**Six months. Fiscal year begins Nov. 1st.

† Average for three years.

*Probably 1891-92. Taken from Table VIII in Warner's " American Charities." tt Fiscal year begins June 1st.

PART II. SOCIAL ORGANIZATION FOR THE RELIEF AND CARE OF

DEPENDENTS.

Chapter I. Directive Aims.

References.-N. C. C., 1899, C. R. Henderson, President's Address.

Grounds of community care. — Eden: State of the Poor, I, 413.
Lamond: The Scottish Poor Laws.

Cohn: Arbeit und Armuth.

F. Wayland: Moral Science; Political Economy, p. 120.

E. Münsterberg: Armengesetzgebung, pp. 68, 232, 271.

N. C. C., 1875, p. 30 (Dr. N. Allen).

N. C. C., 1883, p. 429 (Dr. Walk).

N. C. C., 1875, p. 22 (F. H. Wines); 1887, p. 271.
N. C. C., 1895, p. 33.

Ill. Rep. Pub. Char., 1874, p. 37-41.

Nicholls: History English Poor Law, I, 2.

Montesquieu: Spirit of the Laws, Bk. XXIII, ch. 29.

Menger: Right to the Whole Produce of Labor, p. 13.

E. M. Leonard: The Early History of English Poor Relief (1900).

Chapter II. The Public Budget and Poor Relief.

References.-H. C. Adams: The Science of Finance, pp. 59–61.
A. Wagner: Grundriss zu Vorlesungen über Finanzwissenschaft (list).
C. F. Bastable: Public Finance, 2d ed., pp. 81-86, 119.

J. E. F. Rogers: Economic Interpretation of History, p. 487.

Public subsidies to private institutions. — N. C. C., 1881, p. 173 (Mrs. Lowell); 1883, p. 101; 1886, p. 161; 1875, p. 18.

Subsidies from Public Funds to Private Charities.

A good illustration of the evil tendency of this method is found in the District of Columbia. Between 1880 and 1892 under this policy the public institutions increased in number from 7 to 8, while private institutions increased from 8 to 28, under the stimulus of the subsidy. The public appropriations for construction and maintenance in the 12 years, were for public institutions $1,351,256.65, and for private, $1,141.752.53; the total appropriations in 1892 for maintenance being $237,105.50 (Warner).

In the Report on Charitable and Reformatory Institutions of the District of Columbia for 1900, the total estimates were $651,890, a large part of which still

goes to private institutions over which public control is difficult or impossible; and the board declares that it "is convinced that the history of the charities of the District of Columbia clearly demonstrates that the policy of granting public subsidies to private charities, heretofore pursued, has been unwise. The almost universal experience has been that a charity has been organized by private parties, and for a time supported from private sources, but soon a small appropriation has been asked, and an increase has been demanded from year to year until the point is reached where the charity is practically dependent upon the public treasury for support, while at the same time its management remained entirely in the hands of a private corporation."

Chapter III. Outdoor Legal Relief.

References. Reports of State Boards of Charities in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, etc.

E. T. Devine: Char. Rev., May, 1900.

Char. Rev., Vol. VIII, pp. 129, 186; Vol. IX, pp. 22, 65.

A. G. Warner: American Charities, p. 162.

Hartford Report, Special Committee on Outdoor Alms.

N. C. C., 1894 (C. R. Henderson); p. 86 (Wilcox).

N. C. C., 1895, pp. 44–66.

Char. Rev., 1894 (Art. by C. R. Henderson), and 1896.

Int. Cong. Char. and Cor., 1893.

U. S. Bulletin of Labor, January, 1897.

Rep. Legislature of Mass., 1896.

Chance: Better Administration of the Poor Law.

Poor Law Conference Reports (British).

Lamond: Scottish Poor Laws.

N. C. C., 1881, p. 196; Methods of Tenth Census, F. H. Wines; cf. Compendium Tenth Census, II, 166.

N. C. C., 1875, pp. 99–102.

C. A. Ellwood, A. Jour. Soc., November, 1899.

Economic Journal, Vol. II, pp. 186 ff, pp. 369 ff,

T. Rogers: Six Centuries of Work and Wages, ch. 15.

Poor Laws.

J. Cummings: Poor Laws of Mass. and N. Y.

H. A. Millis: Poor Laws of U. S., A. Jour. Soc. 1897-1898.

N. C. C., 1898 (C. R. Henderson and H. A. Millis).

Summary and Index of Legislation by States: New York State Library Bulle

tins. Albany.

Statistics of Public Relief.

Outdoor relief in American Cities. — The following figures, collected by the Buffalo Charity Organization Society, shows the tendency to abolish this form of relief and substitute private charity.

It is impossible to secure even approximately correct statistics of outdoor relief; and those here given from recent reports have value only as they help to correct the impression, made on uninformed persons, by the treatment of the Census, that there is comparatively little outdoor relief in the United States. They may also serve in a measure to correct exaggerated ideas of the extent of such relief among those who are rather pessimistic in tempera

ment. Mr. F. B. Sanborn (N. C. C., 1877, pp. 20 ff), quoted Mr. Canning's saying: "I can prove anything by figures, except the truth,” and added :

"Professor Fawcett, some years ago, proved to his own satisfaction, I believe, that pauperism was more common in Philadelphia than in London, simply by doubling the actual number of the indoor poor of Philadelphia, and multiplying the outdoor poor by seven. . . . The fact being that pauperism in London is two or three times as bad as in Philadelphia."

N. C. C., 1881, p. 196; 1885, p. 383; 1886, p. 212 (Wines: Value of Statistics); 1887, p. 79, 83; 1891, p. 222.

Pauperism in the United States: indoor.

Mr. C. D. Wright (Practical Sociology, p. 325) gives the following table, which is confessedly based on imperfect statistics of the Census :

SEX, NATIVITY,

AND

COLOR.

Male

Female

NUMBER OF INDOOR PAUPERS.

RATIOS TO 1,000,000 OF
POPULATION.

1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890

Native born 36,916 50,483 53,939 43,236 44,626 1,765 1,849 1,635 994 836 Foreign born

13,437 32,459 22,798 22,967 28,419 5,986 7,843 4,095 3,438 3,072

50,353 82,942 76,737 66,203 73,045 2,171 2,638 1,990 1,320 1,166

Mr. Wright says, "It is a matter for congratulation that the computed ratio dropped from a little over one pauper in almshouses to each five hundred of the population in 1850, to a little over one in each thousand in 1890." But how far this is a subject of congratulation and optimism remains uncertain until we know how many have been transferred from almshouses to the rapidly enlarging hospitals and asylums for the insane, feeble-minded, epileptics; and how many are cared for by outdoor relief, whose quantity is unknown to the Census; and how many are cared for by the enormously increased work of private charity and child-saving institutions.