shows examples of slums, the conditions which contribute to their formation, and what citizens can do in order to have a city of which they can be proud. The film is loaned to schools and other organizations without charge.

Monthly luncheon meetings are held where various topics are discussed by persons with specialized knowledge in the field.

Another phase of the construction program is the use of frequent field trips to urban renewal areas. These tours are not only for the benefit of members of the Council but also are for leaders of other groups. Tours have included the Calumet Region where significant urban renewal activities are being conducted. Urban renewal projects in East Chicago Heights, Hyde Park-Kenwood area, have been included in some of the tours.

Chicago Teacher's College, after reviewing the slides, recommended their use in high school civic classes and upper elementary grade classes studying community problems. The films are being used in a large number of Chicago schools.

Through lectures, the film slide program, and planned educational tours, the Council attempts to inform the women of Chicago concerning the city's housing and urban renewal problems and projects, to promote understanding of local neighborhoods in relation to citywide needs, and to stimulate wider citizen participation.

*

The Chicago development indicates a growing consideration for the "wholeness" of life in the city as the concept underlying curriculum development in the field of adult education. Another characteristic is the continuous research efforts which produce the facts upon which the curricula are determined. There is a definite interrelation between areas of interest and effort as well as of needs and resources in the city.

The community problems which adult migrants encounter are paralleled by a need for a wider participation of adults in community affairs. Increasing urbanization of our cities requires specialization not only in the functions of people but also in the functions of institutions. Adult education is concerned with helping to build better communities as well as helping to make better people, and the two are inseparable; it has the responsibility to facilitate a greater participation of people in community life. The circumstances under which this can be done are ideal for adult learning. Neighborhood groups working together to improve housing and provide adequate services in the community, and solve their common problems are the richest form of educational experience.

CHAPTER IV

Trends in the Development of
Educational Programs and
Services for Migrants

REVIEW OF TRENDS in the development of educational programs and services for migrants in the United States since World War II indicates that there has been a numerical growth in the variety of agencies concerned with the problem. There has been a diversity in approach and method which is evidenced in the work of the President's Commission on Migratory Labor established in 1954.1 Action, educational and social research are considered important in providing solutions to some of the educational problems of migrants. Educational development programs for the migrant emphasize the importance of migrants deciding for themselves how the program is to be developed.

National Governmental Agencies

At the Federal level, the Departments of Labor, Agriculture, Interior, Commerce, State, and Health, Education, and Welfare carry out activities, programs, and services for migrants through the regular programs of constitutent units. For example, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare conducts programs and services through its constituent units, such as the Office of Education, the Public Health Service, the Social Security Administration, and the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation.

The Department has worked in close cooperation with the President's Committee on Migratory Labor since 1954. Coordination with this committee has been achieved through the membership of the Secretary, and liaison of the Department's Committee on migrants.

1 U. S. President's Commission on Migratory Labor was established in 1954. The Commission is composed of the Secretary of Labor, Agriculture, Interior, Health, Education and Welfare, and the Administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency.

The Department's Committee on Migrants affords a device within the organization for internal exchange of information, coordination of program planning, policy recommendations, staff work and liaison with the President's Committee.

Here are some of the ways in which Federal Government agencies help State and local groups to provide necessary health, education, and welfare service.2

The Office of Education provides consultant help to organizations, agencies, State Departments of education, and communities that are working to improve educational opportunities for adult migrants and their families. It collects and distributes descriptions of successful programs, teaching materials, and practices applicable to the education of migrants. It makes available technical assistance and consultation in special problems of migrant children and adults and acts as a clearing house for exchange of information about the problem throughout the United States.

The Children's Bureau through its grant-in-aid program, particularly the maternal and child health and child welfare programs, provides the States with limited funds which they can use to strengthen local health and welfare services for mothers and children of new as well as old residents. The Bureau also provides consultative services and passes on to the States information about programs for migrants elsewhere.

The Department of Agriculture is primarily concerned with maintaining a strong and prosperous agricultural economy for the benefit of all the people. This concern with the migrant problem is focused chiefly upon the person classified as an agricultural migratory worker. Facilities for adult education are provided primarily through the Federal Extension Service.

The Department of Labor contributes technical assistance and consultation to State agencies, National and State organizations, and to other groups interested in improving working conditions and employment standards. It gives to migrant agricultural workers, through State Employment Agencies, placement and other services facilitating their employment; provides information on volume, composition, and areas of employment of migrant workers; and serves as a clearing house for exchange of information on successful State and community developments to improve living and working conditions and community acceptance of migrants.

2 Report of the East Coast Migrant Conference. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, September 1954. p. 8-12.

The Bureau of Public Assistance administers Federal grants to the States for aid to dependent children, to the needy blind, and aged, and to the needy who are totally disabled. Most States require varying periods of residence by an individual or family in later establishing eligibility for funds. This assistance is available to needy migrant workers and their families who become eligible.

The Public Health Service grant-in-aid funds assist States and local communities in carrying out such special health programs as venereal disease control, tuberculosis control, and communicable disease control. Consultative services are made available to states and local communities in such fields as providing health services for migrants and their families. Another service available through official public health agencies is the collection and dissemination of information.

The Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance works with migrants and their employees to gain acceptance of social security coverage for migrant workers.

The Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, along with the Children's Bureau, are providing financial assistance under special project grants designed to extend child health and welfare services, and vocational rehabilitation services, respectively to the migrant population.

Many other Federal agencies provide services which, indirectly, may be used to assist the adult migrants with their problems. The above list is simply an indication of some of the services which are readily available in most areas where migrants go and live.

At the program level, the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, assumes responsibility in the field of migratory labor "through consultation, technical services, research, and financial assistance, provided under regular programs of its operating units."3 Each of the Department's operating units has specific legal authority and responsibility for programs for the entire population. The migrant to urban centers is included under this broad provision.

National Nongovernmental Organizations

There are many national nongovernmental organizations interested in the problems of the adult migrant. Some of these

3 Program Direction in Migrant Labor, Fiscal Year, 1959. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1959. p. 1.

organizations have asked for and received consultation and advice from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. For example, background information is being developed and used to support and implement the organizations' efforts in providing leadership, facilities, and funds for programs and activities designed to meet some of the needs of adult migrants.

For several years now, limited education programs for migrants have been conducted by organizations, such as the National Council of Agricultural Life and Labor, National Child Labor Committee, National Council of Churches, National Consumers League, National Catholic Rural Life Conference, National Jewish Welfare Council, and the American Friends Service Committee.

Many different approaches are available today. Consultation and technical assistance have been provided to such groups as the Council of State Government, National and Regional Church Organizations with active migrant programs, and national organizations concerned specifically with health, education, or welfare, including the American Public Health Association, the National Education Association, and the American Public Welfare Association.

Industrial Organizations

A new type of "citizen" has emerged as a major factor in educational and public affairs-the industrial corporation or manufacturing concern. It is a "citizen" without a vote, but nonetheless one with definite responsibilities to all the people in communities in which it operates.

The trend among industrial companies is toward more active participation in community affairs. For the company, a good, stable community is a sound investment. For city officials, an interested company is a powerful and willing partner who can contribute much to carrying out civic programs. Industry participation in a broad range of public service programs (involving all groups in the community) is found in many areas where there are large concentrations of migrants.

Educational programs for adults are more and more becoming a natural function for industry. Several companies have set up job upgrading and retraining in their plants for new employees and have actively encouraged the attendance of their employees in these courses.

Increasingly, there is competition between large industrial concerns for workers with specialized and new skills. The transition