with Turkey he is entitled to suitable distinction and necessary aid and protection. In Maskat he enjoys the inviolability of a diplomatic officer. In Austria-Hungary and France he is to enjoy personal immunities; but in France, if a citizen of France, or owning property there, or engaged in commerce, he can claim only the immunities granted to other citizens of the country who own property or to merchants. In AustriaHungary and Roumania, if engaged in business, he can be detained only for commercial debts. In Colombia the consuls of the United States have no diplomatic character. In Great Britain, Liberia, Netherlands (as to colonies), Nicaragua, and Paraguay they are regarded as appointed for the protection of trade.

EXEMPTION FROM OBLIGATION TO APPEAR AS A WITNESS.

82. This is secured absolutely by convention with France, and, except for defense of persons charged with crime, by conventions with Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Roumania, Salvador, and Servia. In such case the testimony may be taken in writing at the consul's dwelling. If the consul claims this privilege, he should, in such case, offer to give his evidence in the mode prescribed by the particular convention, and should throw no impediment in the way of the proper administration of justice in the country of his official residence.

EXEMPTION FROM TAXATION.

83. When a consul is not a citizen of the country in which the consulate is situated, and does not own real estate therein, and is not engaged in business therein, he is secured against the liability to taxation by treaties or conventions with Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bolivia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Haiti, Hawaiian Islands, Italy, Kongo Free State, Netherlands (and

colonies), Orange Free State, Persia, Peru, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Salvador, Servia, and Switzerland. In Germany the official income of a consul is not taxable. In general, if a consular officer engages in business or owns property in the country of his official residence, he can not claim exemptions in respect of such business or property other than those accorded to citizens or subjects of the country.

EXEMPTION FROM MILITARY BILLETINGS OR SERVICE AND PUBLIC SERVICE.

84. If consuls are not citizens of the country of their consular residence or domiciled in it at the time of appointment, exemption from military billetings or service is secured by conventions with Austria-Hungary, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Kongo Free State, and Netherlands. Exemption from all public service is secured by treaties with Colombia, Denmark, Germany, Peru, Salvador; and in Colombia the exemption also extends to officers, secretaries, and attachés, and in Servia and Roumania to all citizens of the United States.

INFRACTION OF TREATIES.

85. The right of consuls to correspond with the local authorities in case of any infraction of treaty is secured by conventions with Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Colombia, France, Germany, Italy, Kongo Free State, Netherlands (and colonies), Roumania, Salvador, and Servia; and in case the local authorities fail to give redress and there be no diplomatic representative, they may apply to the government of the country in which they, respectively, exercise their functions.

USE OF THE NATIONAL ARMS AND FLAGS ON OFFICES AND DWELLINGS.

86. The right to place the national arms and the name of the consulate on the offices is given by treaties with AustriaHungary, Italy, and Netherlands (and colonies); on their 17824 C R- -3

offices and dwellings by treaty with Belgium and German the right to place the national flag on their dwellings, exce where there is a legation, by treaties with Austria-Hungar Belgium, Germany, Roumania, and Servia; the right to pla the arms, name, and flag on their offices or dwellings 1 treaties with France and Salvador; and the right to place th name and flag on their dwellings by treaty with Colombi The treaty with the Kongo Free State confers the right raise the flag on the consular office.

DEPOSITIONS.

87. The right to take depositions is secured by convention with Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Colombia, France, German (of American citizens), Italy, Kongo Free State, Netherlands Roumania, Servia, and Salvador.

JURISDICTION OVER DISPUTES BETWEEN MASTERS, OFFICERS AND CREWS.

88. Exclusive jurisdiction over such disputes in the vessel of the United States, including questions of wages, is con ferred by treaties or conventions with Austria-Hungary, Bel gium, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, France. Germany, Greece, Italy, Kongo Free State, Netherlands (and colonies), Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Salvador, Sweden and Norway, and Tripoli.

RIGHT TO RECLAIM DESERTERS.

89. The right to reclaim deserters from the vessels of the United States is conferred by treaties or conventions with Austria-Hungary, Bolivia, Belgium, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Great Britain, Greece. Germany, Hanseatic Republics, Haiti, Hawaiian Islands, Italy, Kongo Free State, Japan, Madagascar, Netherlands (and colonies), Peru, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Salvador,

feden and Norway, and Siam; but if a deserter has comtted a crime against local law the surrender will be delayed til after punishment.

SALVAGE AND WRECKS.

90. The powers of consuls to adjust damages suffered at a and in matters of wrecks and salvage are settled by treaties ith Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bolivia, Borneo, China, Combia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Germany, reece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hawaiian Islands, Honduras, Italy, apan, Korea, Liberia, Madagascar, Maskat, Morocco, Netherinds (including colonies), Ottoman Porte, Paraguay, Rouiania, Salvador, Siam, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Tripoli, nd Tunis. In Maskat and the Ottoman dominions they have he right, in the absence of the owner or agent, to receive he property of American citizens wrecked or captured from pirates.

PERSONAL EFFECTS OF DECEASED CITIZENS OF THE UNITED

STATES.

91. In Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Netherlands (and colonies) the local authorities are required to inform consuls of the death of their countrymen intestate or without known heirs. In Germany, Roumania, and Servia consuls have the right to appear for absent heirs or creditors until regularly authorized representatives appear. In Maskat, Morocco, Persia, Peru, Salvador, Tripoli, and Tunis they may administer on the property of their deceased countrymen. In Colombia they may do so, except when legislation prevents it. In Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua they may nominate curators to take charge of such property, so far as local laws permit. In Paraguay they may become temporary custodians of such property. In Germany they may take charge of the effects of deceased sailors.

EXTRADITION OF FUGITIVE CRIMINALS.

92. Provision has been secured in the treaties with certain countries under which the requisitions for the surrender of fugitives from justice may be made by consular officers in the absence of a diplomatic representative. In such cases the requisition is made by the superior consular officer. Treaties of this character have been concluded with Belgium, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Orange Free State, Ottoman Empire, Russia, Salvador, Siam, Spain, Sweden, and Swiss Confederation.

The treaties with Austria-Hungary, Baden, Bavaria, Hanover, and Prussia provide that requisitions for the surrender may be made through "the ministers, officers, or authorities" of the demanding government. The treaty with Great Britain stipulates that requisitions shall be made by "the ministers or officers authorized to make the same, " and in the treaty with Hawaii "the authorities" may make requisition.

The "officers or authorities" who may make requisition under these treaties are such executive agents or officers of the demanding government as may be entitled to recognition for that purpose at the department of foreign affairs of the government applied to. The latter government may, in its discretion, recognize a consular officer or whom it will as agent ad hoc to make the requisition.-8 Op. Att. Gen., 240. (Paragraphs 423-425.)

JUDICIAL POWERS.

93. By treaties with those countries, consuls have judicial power in civil or criminal cases, or both, in Borneo, China, Japan,1 Korea, Madagascar, Maskat, Morocco, Persia, Samoan

1

1 By treaty of November 2, 1894, between the United States and Japan (Articles XVIII and XIX), the judicial powers of consuls of the United States in Japan will cease July 17, 1899.