179. Certificate of deposit of a passport and registry of a citizen of 180. Certificate to be attached to a passport application in China when a notary public or other officer authorized to admin- ister oaths is not accessible to the applicant... 131. Travel certificate to the possessor of a passport in China.. 182. Travel certificate to be issued to an applicant for a passport EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. Ben Blatch Blatch. & H. Benedict's United States District Court Reports. Blatchford's United States Circuit Court Reports. Blatchford & Howland's United States District Court Bowler's 1st Comp. Dec... Decisions of the First Comptroller of the Treasury Cal Cliff C. Cls. R Curtis. Curtis on Seamen Dana's Wheaton. How. Low Mason Nev Olcott. Op Att. Gen. R. S.. 8 Saw Sprague Stat. L.. Sumn.. Swabey.. Taney's Dec.. U.S. U.S. Const. Wall Ware Wash. C. C.. Whart. Int. L. Dig. (1893-94). California Reports. Clifford's United States Circuit Court Reports. Decisions of the Comptroller of the Treasury. Halleck's International Law. Howard's United States Supreme Court Reports. Nevada (Territory) Reports. Olcott's United States District Court Reports. Opinions of the Attorney-General of the United States. Peters's United States Circuit Court Reports. Pickering's Reports (Massachusetts). Revised Statutes of the United States (1878). Synopsis of Treasury Decisions. Sawyer's United States District and Circuit Court Reports. Sprague's United States Admiralty and Maritime Deci. sions. United States Statutes at Large. Sumner's United States Circuit Court Reports. Swabey's Admiralty Reports. Taney's United States Circuit Court Decisions. United States Supreme Court Reports. Wallace's United States Supreme Court Reports. Wheaton's United States Supreme Court Reports. WASHINGTON, D. O. INTRODUCTION. ORIGIN OF CONSULAR JURISDICTION. Early in the history of commerce it became necessary for commercial states to establish a jurisdiction over seamen, vessels, and merchandise. And as the operations of commerce in foreign ports might involve national interests, as well as the individual interests of merchants and seamen, it became equally necessary that this jurisdiction should be exercised by a national agent. Hence we find among the commercial states of antiquity commercial magistrates with functions similar to those vested in the consuls of modern times, though much more extensive. Whether these magistrates received the title of consul from motives of vanity, as observed by one writer,1 or from the importance of their office and the sovereign authority by which it was bestowed, as asserted by another, it is nevertheless true that when it ceased to distinguish the executive magistrate of Rome it came to be used by the commercial states of former times to designate the officers who resided at foreign ports to protect their citizens and their commercial interests. And the name has been continued in modern 3 1 Brown's Elements of Civil Law. 17824 C R-1 1 |