The cost of building varies with the cost of labor and materials. Some of the buildings in the Villa Flora group for women should have had more money spent on them, by having cellars. The average cost of furnishing for patients, with the necessary articles only, has been $30 a patient.

The Causes of Epilepsy in 1,070 Cases; 660 Males and 410 Females.

Epilepsy is essentially a disease of early life. The epileptio age begins with birth and terminates in nearly 85% of all cases before the 20th year; and in 16% of these the disease develops before the end of the third year.

To the question, "What causes its development so early in life?" there is but one answer, and that is, heredity and stress.

Under heredity we have as factors in the family that predispose to, or cause the disease in the offspring, in the order of their importance:

Epilepsy, alcoholism, insanity and tuberculosis, and in some cases to an extent not yet determined, syphilis when it affects the central nervous system, and possibly rheumatism.

Under stress we have the following, acting from within or without, and which do not require a soil prepared by heredity to cause the disease, but which makes its origin more certain if such preparation has been made:

External violence-such as a blow on the head.

Internal violence-such as hemorrhage in the brain, or on the brain.

Psychic-such as shock from any cause.

Chemical-such as the presence of toxins in the gastro-intestinal canal.

First taking up epilepsy itself in the parent as a cause of the disease in the child, we found that out of a total of 1,070 cases-660 males and 410 females-it was transmitted to 15% of the males and 17% of the females, or 16% all told.

Alcoholism was established as a family cause in the same 1,070 cases, in 111 males and 51 females-16% of the former and 12% of the latter, the aggregate for the two being 14%.

Dr. Paul Kovalevsky of St. Petersburg, stated in a paper read at the first annual meeting of the National Association for the Study of Epilepsy held in Washington last May, that the proportion of Epileptics to the population at large in Russia was 1 to 2,000; adding, "in the grape and wine making province of Caucausus, where the natives for centuries have been in the habit of quenching their thirst with large quantities of heavy wine, the rate is evidently much higher;" an opinion he had enjoyed abundant opportunity to confirm during 15 summers spent in practice in that locality.

Insanity in the parents in the same cases caused the disease in 49 males and 42 females; 7% of the former and 10% of the latter. It seems clear that more males acquire epilepsy as a result of alcoholism in the parent than do females, while more females acquire it as a result of insanity in the parent than do males.

Tuberculosis was definitely established in the immediate ancestors in 101 males, or 15%, and in 50 females, or 12%; the two combined giving over 13%.

Collectively, we found either epilepsy, alcoholism, insanity, or tuberculosis, and in some cases two or more of all these, to be hereditary factors in 56% of the 1,070 cases studied, leaving 44% not due to inherited causes.

Now besides the active and important part played by heredity in causing epilepsy, we must also consider the influence of stress, under the subdivisions laid down above.

As to the frequency with which external violence causes epilepsy, I present no figures at this time, and only make the general statement that trauma is sometimes responsible for the disease.

Children often get a blow on the head and nothing is thought of it until years after when, convulsions arising, the blow is recalled and the convulsions ascribed to it. We ought to be careful in accepting without challenge such a cause, especially in cases where heredity is bad.

A blow on the head that crushes the skull so that it injures brain tissue, and is followed by convulsions, in a case never before having convulsions, does not, at first, any more imply the presence of epilepsy, to my mind, than do the convulsive movements of the frog subjected after decapitation to the irritation of a galvanic current.

Convulsions alone do not constitute epilepsy; but in a case of brain injury, unless the irritation is removed within a reasonable time, the length of this time depending upon the stamina of the individual, the convulsions may become fixed and eventually acquire all the characteristics of and pass into true epilepsy. Internal violence-hemorrhage within the brain or beneath its coverings was found to have caused the disease in 116 cases, or 11% of the entire number studied.

The brain palsies of early life that cause epilepsy are manifested later in life in the form of hemiplegia, paraplegia, or diplegia; the two latter being comparatively rare.

The seat of the lesion in these cases is to be found in the hemispheres, the central motor neurons being involved in that part of the direct motor tract which extends from the brain cortex to the spinal cord as far as the anterior horn.

Brain palsies oftenest occur during the first three years of

About one-third of all cases are congenital; the rest being due to injuries received at birth, to the stress of dentition in favorable subjects, and to causes that lead to embolism and thrombosis; these being injuries and the infectious fevers, such as pneumonia, whooping cough, measles and scarlet fever.

Of the 116 cases, 57 were males and 49 females-62 suffering from left and 51 from right hemiplegia, three being diplegies.

We have seen many epileptics whose disease was caused by a cerebral palsy, and in which the cause had gone unrecognized, because the marks of the paralysis had become so indistinct.

It often requires the most careful inspection with the patient completely stripped, with accurate comparative measurements of the legs and arms, the testing of the muscular power and of the various reflexes, in addition to a close and systematic inquiry into the patient's early personal and family history, to bring the true cause to light.

The "stress" of psychic violence sometimes causes epilepsy. Three cases of the kind have recently come under our observation; the cause in two of them being fright from violence on the part of a drunken father; the other fright from attack by a vicious dog. In these cases shock acts on a nervous system predisposed to disease.

Chemical causes, in our opinion, play an important role in the production of epilepsy, and by chemical causes I mean all toxic agencies generated in the body or introduced from without.

This is not

It seems that there must be some local relationship between the gastric aura, which we find in nearly 20% of all cases, and the epilepsies due to gastro-intestinal poisoning; nor is it unreasonable to suppose that serum therapy may not some day be used to advantage in the treatment of cases of this kind. surprising after the recent deductions by Dr. Ford Roberston, pathologist to the Scottish asylums, that "the larger number of cases of insanity are not primarily diseases of the brain, but are due to the action of toxins in the cortical neurons by disordering their metabolism, and often permanently damaging and even destroying large numbers of them."

NOTES ON METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION, OCCUPATION, EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF COLONISTS AT SONYEA.

CLASSIFICATION.

Since the establishment of the Colony we have constantly maintained that no other single feature was so essential for the successful colonization of epileptics as proper classification. Coming as they do from all walks of life-some young, some old, some educated, some not, some having attacks daily, some being free from them for weeks or even months at a time, many retaining fair conditions of mind in spite of the disease, while others. pass rapidly into idiocy, imbecility, or dementia; some having attacks mostly by day, others by night-it is easy to see that to classify them into suitable households means the greatest good to all concerned.

THE INFLUENCE OF ARCHITECTURE ON CLASSIFI

CATION.

Ruskin gave it as his opinion that a nation's character was expressed in its architecture; and certain it is that the architecture of a colony for people of this kind largely determines its success or its failure, for it alone makes proper classification possible, and proper classification is one of the indispensable requisites for success.

Having adopted a practical system of classification early in the development of the Colony, we are gratified at being able to make a brief exposition of the same in this report. The illustration of the Villa Flora group for women here presented shows a type of each building by which classification is secured. Buildings 8 to 15, inclusive-an illustration of one of which is also presented-are for the best class of female patients, each holding from 16 to 18 persons, each being complete in all its appointments for housekeeping, except for general bread making and laundry work, these being done in a central plant for the entire Colony. The general plan, arrangement, and capac