lege or university, and on the other hand it is almost inevitably true that contacts of the teacher with advanced students increase his value as an investigator. But already pure research has become so broad in its applications, and so insistently demanded by practical interests, that it constitutes an over heavy burden on educational institutions and must therefore be taken care of in a measure by the provision of special organizations.

Many educational institutions possess large and effectively organized laboratories with excellent staffs. It is not desirable that these organizations be ignored in the further promotion of research. Instead educational institutions should be financially aided in order that they may adequately provide for pure research both by material equipment and by the appointment of investigators whose time is not to any considerable extent demanded for other duties. Research laboratories, whether or not connected with educational institutions, should be freely open to the public and every effort should be made so to exhibit the importance of investigation that it shall be increasingly supported by the public.

The close connection in recent years between industrial progress and what may be called industrial research is significant. The large industrial enterprises have been developed as much through the organization of their scientific departments as through that of their operating departments. These departments of industrial research will undoubtedly be continued along present lines for, while their maintenance is costly in the aggregate, the expenditure is negligible by comparison with practical results when spread over a large production.

Many if not all of the large industries which have developed research departments started when the application of science to their particular needs was new. Consequently the industry and its corresponding research have developed together. But the progress of science during the past half-century has necessitated specialization in research as well as in production, so that today small and novel industries are unable to carry the burden of a highly organized research department. Unless something is done to meet the needs of such industrial establishments, a type of enterprise which has done much to advance civilization and to promote industrial progress will tend to disappear because of the impossibility of competing with larger and well established industrial organizations.

In short, the organization and coördination of research for industrial purposes is urgently necessary. Future progress is dependent upon prompt and wise action. Plans should be formulated at once with care.

Whatever is done should be national in its comprehensiveness and socialistic in its application. All should contribute and all should be able to avail themselves of the benefits of the research clearing house.

There is no question in my mind but that education and industry would greatly benefit by more intimate relations to research and through the promotion of scientific and industrial investigations. Industry may be expected to support generously any organization which promises to effectively coördinate and correlate efforts for the increase of knowledge, since it is now generally recognized that industrial progress and success are chiefly dependent upon knowledge.

COÖPERATION BETWEEN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY BY AMBROSE SWASEY

PRESIDENT OF THE WARNER AND SWASEY COMPANY

The subject of industrial research is one of the most interesting and potentially perhaps the most valuable of all the material questions stimulated by the war.

The use of science in industry is not new in our country, nor in some of the other countries now at war; but the appreciation of the need for scientific and industrial research and the value of it has been tremendously developed by the stress of war conditions.

While it is true that the industrial life of our country has moved forward, during the years of peace, chiefly under the pressure of our needs or the enterprise and aggressiveness of individuals, yet many of our largest and most important industries owe their development principally to an understanding of the need for scientific study of their problems. Prominently among these must be listed the great electrical development in this country—a development based practically entirely upon the work of the scientist and the technician; our steel industry, with its byproduct coke plants and all the products related thereto; the automobile industry with its relationship to metals; paints and varnishes; rubber and many other collateral lines; and latterly, the aeronautical field, which promises to lead us into undreamed-of achievements.

Without minimizing the accomplishments of the highly trained technical men in these industries, we can credit the great advances chiefly to scientific research, and the work of the technician, which has made applicable and practical the deductions of the scientist.

In these industries and many others, the study and conclusions of the

scientist have made it possible for the labor of millions of people to be applied in a manner that, only a few years ago, would have been confined to a few specially trained individuals. To be specific, the development of the pyrometer makes possible the use of comparatively untrained workers on heat treatment, which formerly required the maximum of training and experience. The result of it all is to render to mankind those safeguards, conveniences, and comforts which formerly could be possessed only by a few fortunate people, if indeed, they existed at all.

The knowledge of the results accomplished in agriculture by national and state scientific investigation and coöperation is perhaps too widespread to make it necessary even to mention that subject.

The effort of the individual to better his own condition has received its chief aid from science. That the individual may be unaware of this does not alter the fact.

Our present duty is to decide how we shall meet the new situation, with plans wide and broad enough to assure the best results, without relinquishing any of the advance we have earned by years of effort and study.

In all of the countries now engaged in war the need for vastly increased quantities in all lines of production, with the necesssary curtailment in quantity available or change in character of raw material, has necessitated the adoption of new methods. The fundamental elements of each industry have been closely scrutinized, and old methods have given place to new with amazing rapidity. The nations will never resume the old methods; individual effort will continue to play the chief part; but coöperative effort, and to some degree, governmental action in directing and controlling research in industrial fields, has become essential. By no other means could we hope to meet the new world conditions which will follow the war.

If, after the war, other nations were to follow an easy-going industrial policy, it would possibly be a matter of indifference as to our national attitude. We would, however, be blind to the signs of the time if we should fail to recognize that the reverse is certain to be the case. 'Efficient industry' must be the watch-word of the future.

Nations have been stimulated by the war to their utmost endeavor, and science in coöperation with industry has been called upon to help rescue the world.

THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH

By A. W. MELLON

PRESIDENT OF THE MELLON NATIONAL BANK OF PITTSBURGH

The recognition of the national essentiality of science, particularly chemistry, to the life of a nation has stimulated the industrialists to such a point that they are seeking at this particular time, as never before, to utilize every idea which makes for the advancement of industry. The aim of all industrial operations is toward perfection, both in process and mechanical equipment, and every development in manufacturing creates new problems. It is only to be expected, therefore, that the industrial investigator is becoming less and less regarded as a burden unwarranted by returns. Industrialists recognize, in fact, that manufacturing is becoming more and more a system of scientific processes; and probably no science has done so much as chemistry in revealing the hidden possibilities of the wastes and by-products of manufacturers. The present great advances are due entirely to the application of knowledge in the development of new things, which is primarily dependent upon systematic industrial research.

The industrialist, however, needs all possible assistance in undertaking and developing research work as a means of enlarging his output and improving its quality. In order to be effective it must increase his independence and initiative, and be so given as to enlist his active support. It has been the coöperation of progressive industry with science which has led to the practical application of the results obtained in the laboratories of scientific men. But, in this matter of the dissemination of knowledge concerning industrial practice, it must be evident to all that there is not complete coöperation between manufacturers and the technical schools. Manufacturers have been quite naturally opposed to publishing any discoveries made in their plants, since 'knowledge is power,' while, on the other hand, the technical schools exist for the diffusion of knowledge and from their standpoint the great disadvantage of the above policy is this concealment of knowledge. It results in a serious retardation of the general growth and development of service in its broader aspects and renders it much more difficult for the technical schools to train men properly for such industries. Fortunately, the policy of industrial secrecy is becoming more generally regarded in the light of reason and more liberal views are taken, which is bringing about a closer union between science and industry. It may, therefore, be taken for granted

that the great corporations all over the country that have entered into such a scheme of coöperation with science have a vivid and comprehensive realization of the need of the efficiency which the scheme represents, and, incidentally, that the scheme itself is founded on sane and practical considerations.

Industrial research is, in fact, a very specialized business and, naturally, requires specially trained men and an understanding on the part of the industrialists as to its requirements and methods. The fundamental differences between pure research and industrial research are, indeed, traceable to the differences in the poise and personality of the representatives of each type of scientific investigation. Success in genuine industrial research presupposes all the qualities which are applicable to success in pure science, and, in addition, other qualities, executive and personal, more or less unessential in the pure research laboratory. At this point enters the real value of a system of coöperation between science and industry; the industrialist is aided by being taught the correct methods to follow and by guidance in the selection of the proper type of research men to carry on his work.

The individual manufacturer is not the only one to be benefited through well-established central research laboratories; as a general policy, 'Service to Industry' is exceedingly well carried out through work for associations, as the one laboratory is thereby enabled to serve practically all the manufacturers in any particular field at a very low cost to each manufacturer, and the benefits are received by some industrialists who otherwise would not feel able to support independent research work.

Manufacturers who have benefited by the application of science to industry have not been content to await chance discoveries but have established well equipped laboratories and strong research staffs. Moreover, some large industrial corporations have found it expedient to keep before the public the fact that investigations on a large scale ultimately bring considerable benefit to the community generally; that every scientific discovery applied in industry reacts to the public gain; and that consequently great industrial organizations are justified in the expenditure of large sums of money to carry on such investigations, since it is only where there are large aggregations of capital that the most extensive and productive research facilities can be obtained.

A spirit of coöperation should be encouraged among all types of research laboratories, as no greater good to society can arise than from a wider distribution of the duties and responsibilities of research. Accordingly, well established research laboratories should be willing to coöper