were to march by way of Lake Cham-plain', and join him before Que-bec'. The land forces arrived in October, but, owing to adverse winds and other causes, the fleet did not arrive, and the troops were obliged to return.

10. Instead, therefore, of ending the war by a heavy blow at Canada, it seems to have been but little more than begun. The Indians, on the northern and western frontier, became more and more troublesome, and the French more and more warlike. An attempt against them, by Major Schuyler (ski ́ler), in 1692, was little more successful than that of the preceding year.

11. At last the war became one of continual attack on our frontiers, and of feeble attempts of the colonies at defence. Thus matters went on about seven years, during which period the sufferings of our countrymen were severe, almost beyond description; and their condition seemed almost without hope.

12. Tired themselves of this sort of war, the French, in 1697, sent out a large fleet, to be aided by fifteen hundred men from Canada, with orders to burn Boston and New York, and ravage the country. The fleet arrived on the coast too late to meet the land army, and thus the colonies were saved. A treaty of peace between France and England was concluded in the month of December following.

CHAPTER LV.

Story of Governor Fletcher and Captain Wadsworth.

1. DURING the progress of King William's war, probably about the second year, Governor Fletcher, of New York, having assumed the right to command the Connecticut militia, and being desirous of employing them on the Canadian frontier, sent orders to Hartford for that purpose.

2. Connecticut and New Haven had been united long before this, and the General Assembly met alternately at Hartford and New Haven. It was now sitting at Hartford. They refused to obey the request of Governor Fletcher. At this refusal, the governor went to Hartford himself to compel them to obey.

3. At the time of his arrival a military company had assembled for exer

10. What of the Indians in the North and West?

What took place in 1692? 11. In what state were the colonies for seven years? 12. What did the French do in 1697? How were the colonies saved?

CHAP. LV.-1. What of Governor Fletcher, of New York? 2. What can you say of the General Assembly of Connecticut? What did tho vernor do?

GOV. FLETCHER AND THE DRUMMERS

125

eise and review. When Governor Fletcher rode up, Captain Wadsworth,

the senior officer of the company, was walking in front of his men, and giving the word of command in the usual way, and appeared to take no notice of any one else.

4. The governor ordered his secretary to read aloud a paper, which he called his Commission for command

ing the troops.

"Beat the drums," said Captain Wadsworth, as soon as he perceived what was coming; and forthwith there was such a rattling of half a dozen drums that nothing else could be heard.

5. "Silence!" said Governor Fletcher; "begin again with the commission." The secretary began again. "Music! music!" said Wadsworth. The drummers understood their duty, and thumped and pounded away at a terrible rate, bass drums as well as kettle-drums, to say nothing of the other instruments.

6. "Silence! silence!" cried the governor again. But no sooner was there a moment of silence, than Wadsworth, who was a very stout man, with keen eyes and fierce-looking whiskers, called out again to his musicians to drum, and, turning to Fletcher, said, "If I am interrupted again, I will make daylight shine through you."

7. Captain Wadsworth was interrupted no more by Governor Fletcher. The latter soon made the best of his way back to New York, where he had more authority than he was soon likely to obtain over the Connecticut militia.

8-6. Describe the reception of the governor and secretary. 7. What did Governac Fletcher do after his failure with the militia?

11*

CHAPTER LVI.

Religion in the Colonies.

1. GOVERNOR FLETCHER was more successful in another direction

than he had been

at the east. The king, in 1693, having taken the gove ernment of Pennsylvania into his own hand, Fletcher was placed over .that colony as well as that of New York. Here he met with no opposition.

2. Indeed, he was not without

merit. For, to say nothing at present

of what he did for the promotion of common education, he was at great pains to introduce public worship into the provinces he governed, especially New York. The Episcopal church was his favorite; and he did much to introduce Episcopal ministers and build churches in the province.

3. Religion, as we have seen, had been introduced into most of the colonies from the very first. The colonies of New England, however, were greatly distinguished for their piety, and especially for a pious and learned ministry. As early as 1642, a number of ministers had been sent for to go to Virginia. Others were sent for in 1698, to go to the West Indies.

4. The Dutch Reformed Church was introduced into New York with its first settlers. The Men'-non-ites came to Pennsylvania in 1692. The Tunk'-ers, or General Baptists, arrived in 1719. The Mo-ra'-vi-ans came over in 1741. Whitefield arrived in 1738, and, though he did

CHAP. LVI-1. What had the king of England done in favor of Governor Fletcher? 3. What of religion? England distinguished? What had been done in 1642? was introduced into New York by the first settlers? to Pennsylvania? What of the Tunkers? Moravians?

in 1693? 2. What can you say How were the colonies of New What in 1698? 4. What church When did the Mennonites come What of Whitefield?

RELIGION IN THE COLONIES.

127 not found a sect, he exerted much influence. The Shakers first reached America in 1774.

5. The progress and decline of infidelity will be mentioned in connection with the history of the country during the revolutionary war and subsequently to that period. It revived again soon after the close of the second war with England, which ended in 1815, but in other and often less odious forms.

6. The first Wes'-ley-an Methodist society in the United States was formed in New York, as late as 1766, by some Irish emigrants. They soon increased rapidly; at present their number is very great. The Methodists are not generally Calvinists, though we sometimes hear of Calvinistic Methodists.

7. The Universalists made their appearance about the year 1760, though John Murray, their principal leader, did not arrive till 1770. They are now numerous in many parts of the Union.

8. The first church at Boston was built in the year 1632, by the two congregations of Boston and Charlestown, neither of the two being able to erect it alone. It had mud walls and a thatched roof, and stood on the south side of State-street.

9. In 1642, from thirty to forty churches had been erected, and a greater number of ministers' houses built. The progress of these things was not so great immediately after this period. The long and tedious Indian wars made the people poor. In 1700 there were only about one hundred and twenty ministers in all New England. In 1760 they had increased to five hundred and thirty.

10. The Westminster Assembly of Divines, in 1642, sent an invitation to some of the ministers in the New England colonies to attend their meeting, but they did not comply. The next year an attempt was made by the Assembly of Divines to establish the Presbyterian government in New England, in place of the Congregational, but it did not succeed.

11. The Cambridge Platform, as it was called, was adopted by the churches in 1648. The Saybrook Confession of Faith, sometimes called the Saybrook Platform, was adopted in Connecticut in 1708. These were some of the institutions of religion in the colonies, in early times. At a later date, sects of various denominations have spread over the country. The Roman Catholic religion has been established, and is now one of the most numerous of our religious societies.

The Shakers? 5. What of infidelity? 6. What was founded in 1766? What can you say of the Methodists? 7. The Universalists? 8. When was the first church in Boston built? Describe it. 9. What had been done in 1642? What was the increase of ministers from 1700 to 1760 10. What was done by the Westminster Assembly! What was adopted in 1648? What in 1708? What of other sects? The Roman Catholic religion?

CHAPTER LVII.

Education in the Colonies.

1. ONE of the first acts passed by the Pennsylvania assembly, after Governor Fletcher came into office, was an act requiring all parents and guardians to have their children instructed in reading and writing and taught some useful trade.

2. The subject of education had not been forgotten in the other colonies. As early as 1619, a college for Indian children had been contemplated in Virginia, to be located at Henrico; and, in 1621, measures were taken to connect with it a free school, and to extend its benefits to the children of the settlers. Ere long fifteen hundred pounds sterling, with large grants of land, had been appropriated to each purpose.

3. Harvard College at Cambridge, in Massachusetts, was founded in 1638, by Rev. John Harvard, a minister; and something had been done for the encouragement of instruction in reading and writing in the colony-not excepting the Indian children. Catholic Maryland had even spread among the people books of devotion, and encouraged the formation of libraries.

4. The College of William and Mary, in Virginia, was founded in 1692. Maryland passed laws in favor of free schools in 1694 and in 1696. Yale College was founded in 1701, and the college at Princeton, in New Jersey, in 1738. A grammar-school was established in New York in 1702, and a free school in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1712. An Indian charity-school, founded at Lebanon, Connecticut, about the year 1760, was, in the year 1770, removed to Hanover, New Hampshire; and, by a large grant of land and a charter of incorporation, became in the end Dartmouth College.

5. In 1740, George Whitefield laid the foundation of an orphan house, a few miles from Savannah, in Georgia, and afterward finished it at great expense. It was designed to be an asylum for poor children, who were to be clothed and fed, and educated in religious knowledge, free of expense. The institution, however, did not flourish.

6. Something was early done in the colonies for libraries. A considerable library was given to the free school in Virginia, by Rev.

CHAP. LVII.-1. What was one of the first acts of the Pennsylvania Assembly? ? What was done for the cause of education? 3. When was Harvard College founded? What of reading and writing? Maryland? 4. What college was founded in 1692? What was done in 1694 and 1696? When was Yale College founded? Princeton College? What was established in 1702? In 1712? 5. What of an orphan asylum?