which were called Bows. This was the first church built of stone. The old church was destroyed in the great fire, and the present church, one of Sir Christopher Wren's great masterpieces, was erected immediately after.

ALL HALLOWS BARKING.

The patronage of this church was in the abbess and nuns of Barking, in Essex, till 1546, when Henry VIII. exchanged the same with Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, in whose successors it still continues.

ALL HALLOWS STAINING.

This church is of Saxon origin. Staining is a corruption of Stane, which our antiquaries are justly of opinion was conferred on it, on account of its being built with stones, to distinguish it from other churches of the same name in this city that were built with wood. The old church escaped the fire but fell down, all but the tower, in 1671. The tower still stands, and will repay examination.

SAINT ANDREW HUBBARD.

The first mention of this church is some time before the year 1389, when Walter Palmer was rector thereof. It received the epithet of Hubbard from one of its rebuilders or repairers. It was destroyed in the great fire, and not rebuilt. Weigh-house yard occupies the site.

SAINT ANDREW WARDROBE.

This church was originally denominated St. Andrew Juxta Baynard's castle,* from its vicinity to that palace; but the magnificent structure afterwards erected, called the Wardrobe, supplied the place of Baynard's castle; and the church has ever since been called St. Andrew Wardrobe. The old church was destroyed in the great fire, and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren in 1692.

SAINT PETER AD VINCULA.

This church, or chapel, which is situate in the Tower of London, is thus denominated from its being dedicated to St. Peter in bonds, or chains; and which ad vincula signifies. In this church, or chapel, are interred the bodies of two queens, viz., Anna Bullen and Catherine Howard, consorts of Henry VIII., who were beheaded in the Tower; likewise are buried here divers other sons of quality.

SAINT PETER LE POOR.

per

This church, situate on the West side of Broad Street, derives its name from St. Peter, and the additional epithet of Le Poor,

* See Baynard's Castle.

from the mean condition of the parish in ancient times; if so, they may now justly change it to that of Rich, because of the great number of merchants and other persons of distinction inhabiting there.

SAINT SEPULCHRE.

This church receives its name from being dedicated to Christ's sepulchre, at Jerusalem. The body of the church was injured in the great fire of 1666, that stopped at Pie Corner, a very few yards north of the church. The bell of this church always tolls on the morning of executing criminals at Newgate.

SAINT ALPHAGE.

This church, says Maitland, which stands at the north-west corner of Aldermanbury, owes its name to its dedication to St. Alphage, or Elphage, a noble English Saxon, and archbishop of Canterbury, who was murdered by the Pagan Danes at Greenwich, anno 1013.

SAINT NICOLAS OLAVES.

This church, which stands on the west side of Bread Street hill, derives its name from St. Nicolas and Olave, or Olaus, a king of Norway, who rebuilt it.

SAINT MARY MATFELLON.

This term, applied to the church in Whitechapel, is derived from the Hebrew or Syriac word, Matfel, which signifies a woman that has lately brought forth a son, therefore dedicated to Mary, delivered of a son. The register records the burial in the churchyard, June 21, 1649, of Richard Brandon, a ragman in Rosemary Lane, and against the entry is the following memorandum in a contemporary hand:-" This R. Brandon is supposed to have cut off the head of Charles I."

SAINT PANCRAS.

This church and parish derive their names from St. Pancras, a young Phrygian nobleman, who, for his strict adherence to the Christian faith, suffered martyrdom at Rome under the emperor Dioclesian. The church was in Soper Lane, destroyed in the great fire, and not rebuilt. The name is preserved in Pancras Lane, Queen Street, Cheapside, and in that of an extensive parish in the suburbs of London; and formerly called St. Pancras-in-theFields. The old church belonging to the latter parish was anciently called Kentish Church, and is supposed to have been the burying-place belonging to the first cathedral of St. Paul. Norden, who wrote in the reign of Elizabeth, in his Speculum Britanniæ, says, "The church of St. Pancras standeth all alone,

as utterly forsaken, old and weather-beaten, which, for the antiquity thereof, is thought not to yield to Paule's of London."

See Notes and Queries, vol. ii. p. 496.) The new church of St. Pancras, near Euston Square, built by the Messrs. Inwood, was consecrated April 7, 1822, and cost £76,679 : 7 : 8.

ST. BENEDICT, VULGARLY CALLED BENNET FINK.

This church is thus denominated from its dedication to St. Benedict, an Italian saint, and founder of the order of Benedictine Monks; and the additional epithet of Fink, it received from its rebuilder, Robert Fink. This church was taken down in 1843, to make way for the New Royal Exchange.

ST. BENNET'S GRASS CHURCH.

This church, which is a rectory, stands at the south-west corner of Fenchurch Street, and near to the Old Grass* Market, from whence it derives its additional name.

ST. BENNET SHEREHOG.

This church originally went by the name of St. Osyth, from its being dedicated to a queen and martyr of that name. However, she appears to have been but a very impotent protectrix, in suffering herself to be divested of the tutelage of this church by Benedict Shorne, a fishmonger; a rebuilder, a repairer, or benefactor to the same; and Shorne, his surname, deviating into Shrog, was at last converted into Sherehog; and Benedict, as already mentioned, turned into Bennet. This church was destroyed in the great fire, and not rebuilt.

ST. MARTIN ORGAR.

This church, in Candlewick ward, derives its appellation from one Odgarus, who was a benefactor to it. It was also destroyed, but not rebuilt.

ST. MARY OVERIE.

This church in Southwark, by some called St. Saviour's, and by others St. Mary Overier, derives the latter name, which is a corruption from Over River, from the following circumstance:"A ferry was formerly kept where the bridge now stands. At length the ferryman and his wife died, and left the same ferry to their only daughter, a maiden named Mary, which, with the goods left by her parents, as also with the profits arising from the said ferry, she built a house of sisters, and afterwards, at her decease,

*See Gracechurch Street.

bequeathed the whole of her property to the said sisters, and towards building and endowing a church, which, in gratitude to their benefactress, they called St. Mary Over River, but which ultimately was corrupted or abbreviated to St. Mary Overie."

ST. DIONIS BACK-CHURCH.

This church owes its name to St. Dionis, Dionysius, or Dennis, who, upon St. Paul's preaching at Athens, was converted, and became the first bishop of that city, and afterwards patron of the French nation. The epithet Back-church, was conferred upon this church from its situation behind a row of houses, to distinguish it from the church of St. Gabriel, which stood in the middle of Fenchurch Street; therefore these churches were anciently known by no other appellation than those of Fore and Back Church. It was destroyed by the great fire, and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren.

ST. KATHERINE CREE.

This church, which is situate on the north side of Leadenhall street, owes its name to its dedication to St. Katherine, the Egyptian virgin; and the epithet of Christ (corruptly Cree), from its vicinity to the conventual church of the Holy Trinity, originally denominated Christ Church.*

ST. MARGARET PATTENS.

This church, situate at the corner of Little Tower Street, owes its name to St. Margaret, and the circumstance that this parish anciently was principally inhabited by Patten-makers.

ST. MARTIN'S OUTWICH.

This church, which is situate in Threadneedle Street, derives its name from St. Martin: "On the south part of Threeneedle street, beginning at the East by the well with two Buckets, now turned to a pump, is the Parish Church of Saint Martin, called Oteswich, from Martin de Oteswich, Nicholas de Oteswich, William Oteswich, and John Oteswich, founders thereof."-Stow, p. 68. The Old Church escaped the great fire of 1666, but was seriously injured in the Bishopsgate Street fire of Nov. 7, 1765. It was temporarily patched up, but was taken down in 1796, and rebuilt as we now see it by Sir S. P. Cockerell.

ST. MARY, ALDERMARY.

This church, which is situate in Bow Lane, owes its name to its dedication to the Virgin Mary, and the additional epithet of

*The old Church was taken down in 1628; and the present one was consecrated by Dr. Laud (then Bishop of London), Jan. 16, 1630-1.

Aldermary, or Eldermary, from its being the oldest church in the city dedicated to the Virgin. Stow says, " A very fair new church was laid there by Henry Keble, Grocer, Mayor, who deceased 1518, and was there buried." This was destroyed in the great fire, and rebuilt by Wren in 1681.

ST. MARY BOTHAW.

This church, situate in Turnwheel Lane, receives the former part of its name from being dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and the latter to its vicinity to a Boat Haw, or a Boatbuilder's yard.

ST. MARY-AT-HILL.

This church, which is situate in the Ward of Billingsgate, owes its name, like the above mentioned, to the Virgin, and its situation upon a pleasant eminence.

ST. MARY COLECHURCH.

This church, says Maitland, derives its name from Peter Colechurch, who first began the building of London Bridge* with stone; he was buried in a chapel on the bridge, from whence his body was removed, on the taking down of the houses, to the church which now bears his name. It stood at the south-west

corner of the Old Jewry, in the Poultry.

ST. MARY SOMERSET.

This church, which is opposite Broken Wharf, in Thames Street, owes its former name to Mary the Virgin; and the additional epithet of Somerset, to its vicinity to Summer's Het, or Hithe, a small port or haven, resembling that of Queenhithe.

ST. MICHAEL BASSISHAW."

This church, situate on the west side of Basinghall street, in the Ward of Bassishaw, is thus denominated from its dedication to St. Michael, the archangel, and the place of its situation, near Basing's Haw, or Hall.

ST. MARY MOUNTHAUNT.

This church, on the west side of Old Fish-street hill, derives its name from its dedication to the Virgin, and its having been first built as a chapel to a House inhabited by the family of Mounthaunts, in the county of Norfolk.

* See London Bridge.