Armies without Nations: Public Violence and State Formation in Central America, 1821-1960

Sampul Depan
Oxford University Press, 1 Apr 2004 - 352 halaman
Public violence, a persistent feature of Latin American life since the collapse of Iberian rule in the 1820s, has been especially prominent in Central America. Robert H. Holden shows how public violence shaped the states that have governed Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Linking public violence and patrimonial political cultures, he shows how the early states improvised their authority by bargaining with armed bands or montoneras. Improvisation continued into the twentieth century as the bands were gradually superseded by semi-autonomous national armies, and as new agents of public violence emerged in the form of armed insurgencies and death squads. World War II, Holden argues, set into motion the globalization of public violence. Its most dramatic manifestation in Central America was the surge in U.S. military and police collaboration with the governments of the region, beginning with the Lend-Lease program of the 1940s and continuing through the Cold War. Although the scope of public violence had already been established by the people of the Central American countries, globalization intensified the violence and inhibited attempts to shrink its scope. Drawing on archival research in all five countries as well as in the United States, Holden elaborates the connections among the national, regional, and international dimensions of public violence. Armies Without Nations crosses the borders of Central American, Latin American, and North American history, providing a model for the study of global history and politics. Armies without Nations was a CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title for 2005.

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Introduction
3
18211939
7
Historical Dimensions of Public Violence in Latin America
9
Public Violence State and Nation in Central American History
25
Organizing for War
50
A Democracy of Violence
58
Caudillos in Search of an Army
68
A New Army Finds Its Caudillo
80
The United States and Central America
119
Showcase of Latin America
134
Distrustful Collaborator
159
Remaking an Armed Rabble
174
Ready to Receive Orders from Uncle Sam
196
An Army Renamed
214
Conclusions
227
Statistical Appendix
233

Caudillos in Search of a State
96
19401960
114
Transformations
115
Works Cited
303
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Robert H. Holden is an Associate Professor of History at Old Dominion University. He is the author of Mexico and the Survey of the Public Lands: The Management of Modernization, 1876-1911 and the co-editor of Latin America and the United States: A Documentary History (OUP, 2000).

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