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while at the other extreme, 2,166,000 units, or percent, had eight or more rooms.

The median number of rooms per nonfarm dwelling unit was 4.78 in 1940 as compared with 4.82 in 1945. In urban areas the median number of rooms showed little change over this period whereas in rural nonfarm areas it increased slightly from 4.68 to 4.98. The distributions of occupied nonfarm dwelling units by number of rooms in 1940 and 1945 are shown in table 59.

Overcrowding

Overcrowding, when measured by a density of more than 1.50 persons per room, declined between 1940 and 1945. In 1940 approximately 1,980,000 occupied dwelling units, or 7 percent of the nonfarm total, had more than 1.50 persons per room. At the other end of the scale 8,888,000 families in 1940 averaged 0.50 person or less per room. By 1945 the number of occupied dwelling units with more than 1.50 persons per room had decreased to 1,263,000 while the number with 0.50 person or less per room had increased to 12,109,000, or 39 percent of the total.

In addition to the long-term trend toward smaller families (see table 75) which has some effect on the density of occupancy, the special factor of the withdrawal of men to the armed forces operated forcefully to reduce the number of persons per occupied dwelling unit, and also per room. At the time that the 1945 survey was conducted, there were still roughly nine million men and women in the armed forces.

The 1940 data indicate that overcrowding was more prevalent among tenants than among owners. Approximately 4 percent of the units occupied by white nonfarm owners had more than 1.50 persons per room as compared with 8 percent among white tenants. Among nonwhites, 13 percent of the owner-occupied units and 20 percent of the tenantoccupied units had more than 1.50 persons per

room.

A comparison of the distributions of occupied nonfarm dwelling units by number of persons per room in 1945 and 1940 appears in table 63. Detailed data on the number of persons per room in 1940 are presented in table 64 for geographic divisions. The data are shown separately for

Table 64.-Number of persons per room: Occupied nonfarm dwelling units by tenure, color of occupants, and geographic division, 1940

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white and nonwhite occupants by tenant and owner status. Similar information is presented in tables 65 and 66 for urban and rural nonfarm areas, respectively.

Rent and Value

The distribution of contract monthly rents of tenant-occupied nonfarm dwelling units includes substantially fewer units in the lower rental groups in 1945 than in 1940. The median rent of tenantoccupied nonfarm units was almost $28 in 1945 as compared with a little over $21 in 1940. Median rentals in 1945 in urban and rural nonfarm areas were $30.25 and $15.50, respectively.

In comparing the rental levels of the distributions for 1940 and 1945 presented in table 67, the limitations of the data must be considered. The distributions represent the contract monthly rentals reported for units that were rented at the time of the census enumeration or the sample survey. The data in table 67, therefore, reflect not only actual changes in rents of units which were rented at the time of each enumeration but also reflect shifts from tenant to owner occupancy and changes in the housing inventory.

Changes in rental levels are measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics index of rents which is a component of its consumers' price index. The BLS index represents changes in rent charged for identical units with identical services and facilities. When units in the sample must be dropped because they are removed from the rental supply, they are replaced by similar units so that the changes in the sample do not introduce a bias into the index levels. From time to time special surveys are made to insure the representativeness of the sample.

In both 1940 and 1945 low rents of nonfarm units were associated with the need for major repairs or absence of private bath and toilet. Thus in 1945 although only 3.5 percent of all occupied nonfarm units with private bath and toilet rented for $14 or less, almost 46 percent of the units needing repairs or lacking plumbing facilities were at these rentals. Thirteen percent of the inferior units rented for $30 and over in 1945 as compared with 63 percent of the better units renting above this level. The distribution of tenant-occupied units in 1940 and 1945 by

Table 65.-Number of persons per room: Occupied urban dwelling units by tenure, color of occupants, and geographic division, 1940

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Table 66.-Number of persons per room: Occupied rural nonfarm dwelling units, by tenure, color of occupants, and geographic division, 1940

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contract monthly rentals are shown in table 67 separately for urban and rural nonfarm areas. Table 68 presents similar. comparisons of the rental distribution of nonfarm units according to their condition and presence or absence of both private bath and toilet.

In addition to collecting data on contract monthly rentals of tenant-occupied homes, the 1940 census endeavored to obtain the current market value of owner-occupied dwelling units.

The enumerators were instructed to include the value of the land and to estimate the price the property would sell for under ordinary circumstances. Since data on value of owner-occupied units are estimates involving the judgment of enumerators, they are necessarily less accurate than the contract monthly rentals which could, except in a few cases, be reported directly. The distributions of owner-occupied dwelling units by estimated market value in 1940 shown in tables 70 and 71 for nonfarm and urban areas by geographic division are probably sufficiently accurate to provide a general view of the situation. Similar data for owner-occupied dwelling units are not available for 1945.

In 1940, the number of urban dwelling units in need of major repairs or lacking private baths and private flush toilets constituted 33.5 percent of the tenant-occupied units and about 20 percent of the owner-occupied units. At the same time, urban dwelling units in this condition represented 68.3 percent of the units occupied by nonwhite households, as against 25 percent of those occupied by white households.

Locality Data on Plumbing Equipment

In chapter I, The Housing Inventory, data were presented on the state of repair and plumbing facilities of all nonfarm dwelling units in the United States and geographic regions. Similar data were included in chapter II, Tenure and Rent, for occupied and vacant units. The various surveys conducted by the Bureau of the Census and Bureau of Labor Statistics for the National Housing Agency in the latter part of 1946 have made available information for the following 110 localities:

Alabama:

Birmingham.
Montgomery.

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New Jersey:

Elizabeth.

Essex.

Hackensack-Teaneck.

Hudson.

New Mexico:

Albuquerque.

New York:

Buffalo.

New York City.
Rochester.

Syracuse.
Utica-Rome.

North Carolina:

Asheville.
Charlotte.
Greensboro.

Raleigh.

North Dakota:
Fargo.
Ohio:

Akron.
Cincinnati.

Cleveland.

Columbus.

Toledo.
Youngstown.

Oklahoma:

Oklahoma City.

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