adult criminal. The outgrowth of this idea is that juvenile courts have been established in Chicago, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Denver, Washington, D. C., Baltimore and other cities. The result is that for the first time in the history of civilization the mischievous, undisciplined boy is prevented from consorting with the vicious, incurable man.

It is found, however, in Chicago, that at present the system has at least one weak point. This point is the police station. Boys are arrested for sneaking a banana from a fruit stand or for shying a stone through a window and are taken at once to the nearest cells. It is not necessary that they should be taken to the cells. Judge Tuthill is right in his letter to Mayor Harrison when he says that the practice should be stopped.

In the first place, the law on the point is explicit. Children under 12 years shall not be detained in a police station. Children under 16 years shall not be confined in the same building with adult prisoners. This law, being in force, should be observed. In the second place, even if there were no such law, there would be no reason why the police stations should be used for children. There are two other ways in which the children can be handled.

First, the act under which the Juvenile court is established provides that when it becomes known that a child has done things subject to punishment by course of law, the parent, guardian or person with the child shall be summoned to present that child before the court. In case he neglects the summons, he may be fined and imprisoned for contempt of court. Here is the best possible means of bringing the youthful offender to trial. It is a violation of decency as well as of righteousness to bring boys into the atmosphere of the police station. Now and then the thing cannot be helped. It becomes inevitable. In most cases, however, the parents can take the place of the police officers and can save their children from that trio of demoralizing influences the arrest, the patrol wagon and the cell. Those parents who refuse to assist the state can be brought to their senses by any judge who has courage and energy.

Second, in cases in which immediate arrest is necessary, as, for example, when one boy stabs another, the police officer can take his prisoner directly to the Juvenile Detention home on West Adams street. This home is maintained partly by the city and county and partly by the Illinois Industrial association. It is, therefore, a half public and half private enterprise. It provides a lodging for delinquent and dependent children till they can be brought before Judge Tuthill. When children cannot be produced in court by their own parents the proper persons to charge with that duty are the managers of the Detention home. The place for the child is either his father's house or else some institution designed for children alone. There is at present no third place. Least of all is that third place to be ever discovered in a police station.

There is a pitifully large number of juvenile cases in Chicago every year, 17,000 of them, Superintendent Bodine of the compulsory education department says. Only a few of these cases mean actual moral depravity. They should not be treated as if they meant moral depravity. If they are they will come to be the thing they are taken for. If the number of arrests for trivial causes could be reduced it would be well. It is not good for a boy to be arrested. It is usually a great injury to him. His sense of outlawry begins from that moment. And boys with a sense of outlawry are dangerous. As far as possible let the parents do the arresting. Let them themselves bring their children into court. The less there is of stars and bluecoats the better for the future citizen.

LIFE AT ALLENDALE FARM,

Those interested in the care and training of young boys who have been deprived of the benefit of home life should visit Allendale Farm, the home which Mr. Edward F. Bradley has established for such boys at Lake Villa, fifty miles north of Chicago.. Allendale is organized to fit the boy. He is not forced into a mould which is held to be the right shape for a boy. He is allowed to develop naturally, which is always irregularly, and "different." The boy that is not "different" is the colorless, commonplace, mediocre, forceless fellow and the same words will describe him when he is a man. At Allendale there are as many kinds of boys as there are boys.

Going by quick transition from Chicago, Allendale seems at: first glance a toy community. But it is not a toy. The earnestness and naturalness of the forty-five boys prove it. The manner of government proves it. The unmistakable normality of all that goes on proves it. The morbid is omitted. The nervous tension which comes of forcing people to standards which are not voluntary, not preferred, is absent. The atmosphere of the place is wholesome. There is none of the feeling that "this is all very well but can they keep it up?" It keeps itself up. It is natural.

The boys govern themselves, with only that paternal supervision necessary to serve as a balance wheel for inexperience and youthful impulsiveness. There is a mayor, chief of police, a city council. The routine work of the community is assigned to the boys and they are responsible to the government for the manner in which they perform it. "Loafing on the corner" a generic term which includes sitting or standing about in idleness is not tolerated. At certain hours the boys work; at other hours they play. The day's program permits no "loafing on the corner."

Every day the mayor, who by virtue of his office is the magistrate, holds court. At this hour gather in the City Hall the officers of the court, the citizens charged with offenses, the witnesses, and any visitors who chance to be present. The mayor, perhaps fifteen years old, takes his seat without embarrassment and with simple dignity. The clerk of the court, tow-headed, slight, with a small face on which sits the very picture of stern adherence to duty, advances to the rail and says in a firm, serious tone:

"Here ye, here ye, this honorable court is now in session for the administer-a-tion of justice."

"The judge turns to the chief of police, who has his prisoners in the dock, and asks for the first case. The chief of police refers to the papers in his hand and announces that the first case is that of the State vs. Johnnie Jones, charged with destroying property, viz., "breakin' the poker."

"Witnesses will be sworn," says the judge.

The defendant and witnesses file down in front of the judge hold up their right hands and are sworn by the clerk who asks with a solemn recognition of the meaning of the oath:

"Do you solemnly swear to tell the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth?"

The defendant is then asked if he is guilty and answers that he is not. He states that the poker was already cracked and that though it came in two while he was using it, he was not to blame. Witnesses are called who had seen the crack in the poker before. "Case is dismissed," announced the judge.

The next case is called. The chief of police reads from his notes:

"State vs. William Smith. Charged with destruction of property. He broke a window an' laughed."

William Smith being duly sworn admits that he broke the window, but avers that it was an accident and that he is sure he did not laugh, at least not about the window. Witnesses are against him and he is adjudged guilty and fined the cost of a new pane of glass. So the cases are called rapidly and are disposed of with dispatch. The utmost dignity characterizes every thing and the penalties are genuine.

Each boy is paid $3.50 a week for his regular work. From this he must pay $3.00 a week for board and thirty-five cents for certain other services, chief of which is the laundering of his clothes. This leaves him but fifteen cents for pocket money and a fine of twenty-five cents, or the requirement that he shall replace destroyed property is no laughing matter.

The work of Allendale which is not routine, is performed by contract. For instance, a tree is to be felled and cut up into kindling wood. A boy looks it over and proposes to undertake the job for $2.00. The contract is awarded him and he employs one or two other boys at such wages as may be agreed upon between them. The work is done in business-like manner and the money paid. In this way boys may earn more than their $3.50 a week. Some boys who have left Allendale to take positions have had $10.00 or more on departure earned and saved through contract work. The largest recent contract was for the painting of the City Hall, the price paid being $10.00. A boy who is lazy and takes no contracts and who because of fines gets into debt becomes a "pauper" and to him are assigned the less desirable duties. He becomes a sort of "bearer of wood and drawer of water" for the entire community. When he has earned money enough to pay his debts the ban of pauperism is lifted and the past forgotten.Co-operation.

When Judge Tuthill came upon the bench the other morning he was the focus of several hundred pairs of eyes. Nearly every one in the crowded court room strained forward to catch a glimpse of the man whose word was to determine whether they, or in the case of the older persons their children, were to be put under restraint or allowed their freedom. Those who had never seen him before sought to discover from his expression and demeanor some inkling of his probable attitude towards their case. Will he be lenient and give me another chance, or will he punish me this time, was the question each one asked himself. Those who had seen him before, and there were quite a number who had been brought before the tribunal of justice once or twice, and in some cases even three times, were anxious to know whether or not he was in a good humor.

One who watches Judge Tuthill as he sits on the bench day after day throughout the year soon notices the difference in his expression on Juvenile court days from that of other days. When hearing ordinary law and chancery cases his expression is stern, his tongue sharp and his attention is given to upholding and administering the letter of the law. But in dealing with the children his whole attitude changes, his face assumes a benign aspect, and his whole manner asserts his fatherly interest in the children.

As judge of the Juvenile court, he has great discretionary power. He concerns himself not so much with the law as with the individual needs of each case. To determine these he must 'know many things, and his only means of finding out the exact circumstances are by the reports of the truant or probation officers who bring the children into court, and from the testimony of the other witnesses. In the statements of the latter much sifting has to be done by the judge, for the testimony is liable to be colored either for or against the child, according to whether it be given by the parent or the friend of the child, or by the one against whom the offense charged was committed. Very often, too, the judge will be governed largely by the appearance of the child. Judge Tuthill is a close student of physiognomy, and seldom fails to read the true character of the boy or girl in their faces. He invariably asks the child to tell his version of the case. and upon the truthfulness of the answer depends largely his disposition of the case. Very few children have been able to hoodwink the judge by telling a lie.

-On Friday, May 23, Judge Callahan of Cleveland sat upon the bench with Judge Tuthill, and watched carefully his method of procedure. A Juvenile court is about to be established in Cleveland, and Judge Callahan will be the presiding judge. He came to Chicago to find out just how it was done. The Juvenile court of Chicago is acknowledged to be at the head and front in its administration of any of the similar courts in the country. The first six cases were boys, brought in by the truant officers of the Board of Education, and known in Juvenile court parlance as "Habitual truants," because they are charged with truancy or persistent violation of the school rules.

Frank P

THE TRUANCY COURT.

was brought in by Truant Officer Austin, who has known him for five years. Frank is supposed to go to the Thorp school, but Principal Ida Pahlman said that he had been absent from school 213 days during the past two years. She told the judge that he ran away every time the teacher's back was turned, and that he was addicted to two bad habits, lieing and using bad language.

"How old are you, Frank?" asked the judge.

Frank acknowledged that he was eleven years old, and when questioned further said that he could not read, but that he could copy writing. He was sent to the Parental school, where he will have to learn to both read and write. Joe C- was said to be incorrigible. His mother told the court that he was influenced by the big boys, and when with them did many things that were naughty. His teacher said that for the past year and a half Joe had scarcely been inside the school, and Mr. Bodine said that Joe was over fond of playing with matches. The janitor of the school told the court he was the worst boy in school, and said that he was continually getting into fights with the other boys. The court gave him a lecture about keeping bad company, and told him that a few months in the John Worthy School would probably teach him to obey his mother. He was committed to the Parental school. Louis B

did not understand about taking the oath to testify truthfully, and stood with his hand raised long after the oath had been administered, and until the judge told him to take it down. Miss Cannon, principal of the Kedzie school, told the court that Louis had been entered there last January, but that altogether he had only been in school about three weeks since then. His mother said that he was ten years old, and that he sometimes slept out nights, and smoked cigarettes and used bad language.

"I guess we'll have to send you away, we'll have to give him to somebody who can make him mind;" said the court. "Would you like to be given away, or would you rather go home and mind your mother?" he was asked.

"I want to go home and be good," wailed Louis.

The court let him go, but told Miss Cannon, who is also a truant officer, to bring him back the very first time he ran away from school again, and he would send him to the John Worthy School. There was no reason why George H- the next boy, should have taken money from the teacher's purse. He has an indulgent father, able and willing to give him all the money that it is best for him to have. His frank confession and evident repentance saved him from punishment by the court, and he was sent home with his father, who was heart-broken over the escapade of his son, and also put under the care of Truant Officer Austin. George solemnly promised the judge that he would never again take anything that did not belong to him, and shook hands with the court as a pledge of his good faith.

and Frank R

Thomas Bhave known each other about six months. Shortly after they became acquainted they both began to get into trouble and to play hookey from school. Their last escapade and the one for which they were brought into court was breaking into the office of the Cornell school, and breaking some of the furniture, and scattering chalk around and smashing some of the windows. Each one said that the other was to blame, but the court thought that both were equally guilty. The fathers of both boys were in court, and pleaded with the judge to give them another trial. The judge let them go home, paroled to truant officers, and ordered the boys not to associate with each other any more.

"do you mind if I

"And judge, your honor," said Mr. Ruse the slipper on Frank once in a while?" "Not at all," replied the judge, "on the contrary, I think it will do him good."

Theodore L was to have been brought into court by his mother, but Mr. Bodine said that he had learned at the last moment that she had taken him out of the state, and that he had been sent to St. Louis to live with some relatives. He was charged with having struck his teacher with a stick, and Judge Tuthill said that was an offense he would never condone. Three little boys who had been at the John Worthy School for several months were then brought before the court to be paroled. Thomas O'C- , Thomas McC- and John BThe mothers of the two Tommys were there, but Johnny's mother had not been notified and did not appear. Judge Tuthill showed his trust in Johnny by letting him go home to his mother, and told him to bring her with him to court in the afternoon.

He was faithful to his word and appeared promptly at two o'clock, to be paroled by the judge as a reward for his honesty. Tommy McC- -'s father had been a drinking man, and up to the time that Tommy had been sent to the John Worthy School his home life had been anything but pleasant. After Tommy was sent away his father felt so badly about it that he signed the pledge, and has been sober and industrious for several months. Tommy's mother has been to see the judge many times to see if he would not release her boy, and finally he consented. Tommy took the pledge, too, not to stop drinking, because he never has done that, but to be a good and obedient son, and to help his mother. Probation officer Callahan was deputed to watch Tommy, and to report to the court if he was not a good boy.

Tommy O'C has been a good boy in the John Worthy School, and he promised the court he would be good if he were allowed to go home. Judge Tuthill told him that if he would go to school, obey his mother and keep out of bad company, no one would molest him again, and said that he hoped that Tommy would never be brought back for committing any misdemeanor. Tommy promised and went home paroled to Probation Officer Fee.

THE DELINQUENT CHILDREN.

The afternoon session of the court was occupied in trying a different class of cases. They were children who were arrested on complaint of some one, and accused of having committed some offense. Often the offense was nothing more than a boyish prank, and in these cases they were sent home under parole to some probation officer, and were severely lectured by the court. Sometimes the wrath of the judge is directed against the person who complains of the child, and he tells them that they are meddlesome, and would be better off if they minded their own affairs, and left other people's children alone.

With tears in his eyes John F acknowledged that he had struck a little girl. He was accused by the girl's father of having done a good many other wicked things, but the judge evidently believed him when he denied them, and only took into account the striking. It appeared that there were some extenuating circumstances, so Judge Tuthill did not punish the lad any farther than by giving him a lecture, although striking and abusing females is one of the offenses which the judge usually punishes most severely. John's father and mother were in court, and the superintendent of his Sunday school was there also. They all said that John was not a bad or vicious boy, and the superintendent pleaded hard with the court to let the boy go home. His request was granted, and Judge Tuthill asked him to keep an

eye on the boy in the future, and to report any delinquency to the probation officer in that district.

Four little Italian boys were next brought before the court. They were dirty and ragged, but their mothers loved them, and had left their work to come into court and plead for them. They had all been brought up before the judge before, several times before, and this time the charge was stealing fruit. Tony S, Jimmie F- - Charlie P- -, and Billy S- were the names of the boys, and Judge Tuthill was at first inclined to send them all to the John Worthy School, but Mrs. Franklin, the probation officer to whom they had been paroled on previous occasions pleaded with the court to give them one more trial and he finally consented. Mrs. Franklin said that she had hard work to reform these boys, because she could not make their mothers understand their duty, and they would persist in taking their boys out of school and letting them run on the streets. Mrs. Franklin has an interpreter now, and says she is getting on better. William Sis a bad boy, if what his sister said about him is true. She is a little girl, not as big as her brother, and she told the court that she had been sent down by her mother to tell his honor that William was a bad boy, and that she wanted him sent to the John Worthy School. Judge Tuthill accommodated Mrs. S and William will have several months in which to make up his mind that it is best to obey his mother. Charlie S- owned up to the court that he had taken a bicycle which did not belong to him, but said that he had intended to return it after taking a ride. An expressman ran over him, however, and the wheel was smashed, so Charlie was afraid to take it back to the man, and took it down an alley instead. His mother was in court and told the judge that she had paid for the wheel, and the man whose wheel was taken said that he was satisfied, so the judge let Charlie go home with his mother, after talking to him earnestly, and telling how wrong it is to take things that do not belong to one, and making him promise that he would not do it again. Probation Officer Mrs. Grove will keep an eye on Charley in the future, and Charley promised the judge on his word of honor that he would not give his mother any further trouble.

John C came very near to being sent out to the John Worthy School, in fact the order was given to that effect by the judge, but was rescinded on the promise of John's mother to send him out in the country away from all bad associates, and where he cannot jump on moving trains. John was arrested by officers of the Illinois Central Railroad, who said that he had bothered them very often by jumping on the suburban trains and stealing rides. His sister and mother told the court that he had been punished by them for that offense, but had persisted in doing it. Finally they had sent him out to Feehanville to school, but he ran away from there and was hitching on a train to get home when he was arrested. The court lectured him on the danger of hitching on moving trains, and admonished him not to repeat the offense on pain of being sent to the John Worthy School. wanted with seven umbrellas was more than the court was able to find out. He admitted that he took the umbrellas, but he would not tell what he had done with them, nor could he give any reason for taking them. Judge Tuthill sent him out to the John Worthy School to repent, and lectured him severely upon the practice of stealing.

What Stephen G

Professor Danvers did not want Judge Tuthill to send Joseph P to the John Worthy School again. He had been an inmate of that institution on one previous occasion, and Professor Danvers said that he thought it had a bad effect upon the boy. According to the professor's story he was a good boy while in school, and it was only when away from school and while running on the streets that he got into trouble.

"There is a club of John Worthy boys in our neighborhood," said the professor, "and the boys in that club are into all kinds of mischief. I do not think it will do Joseph any good to send him there again."

"If there is such a club, and you know the boys who belong to it, I wish you would have them all brought before me. I will break it up," said the court. Probation Officer Blinn said that she knew of the existence of the club, and she knew some of the boys who were in it. Judge Tuthill gave orders to have the boys brought into court, and said that he thought Joseph would be better off away from the boys, so sent him back to the John Worthy School again. Joseph was charged with stealing and terrorizing the neighborhood.

John B- had a long tale to tell about how he was persecuted by the police. He was charged with having stolen four pigeons belonging to a neighbor, which he strenuously denied. The man whose pigeons were stolen said that he had seen John running away with the pigeons in his hand however, and the police and probation officers in that district gave him such a bad reputation that the court sent him to the John Worthy School. Moses G has been in trouble before, but his sister said that he has been trying to be a better boy. He was arrested by officers on the West side charged with being with a gang who had picked a man's pocket. Moses said that he knew nothing about the stealing, and that he had not been with the boys more than a minute when he was arrested. He claimed that he was

showing one of the boys where to go to get papers to sell, when he was approached by the officer and asked what they were doing. A man across the street called to the officer and told him that he had caught the right party and they were all taken to the station. The other boys were too old to be brought before the Juvenile court, and their cases will be tried in the criminal court. Moses told such a straight story and had been such a bright and good boy when he was out at the Glenwood school about a year ago, that Mr. Dodd asked the judge to let him off, and promised to get him a position. He was paroled to Mr. Dodd and was put to work on Monday at a place where he gets $7 a week. "Harry do you know the fifth commandment?" asked Judge Tuthill of Harry C- whose parents are both dead. "Honor thy father and thy mother," continued the court. "You cannot honor your father and mother when you steal things." Harry was arrested for picking up scrap iron in a storage yard. owned up that he had taken the iron, and said that he intended to sell it and buy a wheel. Judge Tuthill told him that he would not enjoy a wheel that had been purchased with stolen money, and advised him to earn whatever money he needed for such things honestly. This was Harry's first offense and he was allowed to go home, paroled to Probation Officer Grove, and made a promise to be a good boy in the future.

It did not take the court long to send Eddie MJohn Worthy School.

He

to the He had been caught staying away from home for weeks at a time, and his mother said that she could do nothing with him. Judge Tuthill does not like boys who treat their parents unkindly, and so when it was shown that Eddie had taken a pineapple that belonged to a fruit vender in the neighborhood in which he lives, the court sent him to the John Worthy School for a long term. There is one practice prevalent in this city which Judge Tuthill has made up his mind to put a stop to. It came to light while he was hearing the cases of Hattie N- and Florence BThey were arrested by officers of the Metropolitan Elevated Railway for riding upon the trains of that company late at night without paying their fares. "I have seen lots of that sort of thing, myself," said the court, "and I intend to put a stop to it. I think that the guards are to blame, for they entice the girls upon the trains and flirt with them in the corners of the cars when they ought to be attending to business. They rush out to the gates and forget to call out the streets, they are so anxious to get back to the girl in the corner. I do not think the officials of the road would permit such a thing if they knew about it, and I intend to see that they do know." The court instructed the officer to go to the superintendent of the road and tell him about this case, and said there ought to be a rule that a man would lose his position if caught talking with a girl while on duty.

The fact was brought out that the men keep the girls riding on the trains until they go off duty late at night, and they have often been caught spooning with them in the cars after they have been side-tracked. This sort of thing occurs not only on the Metropolitan, but on the other elevated roads. Florence and Hattie seemed to think that they had been doing something smart, and their parents, who were in court, seemed unable to control them, so they were sent to the Erring Woman's Refuge. It is said that many young girls are lured to the city by conductors on trains, and that many factory and working girls are lured to ruin by the guards on the elevated roads. Judge Tuthill will devote some attention to this matter in the near future, and something will be done to put a stop to it.

Jacob W- has only one leg, but he is just as bad as a boy can be with two legs, according to the tale of Miss Blinn, probation officer. He has been expelled from three schools, and he has been known to use his crutch for other purposes than it was intended for. He uses it sometimes to beat little boys with. Jacob wanted to go to the school at Glenwood, but Judge Tuthill did not think he deserved such a good place, and sent him out to John Worthy School until he can learn to appreciate a good home and school.

Judge Tuthill says that he feels a great burden off of his mind when all of the juvenile cases are disposed of at the end of the day. It is a great strain upon any man to listen to so many cases in a day and to decide equably and according to the merits of every case. For a man of sympathetic nature, like Judge Tuthill, it is especially hard, as he is obliged to see many tears shed and to listen to the pleadings of heart-broken mothers and fathers many times a day. His inclination is often to grant the request of the parents, but his duty not only to the child and to the parent, but to the community at large is to inflict a reasonable amount of punishment upon the erring one. Judge Callahan was much impressed with the easy way that Judge Tuthill is able to get at the truth and pith of the cases, and openly expressed his admiration for the judge, both in his judicial capacity and as a man. It is safe to say that few men in this city would be willing to accept the responsibility that Judge Tuthill bears, and fewer still could fill the position as well as he. Two days every week are devoted to the Juvenile court, and no matter what his mood may be Judge Tuthill is always ready to give a fair and impartial hearing to each case, and to mete out just punishment to all who are guilty of transgressing the laws.