A particularly interesting example of the fact that ammonia has largely taken the place of the fixed alkalies and earths is found in tobacco leaves. Only specialists can recognize their quality at a glance; the great majority only perceive the difference when the leaves, made into cigars, are lighted. Then the one kind, grown on the Virginia soil, rich in magnesia and lime, gives us light, loose ashes and a fine aroma, while the product of Vierraden (Prussia), manured with stable dung and liquid manure, in which ammonia takes the place of lime and magnesia, coals," and diffuses an unpleasant

odor.

The chemical "strong" food for the soil in the shape of the Chili-nitre, which contains nitrogen, and has been awarded the premium over all its competitors, has proved a miserable failure; but the theorists are indefatigable. They now advocate chemical " strong "food for cattle, and there are many people who put this latest theory into disastrous practice. All of us have to bear the evil consequences of this. Does not stable-feeding cohere with this " strong" feeding and this forced fattening? And does not the stable air so poor in oxygen cause the murrain of cattle? And does not the mortality of our children spring from the cow-milk poor in earths? That in consequence of fertilizing with stable manure crops poor in earths are produced is indubitable after what has been previously stated. From these nutriments poor in earths again follows a host of ills - nervous debility, nervous sufferings, decomposition of lymph and serum, which are continually becoming more prevalent. Among these diseases are anæmia, chlorosis, scrofula, swelling of the lymphatic glands, cutaneous diseases, asthma, catarrhal states, nervousness, epilepsy, gout, rheumatism, corpulency, dropsy, consumption, diabetes, etc., as I have demonstrated anatomically and physiologically in my book "Makrobiotik " or "Our Diseases and Our Remedies." Fertilizing with stone-meal will in future give us normal and healthy crops and fodder.

Will Fertilizing with Stone-meal Pay?

The practical point to settle is how far fertilizing with stone-meal pays, what yield it will afford, and whether it will be profitable for the farmer to use it. I shall therefore treat this subject as exhaustively as possible and give an exact account of the results obtained.

It must be here premised that the fineness of the stamping or grinding and the most complete intermixture of the constituent parts are of the greatest importance for securing the greatest benefit from stone-meal fertilizing. A manufactured article of this kind has recently been submitted to me which showed in a sieve of moderate fineness three-fourths of the weight in coarse residuum. But as the solubility of the stone-meal, and thus its efficiency, increases in proportion with its fineness, the greatest possible circumspection is required in grinding it. The finer the stone dust the more energetically can the dissolving moisture of the soil and the oxygen and nitrogen of the air act upon it. A grain of stone dust of moderate fineness may be reduced in a mortar of agate into perhaps twenty little particles, and then every little particle may be rendered accessible to the water and the air, and can, therefore, be used as plant food. Thence it follows that one single load of the very finest stonemeal will do as much as twenty loads of a coarser product, so that by reducing to the finest dust the cost for freight and carriage and the use of horse and cart would amount to only one-twentieth. Therefore we can afford to pay a higher price for the finest stone-meal that has been passed through a sieve than for an article that may not be so much a fine powder but rather a kind of coarse sand. The average contents of ash in cereals is about three per cent. Thence, from three pounds of pure vegetable ashes we could raise a hundred pounds of crops. Now, as stone-meal properly made contains an abundance of plant food in assimilable form, it may be calculated to produce four cwt. of cereals, or that an annual use of six cwt. to the acre will produce twenty-four cwt. of grain. On this basis every farmer can calculate whether it will pay. But in reality the harvest will be far greater, because even without the stone-meal most fields still possess some supply of mineral nutriment for plants which will become effective in addition thereto.

The author then presents in summary form the significance of stonemeal as a natural fertilizer. He contends that there is not only a greater quantity of produce, but also a better quality. Sugar-beets gain more sugar, amounting in some cases to an increase of 75 per cent. Potatoes and cereals show a greater proportion of starch. Oil crops, such as poppies, rape, etc., show more seed-vessels and a corresponding increase in oil. Pulse, such as beans, peas, yields more lecithin, that is, oil containing phosphate of ammonia as the chemical basis of nerve-substance. Fruits and all vegetables receive a more delicate flavor. The author states that the vegetables in his garden became so famous that his neighbors and guests would ask, "How do you manage that?" Meadows are said to furnish grass and hay of more nutritive value. Vines form stronger

shoots, give sweeter grapes, and are not touched by insects or fungous diseases. The soil is steadily built up and improved by this natural fertilizer, being progressively "normalized."

Stone-meal as a Tobacco Fertilizer.

Of late years the general attention of tobacco growers has centered in the query, "What is the best manure for obtaining a good tobacco?" It stands to reason that, if for a number of years tobacco is grown on the same fields, in the course of time the soil must be rendered bare of the constituents entering into the remarkable quantity of ash which tobacco contains. There is no other product of the soil which gives as much ashes as does tobacco, for the best dried leaves will yield from 14 to 27 per cent, while, for example, dried ash or beech leaves only yield 4.75 per cent, and most other plants contain still less, dried pine needles yielding only 1.25 per cent.

The question now arises what shall be used instead of stable manure as a fertilizer? Our answer is, that, inasmuch as forest trees are grown on rocky soil which contains potash, soda, lime, and magnesia in combination with silica alumina and phosphoric acid, we must, instead of burning the expensive trees for the purpose of obtaining their ashes for tobacco manure, go back to the original substances out of which the trees were created, and these are minerals found in the rocks. This is as plain a proposition as the egg of Columbus.

A healthy and fine quality of tobacco can only be grown by the use of a liberal supply of a mineral mixture which yields in appropriate proportions silicate of potash and soda together with carbonate of lime and magnesia and a small proportion of phosphoric acid, such as was present originally in the virgin soil of the tobacco lands of Virginia.

In accordance with these principles suitable mixtures of the several kinds of rocks have been prepared in the form of very fine powder for the production of fine tobacco, and it is at present [1893] being used with great success in the Palatinate in Germany.

Extract from a paper contributed to the Deutsches Adelsblatt, January 31st, 1892.

According to these facts, a fertilizer which will satisfy the natural demand for supplying the minerals necessary for the construction of plants should contain to one part of phosphoric acid eight parts of potassa, soda, lime, and magnesia, if we are willing to leave out of our count phosphoric, hydrochloric and silicic acid.

Such a fertilizer, however, is found in every primitive rock. Primitive rocks do not, indeed, contain more than one per cent of phosphoric acid, but that is quite sufficient; it is, indeed, the measure wisely appointed by the Creator of all things, for the other constituents of granite, porphyry, etc., which furnish the nourishment for plants, consist of about six per cent of potassa and soda and two per cent of lime and magnesia. The residue of the rock serves as a substance dispersed between the basic substances to keep them apart, and they are dissolved out of their combination with silicic acid only as they are applied to use. Thence we receive such wholesome cereals from mountainous countries, such as furnished by Hungary, encircled by the Carpathian mountains, in contrast with the prevalence of diseases due to the decomposition of the blood of men and animals in the exhausted plains which are supplied with stable manure.

We extract the following from an article written by Mr. Hensel, July, 1892, at Hermsdorf unterm Kynast:

I have before this taken occasion, in the Deutsches Adelsblatt, to show that calling the stonemeal manure " is not correct, as it is superior to the so-called manures in this, that it restores normal conditions, while manures only furnish artificial help and are thus only makeshifts. The whole state of the case is as follows:

After the cultivation of many thousands of years, the earth, exhausted of the material that forms cells, is of itself unwilling to produce as many nutritive plants as men and animals need for their sustenance. Under these conditions, either unexhausted new soil must be used, or nutrition which has been consumed must be restored to the soil of the fields.

Contributions from Other Sources.

By Herman Fischer, M.D., Westend, Charlottenburg.

Since the spring of 1890 I have used stone-meal manure in my garden, situated on our wellknown sandy soil, and am extraordinarily well pleased with the result. I have picked from a row of raspberry bushes about twenty-three yards long fifty quarts of the most delicious fruit, some of over one inch in length and three-fourths of an inch in diameter. What is especially surprising is that I have found no worms at all either in my raspberries or in my early pears and apples; the winter apples also so far have not shown a single worm-eaten fruit. I have cut asparagus weighing from six to nine ounces, one foot long, circumference one and one-half inches. The taste of this asparagus was excellent. I would especially point to the quality and most delicious savor of fruits grown with this manure in contradistinction to that grown with stable manure.

Dr. Emil Schlegel, practicing physician in Tubingen, in an article makes the following extract from Mr. Hensel's book.

Almost every field contains stones which have been acted upon only in part by the dissolving moisture of the soil, and which therefore show a more or less rounded form. These stones, as they injure the spade or plow, are usually removed to the sides of the fields and are there heaped up, and are then sold at a cheap rate for use on the highways. The farmer who acts thus sells his birthright for less than a pottage of lentils, for he removes the source of fertility from his fields. If such stones are heated in the stove or on the hearth for half an hour and then thrown into water they become so friable that they may be broken into small pieces by the hands and may be easily pulverized with a hammer.

Extract from a letter from Otto Schoenfeld, Director of the Agricultural and Forestry School, of date August 17, 1893:

The cultivation of sugar-beets can be doubled by stone-meal. In West Preussen I have established an experimental station for the proper use of stone-meal on a large estate near Braunsberg, belonging to Herr von Bestroff. I hope my first tour in behalf of stone-meal has not been in vain, and I intend, God willing, to repeat these tours annually, so as to benefit our great and important cause with all my strength. I am quite confident that stone-meal combined in the proper way with lime will by its practical success carry off the victory.

Letter from Mr. K. Utermohlen to the Pomological Society, Heimgarten in Buelach.

By means of the stone-meal manure of Hensel we shall soon surpass all similar undertakings. If the tree has a sufficiency of this primitive substance under its roots, it is not only fruitful, but no more sensitive as to frost and diseases. Nor will it be infested as much by insects, as it will be healthy, having a pure sap. For the last two years I have been making various experiments with stone-meal manure, and indeed with the different kinds. From my experience with it I have come to the firm conviction that we need no other manure at all but this. I wish I could speak with angels' tongues to make clear to you its great importance. If we give to the trees when first planted some of this manure between their roots they will be twice as strong and vigorous as without it.

ears.

From Land- und Hauswirthschaftliche Rundschau No. 11, 1893.

We have received the following report in regard to the use of the new stone-meal fertilizer: In spite of the great drouth the rye on 18% acres of ground had stout stalks and long thick The tenant told us that little more than five cwt. to the acre had been used. Just as luxuriant, with dark green stalks and leaves, stood the oats, 12 acres, right by the highway. This piece of ground had not had any stable manure for many years, and had only received 20 cwt. of stone-meal with an addition of six cwt. of iron slag. The comparison with neighboring fields which had been well cultivated but differently manured was very much in favor of the manuring with stone-meal.

The volume under consideration contains many more complimentary notices in regard to stone-meal and its gratifying results when used as a fertilizer for agricultural purposes, but it would seem as if sufficient had been said to show its practical value, and also to show that instead of its use being a new discovery it has been applied to the gardens, fields, and farms of Germany since 1890.

Mr. A. J. Tafel, previous to his death in 1895, had associated himself with Mr. H. B. Cochran, and they manufactured the stone-meal on a small scale, most of it being used in an experimental way, although some was sold. Seven different formulae were made up for different crops, such as potatoes, fruit trees, tobacco, hops, etc.

Mr. G. H. Tafel says that at the time of the publication of the little book "Bread from Stones" the New York Weekly Tribune reviewed it. very thoroughly and printed a series of articles on the use of stone-meal as a fertilizer. Under these circumstances, it cannot be claimed by anyone at the present time that the use of stone-meal as a fertilizer is a new discovery.

INJUNCTIONS AGAINST STRIKES AND BOYCOTTS.

Within the past few years injunctions have grown to a great extent both in number and importance. This is true not only of Massachusetts but of the whole United States. The Bureau has only considered the subject of injunctions in a general way when detailing accounts of strikes and lockouts in the Commonwealth or in their connection with the trade union movement.

Among labor organizations in this State the word boycott is rather avoided than used. Instead of this term is substituted "unfair," which does not carry with it the legal status or consequences that are attached to the boycott.

In this Bulletin we present for the first time court records of some of the injunctions affecting labor which have been issued in Massachusetts during the year 1906 to date. We preface the condensed records of the injunction cases with extracts from articles appearing in the American Law Review, Vol. XL, Nos. 1 and 2, with the kind permission of the Editor and the Review Publishing Co. of St. Louis.

Strikes.

The interference of the equity courts in labor disputes is of comparatively recent date. The first injunction issued against a combination of employees was in the case of the Springhead Spinning Co. v. Riley, 6 Eq. Cas. 557, an English case decided in 1866; and it was not until 1888 that the practice was introduced into America by the case of Brace Bros. v. Evans, 1 Pa. Ct. Rep. 163.

The aim of the injunction is to protect rights by preventing the commission of wrongs. When injury is threatened, the plaintiff may obtain a preliminary injunction at the outset, addressed not only to certain persons named therein, their agents, and servants, but to "all persons generally." A most interesting case is United States v. Debs, 64 Fed. 724, which marks the furthest extension of the "omnibus injunction" yet seen in our courts. See also Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. N. Pac. Ry. Co., 60 Fed. 803. After due hearing the injunction may be made permanent. Any interference with the property or rights protected by it renders the offender liable for contempt of court, the punishment for which is the most summary proceeding known to our law, consisting, as it does, of fine and imprisonment imposed at the discretion of the court, subject to no appeal, and without a jury trial, even where the acts punished are criminal.

A strike is a concerted cessation of labor on the part of workingmen, resorted to in order to compel their employer to grant them concessions of some kind. Formerly, when wages were fixed by statute, any combination to secure higher rates by refusing to work was treated as a criminal conspiracy. The persistence of the workers, however, has forced a complete change of feeling. The courts announce that men have an absolute right to combine for the purposes of a strike.

In many cases, a wrongful strike causes irreparable injury, for which the law furnishes no adequate remedy. It soon became necessary, therefore, to determine definitely whether under any circumstances whatever a strike could be enjoined. The question was first touched upon in Toledo A. A. & N. M. Ry. Co. v. Pa. Co. et al., 54 Fed. 746. Judge Ricks, in his opinion, drew a distinction between employees of private corporations and those of public service corporations, and held that while the former class might not be prevented from quitting work at pleasure, the duties of an employee of a public corporation are such that he cannot always choose his own time for quitting that service. In the great case of Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., 60 Fed. 803, a strike was actually enjoined. Judge Jenkins decided that the strike about to be ordered by the employees against a reduction in their scale of wages might

take place only after reasonable notice to the receivers (of the defendant corporation). This order directly abridged the freedom of employees to leave the personal service of their employer. This case excited the widest comment, both in this country and abroad. An appeal was taken to the United States Circuit Court, where Mr. Justice Harlan reversed the holding of the lower court (Arthur v. Oakes, 63 Fed. 310), denying that the court could, under any circumstances, compel a man to remain in the personal service of another. He pointed out clearly what the judges in the preceding cases had failed to observe - that, though a strike may be illegal or criminal, yet from its nature it cannot be enjoined. This rule has never been questioned; and it may be regarded as firmly established that under no conditions, as the law now stands, will the act of leaving employment be interfered with by a court of equity.

In the Toledo Ry. case, Judge Ricks also introduced another novel doctrine. One of the engineers on trial claimed that he had quitted work, just as his fellows had done; but the court found that he had really remained in the railroad's service and refused to handle the complainant's cars. He was therefore punished severely for contempt under the theory that so long as a workman continues in the service of a railroad, "so long the power of the court to compel him to discharge all the duties of his position is unquestionable, and will be exercised." This goes far toward enforcing a contract for personal service, but it has never been overruled, and must therefore be considered as binding precedent.

Associations of labor are no longer condemned by the courts, but are now favorably regarded, since, as a rule, such associations are lawful in their inception, and are formed for praiseworthy purposes. A combination, however, becomes unlawful when it adopts a wrongful purpose, or when it seeks a lawful end by illegal means. The courts hold to-day that combinations of labor which would have amounted to conspiracies at common law, even where the criminal character is removed from them by statute, are still unlawful, and that their acts which threaten continuing or irreparable injury may be prevented.

The act of the union officers in calling a strike deserves careful consideration. Under the modern aspect of trade organizations, a strike may in reality be effectually blocked by placing certain inhibitions upon these officers. Often with the absolute power to call strikes, and the direction of the strike after it has commenced, it is evident that the organization machinery is put under the control of comparatively few men. How far may the courts enjoin the exercise of these lawful powers? In general, where the strike is designed to injure an employer, and the benefit to the union is not sufficient justification, such procurement of workmen to quit work amounts in law to a malicious injury and may be restrained. When, however, the officers undertake to order a strike to secure any legal benefit to the union or its members which may fairly repel any presumption of malice arising from the intentional infliction of injury upon the employer, no injunction will lie against them.

The question of how far may unions carry their enmity toward non-union men, without becoming subject to equity restraint, presents some of the choicest instances of conflicting opinion to be found in the entire field of labor law. The earlier cases held illegal all combinations of workmen to compel by threats of strike the discharge of others, since their act was considered an undue interference with the business of the employer, and a restraint upon the workingman's freedom to labor as he will. At present the preponderance of authority favors the proposition that a union may demand the dismissal of non-members, if thereby they intend only to advance their own legitimate and material interests; and they may enforce their demand by a peaceable and quiet strike. When a union undertakes to deprive a workman of his place solely out of malice toward him or out of other evil motives, then the combination is illegal, as conspiracy at common law. Great disagreement surrounds the question, What is "justifiable cause" which legalizes the act of procuring another man's discharge? In general, this last may be done only to obtain some immediate, palpable, and substantial benefit for the union or its members. Most of the cases on this subject have arisen where the purpose of the union has been to compel non-union members to join it, which purpose is prosecuted by strikes against every one who employs them. The weight of authority is that such a purpose is not justifiable cause.

Practically it is not always easy to determine just what is the motive that leads a union to demand the discharge of non-members, and the law on this question is scarcely settled as conflicting opinions have been given in New York (Nat. P. Assn. v. Cumming, 63 N. E. 369) and in Maryland (Lucke v. Clothing Cutters Assembly, 26 Atl. 505).

Among the most striking examples of legal acts enjoined because malicious, are certain forms of persuasion exerted upon employees by union members. If the men are bound to the employer by contract not to join a union, or by a contract of service, persuasion becomes an organized attempt to violate contract rights and may be enjoined. It may also be restrained when resorted to for an illegal purpose.

Boycotts.

A boycott is a combination wrongfully to harm a person by coercing others, through fear of loss and injury, to withdraw from him their beneficial business intercourse (Bovier's Law Dictionary). Boycotts essentially imply combinations. The courts, as a rule, allow combinations of