masonry. That the average contingent expenditures The average cost of the graduation alone of road contractors; making the whole quantity this part of the road, will be per pole, $6,24,2;||thereon will have been per pole, $1,07,%, or about 36,753 perches. per mile, $344,32, or a fraction over four per The average cost of the graduation, and cov-per mile, $1,997 44. The average cost of the cover of metal, of cent. er of metal, of six inches in thickness, of this The total expenditure on that portion of the part of the road, has been, per pole, $10,963;|six inches in thickness, will be per pole, $6,84;| road between the Ohio river and a point three per mile, $2,188 80. per mile, $3,509 724. The average cost of the graduation and cov-miles west of Cambridge, Ohio, distance of 52 er of six inches will be, per pole, $13,08,3; per miles and 104, poles, will have been $400,640 173, which gives the average cost of the mile, $5,186 24. The average cost of the third stratum of location, the construction of the road with a covmetal of three inches in thickness, will be perering of 9 inches of metal, reduced to particles not exceeding four ounces in weight, and appole, $5,274; per mile, $1,688. plied in three successive layers of three inches each, the building of bridges and other masonry, the erection of the large wooden bridge over Wills' creek, and every contingent expense for superintendence, damage to real estate, &c. of $23,92, per pole, or per mile, $7,656,33. The average cost of the third stratum of metal, of three inches in thickness, has been, per pole, $3,6618: per mile, $1,172 67}. The average cost of the road, with a cover of nine inches, has been, per pole, $14,63 per mile, $4,682 40. The average cost of the masonry of every description has been, per pole, $6,183; per mile, $1,980. The average cost of the road, with a cover of nine inches, masonry included, has been, per pole, $20,82; per mile, $5,662 40. The average cost of the road, with a cover of metal of 9 inches in thickness, exclusive of masonry and contingencies, will be per pole, $18,35; per mile, $5,874 24. The average cost of the masonry of every description, including also the cost of the woodThe contingent expenditures on the whole en bridge over Wills' creek, will be per pole of line amounted, up to the period of the comple-road, $7,20; per mile, $2,304. The contingent expenditures upon the whole tion of this part of the road, only to the sum of $13,596 143; and three fourths of this sum be-line of road between the Ohio and Muskingum ing assumed as applicable to this part of the rivers, of every description, amounted on the road, it results that the contingent expendi- 30th day of September last, only to the sum of tures have been, per pole, $1,113 per mile,||$20,585 884. Of this amount, $10,197 114 have been charged as applicable to that portion $356,76, or about 5 per centum. of the road let in 1825, and completed in 1827, and a further sum of $2,597 19 to that portion of the road still under operation; leaving as chargeable to that part of the road now under consideration, the sum of $7,791 58, which gives, as its average contingent expenditures, per pole, $1,02,; per mile, $327,36. The total average cost of this part of the road, with a cover of metal of nine inches in thickness, masonry and all contingencies, inclusive, has been, per pole, $21,933,3 per mile, $7,020 16. The average cost of the masonry, in bridges over twelve feet chord, has been per perch, $2,18. The average cost of masonry, in bridges of and under 12 feet chord, has been per perch, $1,40. The average cost of masonry in gothic and common culverts and detached walls, has been per perch 80 cents. The average cost of masonry of every description, has been per perch $1,60. On the 11th of September, 1826, a further distance of 23 miles 266,4 poles, excepting 32 The total average cost of this part of the road, with a cover of metal of nine inches in thickness, the wooden bridge over Wills creek, the masonry and all contingencies included, will be per pole, $26,58; per mile, $8,505 60. The average cost of the masonry in arched bridges, including also the abutments of the wooden bridge over Wills' creek, will be, on this part of the road, per perch, $2,22,¦. The report of the Secretary of the Treasury, communicated to Congress on the 10th day of January, 1827, by the President of the United States, furnishes the following statements, namely:* 1st. The whole expenditure on that section of the Cumberland road, between Cumberland and Brownsville, a distance of 74 miles, being $830,765 03, the average cost for making the road, building bridges, including salaries, &c. was per mile, $11,226 55. 2d. The whole expenditure on that section, between Brownsville and Wheeling, a distance of 56 miles, for constructing the road, building bridges, including salaries, &c. being $879.533 90, makes the average of the cost, per mile, to be $15,705 96. On the 21st July, 1827, the balance of the line extending to the eastern boundary of the town of Zanesville, being a distance of 20 miles and 136 poles, was let, together with the requisite masonry, at fair prices. After the letting, it was supposed that some advantage might reThe average cost of the masonry in gothic sult from a change of about seven miles of the and common culverts and detached walls, will location. The work was accordingly suspendcd until the necessary examinations could be poles, with the necessary masonry, were be per perch, $4,143. let. This distance has also been finished, It will be observed that the cost of the grad-made. Those examinations satisfactorily dein the same manner with that just described. uation and cover of six inches, on that part of monstrated the propriety of the change. One That small piece which was excepted at the the road let in 1826, exceeds that of the same hundred and fifteen poles of distance were aboletting, crosses Wills' creek, a large stream, items of work let in 1825, $2,11,3 per pole; *The Cumberland road between Cumberland and trench, and then reducing some upon them to a size to are low, and require heavy embankments to third layer of metal of three inches in thick-Wheeling, was made by first laying large stones in a raise the road above the reach of high water. ness, exceeds in cost, that upon the letting of pass through a ring 3 inches in diameter. It was not un Over this creek exists a toll bridge, which af-1825, $1,61,,, per pole; or per mile, $515,32 der the superintendency of Mr. Wever. and subject to very high freshets. Its banks or per mile, $676,64; and that the cost of the 56 100 lished, the grades improved, and the expense of ||tity of drift wood and ice which they float, re-nevertheless resulted in a change of several construction increased but little, if any. This quired an ample provision of vent. Those short pieces. The aggregate saving of distance examination was made at the suggestion of two causes very largely contributed to swell by those changes amounted to 1955 poles. Mr. Knight, the commissioner of location, the amount of masonry greatly beyond what The total difference, then, between the location whose pressing duties further westward denied would be necessary on streams of equal width made by the Commissioners, and the road as him the time to attend to it himself. No detri- in the eastern part of our country. The incon- now constructing, is one mile and 258,4 poles. ment to the service resulted from the suspen-venience and certain injury which would result It is believed that the expenditure saved, in consion. That portion of the line is now in as for- to the community from the stoppage of the mail sequence of this difference of distance, is more ward a state of progress as the other parts. on one of the most important routes, which, in than equal to the whole cost of the location Last Spring, the main street of Zanesville, most places where masonry was required, would and superintendence of the road. The old traembracing a distance of 18, poles, and ex-be the effect of the abruption of a bridge, was velled road is between eight and nine miles tending from the eastern boundary of that town deemed an adequate reason, not only for giving longer than the new one. to the east bank of the Muskingum, was put full vent to the stream, but also for building the The preservation and repair of this highly imunder contract; making the whole distance masonry in the most substantial and permanent portant public work must be an object of anxnow under operation, and in a state of progress manner. A belief is entertained, that this im-ious solicitude to every citizen, and more espetowards completion, 21 miles and 312 poles. portant object has been accomplished, and that cially so to the enlightened Members of ConOn the whole of this distance, in its graded and the masonry on this line of the road will bear a gress. It cannot but be the expectation of bridged state, the travel was admitted on the comparison, in that respect, with that upon any every person, that Congress will devise some 15th day of last June, and would have been ad- other road within the limits of our Republic. system for this purpose, before another session mitted earlier, but for the almost steady rains The road also has been constructed with of that body passes by. The Legislature of during the last Winter and Spring. Much ma- great care and fidelity on the part of the con- Ohio, at their last session, with a spirit becomterial for the cover has been carried to the line, tractors; and on it, as well as on the masonry, ing a great State, and with great unanimity, and reduced to the required size; and it is be- no expense, consistent with propriety and passed an act for the prevention and punishlieved that the road may be completed, with a sound economy, has been spared, so that it ment of injuries committed upon this work. cover of metal of nine inches in thickness, by might be formed of as permanent character as The act like all others on new subjects, is not the 1st of next September. If the last appro-it was susceptible of. With proper attention, it as perfect as could be desired. It does not repriation of Congress had been made in thewill endure for years to come, with the excep-quire the ministerial and executive officers of early part of the last session, this part of the tion of such portions of it as pass through towns the State to take cognizance of violations of it, road could have been completed by this time. and villages. Those parts are liable to an ac-unless upon the information of other persons. Contracts could not be made for the cover of cumulation of mud from the frequent entry of The character of an informer is looked upon the road, until the funds were apropriated; and travel from the side or branch roads, and can-as one of baseness and dishonor. Informaas the appropriation was not given until late in not last long. The cover, indeed, attains such tions are, therefore, few, except by the agents the Spring, the contractors lost the Winter a perfect smoothness, that it is impossible it of the road, whose duty it is. Some of those months, the usual time of quarrying and haul- should wear away rapidly. The traveller pre- sapient magistrates assume the right of quesing the metal. fers the cover to the side roads, which are true tioning the constitutionality of the law, and After the appropriation was made, it was im-and well formed, and they are now becoming hesitate to act when information is given. The practicable to procure, prepare, and lay the two covered with grass. stage proprietors, who probably reap more first strata of the cover, in time to be sufficient- To the graduation of this road, exception, no benefit from the road than any other class of ly consolidated by the action of the travel for doubt, will be taken hereafter, when correct citizens, have been in the almost daily practice the reception of the third stratum, before the views shall prevail. The angles which the road of injuring the road by locking the wheels of approach of Winter. It was therefore consi- forms with horizontal lines are too great. This their carriages, in contempt and defiance of the dered best to defer the application of the cover, opinion has been long entertained, and further law, under the fallacious pretence that it is imuntil the earth is sufficiently dry next Spring to reflection and experience has fully confirmed it. practicable to descend hills in safety, without The chain is but a very imperfect criterion resorting to that measure. On this part of the line have been constructed of distance. Time and burthen are the only Their example has had a most pernicious ef eighteen thousand and one-half perches of correct criteria. It is a problem of easy solu- fect, as other persons very justly concluded that excellent masonry, for the sum of $32,242 72, tion: indeed it is apparent to every one, that if the stage proprietors had the right to do so, being at an average cost of $1 234 cents a perch. low grades not only accelerate the speed, but they had also, and followed the example. Here, For the execution of the work, which must also give to the power employed much more ef- too, the magistrates doubt their right to fine the necessarily be done on all newly-constructed ficiency. It is evident to the most superficial drivers of the mail stage, and thus the law is roads, such as raking and keeping in place the observer, that, if the road had been very consi- rendered almost nugatory. May we not hope metal before it has acquired compactness, keep-derably elongated, in order to effect a gradua- that the Legislature will, at their next session, ing open and cleaning the side drains, supply- tion at angles not exceeding three degrees (and revise this act, and give its provisions more efing some portions of the cover with small quan- for the maximum two degrees would be better,)||ficiency? receive it. tities of stone, &c. &c. and for the removal of the road could be travelled in as short a space The attention of the Department was called, landslips, the sum of ten thousand one hundred of time as it now is, and that the power used in my last annual report, to the dilapidated and twenty-five dollars and fifty-eight cents was could move double the burthen it now can; condition of the United States' road, east of the expended prior to the 30th of last September.thus rendering the road, for commercial purpo- river Ohio. I do not deem it necessary to add More than a moiety of this sum was expended ses at least, doubly advantageous. It would, to what was then said, except to remark that in the removal of landslips, which have been besides, endure longer, and of course the annual its progress towards complete and irretrievable exceedingly heavy, and of very frequent occur-expense of repair would be much less. It is ruin has been, since that time, much more rapid rence, during the last year. This expenditure highly proper to remark, that Mr. Knight, the than I then expected it would be. Is there not. is equal to sixty cents a pole, or one hundred commissioner who located the road, fully ac-a saving power somewhere, and a disposition, and ninety-two dollars a mile, on the whole line cords with me in these views. too? now finished. 52 The Department is aware that a survey and The appropriations of 1825-6-7-8, for the The whole quantum of masonry which has location of this road were made in the year 1820,||construction of the road confided to my superinbeen constructed on the line between the Ohio under the direction of three Commissioners; tendency, amount together to the sum of $595,and Muskingum rivers, a distance of 73 miles and that the distance to the eastern boundary of 000; of that sum, $424,853 38 were expended and 97 poles, is 76,295 perches, averaging a the town of Zanesville, by their location was 74 up to the 30th of last September, and accounted little over a thousand perches to the mile. miles and 173,3 poles. The distance by the for; leaving a balance of $170,146 62 unexThis masonry is continued in forty-two stone location of that skilful and faithful officer, Mr.pended. This balance will complete the road arched bridges, in the abutments of one with Jonathan Knight, to the same point, was 73 to the east bank of the Muskingum river, at the an arch of wood of 150 feet chord, and in go-miles and 110 poles; showing that Mr. west end of Zanesville, and leave a surplus of thic and square culverts, and detached walls. Knight's location was the shorter, by one mile about $40,000, applicable to the various casThe size of those forty-two bridges are as fol- and 63,3 poles. This of itself would be a suf-ualties and ineidental expenditures to which lows, viz. one of three arches of 50, 40, and 30 ficient recommendation of his route; but its ad- all new roads are subject. No further applicafeet chord; one of 60 feet chord; five of 40|vantages do not stop here. His location was tion is therefore necessary for this part of that feet chord each; three of 30 feet chord each; carried over ground much more favorable for great and important public work. If Congress two of 25 chord each; eight of 20 feet chord the construction of a road of comparatively should determine on its extension beyond the each; nine of 12 feet chord each; one of 10 easy grade, and on which the traveller can pro- Muskingum, they will, of course, appropriate feet chord; and twelve of 6 feet chord each. cure water for himself and his animals. The such sum as in their wisdom may seem meet. In the gothic and square culverts, and de- materials, too, for the construction and repair I will, however, be excused for suggesting the tached walls, are contained 19,799 perches. of the road, can in general be obtained more propriety of adopting a system of appropriaThe very expansive quality of the earth, when cheaply than on the Commissioners' location. tion different from that heretofore pursued; it wet, on the line of the road, rendered it abso- In consequence of Mr. Knight's engagements is this, that an amount equivalent to the total lutely necessary that the retaining and sustain-not permitting him to make those minute ex-cost of the distance of the road intended to be ing walls of the masonry should be of larger aminations which are so important in the final constructed, be appropriated at once. The nedimensions than would have been requisite in location of road ways, that service was per- cessity of annually awaiting the appropriations the eastern section of the Union. The great formed by myself; and, although it was done retard the work under my management very height to which the streams rise, and the quan-less perfectly than if it had been done by him, much; but for that, the road could have been |