Expanding Individual Opportunity," recommends lowering of tuition fees, establishment of tuition-free community colleges, and establishment of a national scholarship program for at least 20 percent of undergraduate non

veteran students, and a national fellowship

program of 10,000, increasing in 3 years to 30,000, of $1,500 each for graduate study. Vol. V, "Financing Higher Education," recommends initial annual appropration of $120 million for scholarships and $15 million for fellowships.

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higher education institutions in the country, 1,190 requested a total of $70 million in loan funds for the first year of operation. 1959-60, 1,370 institutions are participating." Concerning fellowship program: "Clearly Title IV is not intended to solve all of the problems of graduate education. What is hoped is that its influence will be enough to tip the scales favorably in finding solutions to some of the most serious problems."

108. FLEMMING, ARTHUR SHERWOOD. The National Defense Education Act. In Association of Land-Grant Colleges and State Universities, Proceedings, 1958, p. 75-80. (Author: Secretary, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.)

Discusses the question: "Are the current policies and procedures of the Federal Government in such areas as the granting of scholarships and fellowships, in the awarding of grants for research and training, in the operation of ROTC programs, and in making funds available for the construction of facilities weakening or strengthening the educational programs and objectives of our institutions of higher education ?"

109. Fuss Over Loyalty Oaths-Will It Stop Loans to Students? U.S. News, 47: 58-60, Dec. 7, 1959.

Summarizes arguments for and against the loyalty affidavit in the National Defense Education Act. Reports action of 17 colleges in withdrawing from student loan program on account of it. Gives texts of both oath and affidavit.

110. GLASS, BENTLEY and FIDLER, WILLIAM P. Disclaimer Affidavit Requirement. AAUP Bull., 44: 769-772, Dec. 1958. (Author: (1) President, (2) General Secretary, American Association of University Professors.)

Text of a letter of Nov. 1, 1958, on behalf of the Association, to members of the House Education and Labor Committee expressing shock and alarm at the provisions of the disclaimer affidavit in the National Defense Education Act, and urging its repeal on three grounds: (1) vagueness, (2) unconstitutionality, and (3) invidiousness of the requirement.

111. Graduate Fellowship Program Approved. Higher Educ., 16: 16, Feb. 1960.

Reports that U.S. Commissioner of Education "has approved 406 programs of graduate study at 137 graduate schools involving 1,500 3-year fellowships authorized by the National Defense Education Act."

112. HOLDERMAN, K. L. The Effect of the National Defense Education Act on Engineering Education. Jour. Eng. Educ., 50: 544-547, Mar. 1960. (Author: Coordinator of Commonwealth Campuses, Pennsylvania State University.)

of

Address before Engineering Division American Association of Land-Grant Colleges and State Universities, Nov. 10, 1959. Moderately critical of the act. "The Act was 'sold' to the Congress on the need to strengthen engineering and technical education. Ironically,

the opinions of most knowledgeable educators in these fields were not accepted, nor were their ideas included in the measure. Hence the Act has had little direct effect thus far upon engineering education. . I hope that the National Defense Education Act will be amended in the next session of Congress. Further, I hope engineering educators will be helpful and articulate in providing suggestions as to how the Act might further assist in the development of a sounder system of engineering education." Comments specifically on each title of the act. On Title II: Loans: "Title II will have some beneficial effect on engineering education. . . . The biggest single problem in engineering education today, where are our faculties coming from, is given no real, important, direct help from this title." On Title IV; Graduate Fellowships: "In the first year of the Act-ending last June-1,000 fellowships were awarded, 65 of which were in engineering. . . . For implementation of legislation that was 'sold' on the national need for more engineers, this should cause some eyebrows to be raised."

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Memo

113. HOWE, MARK DEWOLFE. randum on the Constitutionality of Section 1001 (f) of the National Defense Education Act. Harvard Educ. Review, 30:53-60, Winter 1960. (Author: Professor of Law, Harvard Law School, Harvard University.)

A careful review by a leading authority on constitutional law. Conclusion: "It is my conviction accordingly, that the present provisions of the NDEA with respect to affidavits of belief involve constitutional issues of significant gravity. I like to believe that if these issues are brought to the attention of Congress, as I fear that they were not in the summer of 1959, a legislative decision will be made to repeal the questionable provisions. Such repeal would do much more than eliminate from the statute books a law that seems to me unconstitutional. It would also set Federal policy in the area of education along a higher and wiser course."

114. JOUGHIN, LOUIS. The Disclaimer Affidavit. AAUP Bull., 45: 339-341, Sept. 1959. (Author: Staff Associate, American Association of University Professors, Washington, D.C.)

Reports Congressional and Committee votes and discussion on removal of the disclaimer affidavit from the National Defense Education Act. "The 2-day debate on the Disclaimer Affidavit, despite the recommitted action, represents an important accomplishment for American higher education."

115. Affidavit.

Repealing the Disclaimer AAUP Bull., 46: 55-61, Mar. 1960. (Author: See No. 114.)

Lists 20 colleges and universities which have refused to participate in the loan provisions of National Defense Education Act on account of its Disclaimer Affidavit, 41 others which have publicly stated their disapproval of it, and numerous organizations which have taken similar action. Quotes President C. A. Elvehjem, University of Wisconsin; President A. W. Griswold, Yale University; President Miller Upton, Beloit College; and Prof. Bower Aly, University of Oregon. Comments on paucity of student protests.

116. KENNEDY, JOHN F. The Loyalty Oath-An Obstacle to Better Education. AAUP Bull., 45: 25-26, Mar. 1959. (Author: U.S. Senator from Massachusetts.)

A vigorous criticism of the disclaimer affidavit required for student loans under the National Defense Education Act. "Unlike the Soviets, we cannot take steps to keep our brightest minds in scientific careers, but we can take steps that keep them out. That is the great danger of this provision."

117. Let's Get Rid of College Loyalty Oaths. Coronet, 47: 89-94, Apr. 1960. (Author: See No. 116.)

TraiBut

"Loyalty oaths, especially in education, have never contributed to our security. tors and liars will easily take them. frequently, principled people will refuse. . . . Early in the last session of Congress, I introduced and conducted hearings upon a bill to repeal this provision. But after 2 days of debate sometimes bitter, often confused-the bill was recommitted, dead for the session. Another attempt to eliminate the affidavit will be made this year-this time emphasizing that it is the vague, sweeping, negative affidavit that is most objectionable and discriminatory."

117a. KIRK, RUSSELL, Our Answer to Sputniks. Nat. Review, 9: 211, Oct. 8, 1960.

A scathing criticism of the National Defense Education Act of 1958.

118. MOORE, C. H. The National Defense Education Act After 18 Months. Sch. Life, 42: 29-35, Feb. 1960. (Author: With U.S. Office of Education.)

Reviews progress under each of the 10 titles of the Act. Regarding Loans: In 1959 loans were made to 11,333 high school students who would otherwise have been unable to go to college. Analysis of plans of 36,497 college students who received loans. "The loan program is succeeding beyond the most optimistic expectations of Federal and institutional officials, but unfortunately the demand for funds is exceeding the supply." Regarding Fellowships: "The graduate fellowship program is operating at its maximum authorization. . . To date 2,500 college fellowships have been awarded."

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119. MORSE, JOHN F. An Aid to Administrators of National Defense Student Loans. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1959. 42 p. (Author: Vice President, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York.)

"This booklet is intended to serve one purpose to assist colleges in implementing student loan programs under the National Defense Education Act. In it are discussed only those topics on which the colleges may exercise discretion-topics about which they must Covers use judgment and make decisions." determination of need, distribution of loans, applications and records, legal problems, transfer students and dropouts, and followup and collections.

120. MUIRHEAD, PETER P. National Defense Education Act at Midpoint: Higher Educ. 16: 8-11, May 1960. (Author: With U.S. Office of Education.)

"We are almost at midpoint on the life of the National Defense Education Act. Twenty months of program development and initial experience lie behind us." Summarizes various developments including 150,000 loans, totaling $76 million in 1,360 colleges and universities; and 2,500 3-year fellowships to graduate students in 138 graduate schools. Conclusion: "The National Defense Education Act is, in the most significant sense of the words, an investment in the future."

121. National Defense Education Act: A Full Report. Sch. Life, 41: 1-34, Oct.Nov. 1958. Same, condensed, Higher Educ., 15: 23-27, Oct. 1958.

A special issue devoted entirely to the act. Title II: "Loans to Students" (p. 6-8); and

Title IV: "Fellowships" (p. 13-14). Includes personnel of various conferences called to consider different aspects of the act.

122. National Defense Education Act Fellowships. Higher Educ., 15: 113-114, Mar. 1959.

Lists 48 colleges and universities each offering one "new or expanded" program of graduate study leading to doctoral degrees, as approved by Commissioner of Education Jan. 30, 1959, under title IV of the National Defense Education Act; and number of fellowships allotted to each institution, varying from 2 to 8 each and totaling 160.

123. National Defense Student Loan Program: Manual of General Information and Instructions, 1959-60. Washington: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Office of Education, 1959. 18 numbered pages +37 pages of appendixes.

Covers "The Basic Law," "Institutional Eligibility and Participation," and "Terms and Conditions of Individual Student Loans." Appendixes give list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies and associations, official regulations, and various forms for institutional and student use.

124. National Defense Student Loan Program, Including Participating Institutions, 1959-60. Washington: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Office of Education, 1959. 36 p.

Gives provisions of the National Defense Education Act of 1958 regarding student loans and lists 1,368 colleges and universities participating in the program in 1959-60.

125. O'MALLEY, COMERFORD J. Let Us Retain the Disclaimer Affidavit. Coll. & Univ. Bus., 28: 39, Apr. 1960. (Author: President, De Paul University, Illinois.)

Asks "Are requirements of this kind unreasonable or contrary to the traditional virtue of patriotism normally expected of citizens?" Gives reasons for his belief that they are not, but will tend "to strengthen the devotion of our young people to their country."

126. Protest Vote. Time, 74: 75, Nov. 30, 1959.

Quotes President Pusey of Harvard University, President Griswold of Yale University, President Stevenson of Oberlin College, and others as opposing the disclaimer affidavit of National Defense Education Act. Also Congressman Barden of North Carolina as aiming

to block any attempt at its repeal "with every energy that is in me."

127. Repeal of the "Non-Communist" Affidavit in the Education Act To Be a Lively Issue in Congress. Science, 131: 488-489, Feb. 19, 1960.

States objections to the affidavit and widespread protests against it. Analyzes the situation in both Houses of Congress.

127a. Report on the National Defense Education Act, Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1959. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1960. v,62 p. (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, OE-10004).

Report to Congress of the Office of Education's "first year of stewardship." Under Title II, Loans, reports 1,197 institutions received funds totaling $30,882,663, with loans made to 25,364 students. Under Title IV, Fellowships, reports appointment of a National Advisory Committee of 12 members, and with their aid, award of fellowships totaling $5,300,000 to 1,000 graduate students in 123 institutions having approved doctoral programs of study.

128. Seminaries Err in Taking U.S. Funds. Christ. Cent. 76: 1139-1140, Oct. 7, 1959.

Editorial, criticising Union Theological Seminary, New York, and four other institutions for accepting five fellowships for their students under National Defense Education Act. "What could the Supreme Court, which has interpreted the establishment clause to mean that levying of taxes in any amount 'for the support of any religion or of all religions' is banned, do if the Union Theological Seminary arrangement were brought before it by a citizen who objected on constitutional grounds to such use of the taxes he pays? ... We regret that by accepting federal funds, Union Theological Seminary has thrown the weight of its great influence on the side of those forces which are working to weaken the First Amendment." For vigorous answer by President Henry F. Van Dusen, Union Theological Seminary, and discussion by three other correspondents, see Christ. Cent., 76: 1279-1280, Nov. 4, 1959.

129. Student Loan Funds Reported. Higher Educ., 16: 15, Feb. 1960.

Reports that 95,841 loans were made prior to Oct. 31, 1959 for $44 million, under the provisions of the National Defense Education Act. "Freshmen received 30 percent of the loans, sophomores 19 percent, juniors 20 percent, seniors 21 percent, and graduate students 10 percent. This distribution indicates that