den, near New-Haven. Pistols, silver-plate and jewelry are manufactured as articles of exportation, in Berlin, the two first also in Middletown; and the copper and silver smith business is carried on extensively in Hartford, and several other towns. Horn and ivory combs are manufactured in Saybrook, Mansfield and Middletown; machine and hand cards extensively in Hartford, and machinery, for carding &c. in New-Hartford, and various other towns. The manufacture of powder has received considerable attention. There are 11 powder mills in the State, a considerable number of which are in East-Hartford. The manufacture of paper has also received great attention. This manufacture is carried on principally at East-Hartford, Norwich, Windham and Coventry. There are 24 paper mills in the State; and there is a paper-hanging manufactory at Hartford, which pursues the business upon an extensive scale.

The principal seat of the glass manufactures is in East-Hartford and Coventry. There are four glass factories in the State; they manufacture bottles, and glass ware of other descriptions, which are principally sent abroad for a market.

The cotton manufacture in Connecticut is already an important interest, and promises to become an extensive business; opening a wide field for industry, affording employment to a vast amount of capital, and contributing essentially to the general prosperity of the State, by keeping its citizens and capital at home. There are, at this time, 67 cotton factories in the State, some of which are upon an extensive scale. The cotton manufacture commenced about fifteen years ago, and has experienced various vicissitudes, and had to encounter great difficulties; and although the business has at times suffered great depression, yet, in general, it has "grown with its growth and strengthened with its strength." The business was very flourishing during the war, but has been greatly depressed since the peace. It has been reviving, however, for some time past; and now exhibits renewed vigour and activity. New companies are forming, and additional capital is invested in the business; and those establishments which discontinued their operations after the late peace, and were suffered to decay, have, in general, been repaired and put in operation, many of them having been transferred to other hands. This, as well as most other great national interests, seems likely to owe its permanent establishment and ultimate prosperity to the enterprise and sacrifices of individuals. Like the vanguard of an army, those who go forward in most kinds of manufactures, are destined to be sacrificed for the general good.

In the cotton manufacture, Windham county takes the lead; there being in this county 22 cotton factories, most of which are upon a large scale. The extent of the business here, the amount of the capital invested, and the employment which it affords, gives it a rank, second only to that of agriculture, in the interests of the county; and whilst it contributes to its prosperity, it cannot fail of having a salutary of

fect in checking the spirit of emigration, and of maintaining its population at home.

The woolen manufacture has already become an important business in this State. There are 66 woolen factories; some of which are upon an extensive scale, and employ a large capital and considerable industry. Some of these establishments were among the first in the United States, and have acquired a reputation which has, perhaps, not been attained by any other; particularly those of Humphreysville, Middletown and Wolcottsville. The cloths manufactured at these establishments have united a fine texture with an elegant finishing; and while they have been superior, in strength and firmness, they have been considered as scarcely inferior, in style of manufacture, to first rate English cloths. The woolen manufactories of this State, in common with those of others, have experienced great depression since the peace, but are now beginning to revive; and it is believed that they will generally be able to resume their operations, and that it will soon become a prosperous and important business, and a source of profit as well as of industry. While upon the subject of woolen manufactures, the attention is invited to those which are more emphatically of a domestic character. The domestic manufactures in this State are extensive and important, and consist of woolen, linen and cotton; but the former is the most important. With the exception of the cities, almost every family manufactures the substantial woolen fabrics, for their own consumption. The domestic or household manufacture of woolen cloths is greatly facilitated and promoted, by the number of carding machines and cloth dressing establishments which abound in every direction, and which, within a few years, have become greatly improved in the business. Of the latter, there are in this State more than 200; and of the former, about 250.

Government. It is well known, that for nearly thirty years, Connecticut and New-Haven formed two distinct colonies, having separate and independent governments. In the year 1639, the inhabitants of the towns of Hartford, Windsor and Wethersfield formed and entered into articles of association, which constituted the basis of the government of the colony of Connecticut, until 1662. This year, a number of the most distinguished citizens, having made application, obtained of Charles II. King of Great-Britain, a charter, constituting the colony of Connecticut, the limits of which were defined, a civil corporation, and investing it with the power of self-government; the authority being entrusted to a Governor, Deputy Governor, twelve Assistants and the freemen of the colony. The provisions of this charter were vague and defective, considered as the basis of a civil government, and many of them scarcely intelligible. It however granted important privileges for a colonial government; there being no other restriction upon the authority of the colony, than that its laws must not contravene those of the parent country.

The colony of New-Haven, which had heretofore been distinct and independent, was included within the colony of Connecticut, as defined by the charter; and after a resistance of several years, they acknowledged the authority of the government of Connecticut established according to the charter.

By the organization of the government under the charter, the legislative power was vested in two branches; one called the Council, consisting of the Governor, Deputy-Governor and twelve Assistants, and the other the House of Representatives, composed of the deputies of the freemen, of which the ancient towns were entitled to two each. The General Court, as these two branches were called, was authorized to make laws, to constitute judicatories, and to exercise all the essential powers of government.

After the declaration of independence, this State did not follow the example of most of the other States, and adopt a written constitution, but continued the government according to the ancient form; a statute being enacted the session following the memorable 4th July, 1776, which provided that the government should continue to be organized and administered according to the provisions of the charter. It was apparent, that this statute could have no more authority than any other act of the General Assembly; and that it might be repealed at any subsequent session; yet, by the common consent of the people, the government was acquiesced in, and continued in this form until the recent formation of a constitution.

By the ancient government, the freemen met semi-annually, in April and in September. The Governor, Deputy-Governor and twelve Assistants were elected in April, for one year; and the deputies were elected both in April and September; being chosen only for six months. Until some years since, the Council constituted the supreme judicial tribunal; being a Court of Errors. But for some years, this power has been lodged in different hands; the several judges of the Superior Court having been constituted the Supreme Court of Errors. With this exception, the government continued without any essential alteration, until the 15th of September 1818,when the present constitution of government was framed by a convention of Delegates, elected by the people for that purpose. The Delegates of this convention were elected in pursuance of a Resolve of the General Assembly, at the preceding May session; each town electing the same number that it did Representatives to the Assembly. By a resolve of the convention, it was directed that the constitution should be submitted directly to the people; and that if a majority of the qualified electors approved of it, it should become the constitution and supreme law of the State. It was accordingly submitted to the electors, assembled in their respective towns, on the 5th day of October, and was ratified by a majority of 1554. From the importance of this instrument, we have thought it better to embody it entire, than to attempt to give an abstract of its provisions.

CONSTITUTION

OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT.

PREAMBLE.

THE people of Connecticut acknowledging with gratitude, the good providence of God, in having permitted them to enjoy a free government, do, in order more effectually to define, secure and perpetuate the liberties, rights and privileges which they have derived from their ancestors, hereby, after a careful consideration and revision, ordain and establish the following Constitution and form of Civil Govern

ment.

Article First.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

That the great and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established,

WE DECLARE,

§ 1. That all men, when they form a social compact, are equal in rights; and that no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive public emoluments or privileges from the community.

§ 2. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and that they have at all times an undeniable and indefeasible right to alter their form of government in such manner as they may think expedient.

§3. The exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination, shall forever be free to all persons in this State, provided that the right hereby declared and established shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or to justify practices inconsistent with the peace and safety of the State. § 4. No preference shall be given by law to any christian sect or mode of worship.

§ 5. Every citizen may freely speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty. § 6. No law shall ever be passed to curtail or restrain the liberty of speech or of the press.

§ 7. In all prosecutions or indictments for libels, the truth may be given in evidence, and the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts, under the direction of the court.

§ 8. The people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions from unreasonable searches and seizures; and no warrant to search any place, or to seize any person or things, shall issue without describing them as nearly as may be, nor without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.

§ 9. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have a right to be heard by himself and by counsel; to demand the nature and cause. of the accusation; to be confronted by the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process to obtain witnesses in his favour; and in all prosecutions by indictment or information, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury. He shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, but by due course. of law. And no person shall be holden to answer for any crime, the punishment of which may be death, or imprisonment for life, unless on a presentment or an indictment of a grand jury; except in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war, or public danger.

§ 10. No person shall be arrested, detained or punished, except in cases clearly warranted by law.

§ 11. The property of no person shall be taken for public use, without just compensation therefor.

§ 12. All courts shall be open, and every person, for an injury done him in his person, property or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial or delay.

§ 13. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed.

§ 14. All prisoners shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offences, where the proof is evident, or the presumption great; and the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it; nor in any case, but by the legislature.

§ 15. No person shall be attainted of treason or felony, by the legislature.

§ 16. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble for their common good, and to apply to those invested with the powers of government, for redress of grievances, or other proper purposes, by petition, address or remonstrance.

§ 17. Every citizen has a right to bear arms in defence of himself and the State.

§ 18. The military shall, in all cases, and at all times, be in strict subordination to the civil power.

19. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.