Other provisions declare that any substance in imitation of butter not made exclusively of milk or cream must be labeled "imitation butter," oleomargarine," or "butterine" in letters not less than one-half inch long, upon the top, side, and bottom of every package. A similar label must be placed across the open surface of every package when offered for sale. Retail sales of such articles not in the original packages must be labeled in letters not less than one-half inch long. Every person selling or delivering these imitations from a vehicle must obtain a license from the local milk inspector, and must have his name and place of business, with the number of his license and the words "license to sell imitation butter," conspicuously upon each vehicle. Every person selling such articles from a booth or store must register his name in the books of the milk inspector, and must maintain a sign, in letters not less than 4 inches long, to the effect that imitation butter is sold. Hotel and boarding-house keepers using imitation butter must notify each guest that the article is not genuine.

Oleomargarine shall not be furnished to any persons asking for butter. The penalties for violation of these various provisions differ. The most common penalty is $100 fine for first offense and $200 for subsequent offenses.

The enforcement of the law is charged upon the local milk inspectors and upon the State dairy bureau and its agents. (Public Statutes, ch. 56, secs. 17-21, as amended and supplemented by Laws of 1884, ch. 310; Laws of 1886, ch. 317; Laws of 1891, ch. 58 and ch. 412; Laws of 1894, ch. 280, and Laws of 1896, ch. 377.)

Imitation cheese.-It is unlawful to sell any article in imitation of cheese and not made of pure milk or cream, unless it is distinctly labeled, in letters not less than 1 inch long upon the top and side of every package, "imitation cheese." Each retail purchaser must be given a label with the same words in letters not less than half an inch long. (Public Statutes, ch. 56, sec. 18,)

MICHIGAN.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Dairy and food commissioner.-The governor appoints a dairy and food commissioner who holds office for 2 years and is paid $1,200 annually. The commissioner appoints a deputy, an analyst, and not more than six inspectors. These various officers are directed to enforce the pure-food laws, and have power to enter any place where articles of food are made or sold, and to take samples. Samples shall be taken in the presence of at least one witness, and sealed. An annual appropriation of $18,000 is made for carrying out this law. (Laws of 1893, ch. 211, as amended by Laws of 1895, ch. 245, and Laws of 1897, ch. 154.)

Adulteration of food and drugs.-The adulteration of any article of food or the sale of such adulterated articles is prohibited. Food is deemed adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to injure its quality or strength; if any inferior substance has been substituted in it; if any valuable constituent has been taken from it; if it is an imitation; if it contains diseased or decomposed animal or vegetable matter or is the product of a diseased animal; if it is colored or otherwise made to appear better than it really is; or if it contains any added poisonous ingredient or ingredient injurious to health. The act does not prevent the sale of mixtures or compounds recognized as ordinary articles, provided each package bears the name and address of the manufacturer and the distinctive name of the article showing clearly that it is a compound. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193; as amended by Laws of 1897, ch. 118.)

Vinegar.-No vinegar shall be sold as cider vinegar which is not the legitimate product of pure apple juice or which contains less than 2 per cent of cider vinegar solids. All vinegar shall be made exclusively from the fruit or grain from which it purports to be made, and shall contain not less than 4 per cent of absolute acetic acid. Cider vinegar shall be branded as such, with the name and residence of the manufacturer. Vinegar made by fermentation without distillation shall be branded "fermented vinegar," with the name of the substance from which it is made. Vinegar made wholly or in part from distilled liquor shall be branded "distilled vinegar," and shall be free from coloring matter. Fermented vinegar must contain not less than 13 per cent of solids contained in the fruit or grain from which it is taken. No vinegar shall be branded a fruit vinegar unless made wholly from fruit.

No person shall manufacture or sell vinegar containing lead, sulphuric acid, or other injurious ingredients. All packages containing vinegar shall be branded with the name and residence of the manufacturer. Penalty, $50 to $100, or imprisonment not over 90 days, or both. (Laws of 1897, ch. 71.)

Liquors. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell spirituous or malt liquors containing any injurious or abnormal ingredient. Every package containing pure

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liquors shall be branded with the name of the manufacturer and with the words "pure, without drugs or poison." Penalty, $50 to $500 and imprisonment 10 days to 6 months. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193, sec. 16.)

Glucose.-Every package containing molasses, sirup, or glucose shall be distinctly branded with its true name. Molasses or sirup mixed with glucose shall be branded "glucose mixture," with the proportion of glucose contained, in letters not less than one-half inch long. (Ibid., sec. 15.)

Maple sugar.-It is unlawful to manufacture and sell as maple sugar or sirup any article adulterated with common sugar, glucose, or any foreign substance without distinctly marking it with the names and percentages of the adulterants used. Penalty, $500 to $1,000 for manufacturers, and not less than $50 for dealers. The State food commissioner is directed to enforce the law and has the usual powers of inspection. (Laws of 1893, p. 269.).

Adulterated candy.-The manufacture or sale of candies adulterated with terra alba, barytes, talc, or other earthy substances, or with poisonous colorations or flavors or other injurious ingredients, is punishable by a fine of $10 to $100, or by imprisonment 10 to 30 days, or both. The local health officers must investigate any complaint as to violation of the law. (Laws of 1887, p.9.)

Canned goods. It is unlawful to pack or sell canned fruits or vegetables containing injurious ingredients without marking on each can the name and address of the packer. All soaked or bleached goods must be plainly marked as such in letters not less than two-line pica size. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193, sec. 14.)

Buckwheat flour.-Michigan prohibits the sale as buckwheat flour of adulterated buckwheat flour or other substances, except when labeled "substitute," "adulterated,” or “compound," in prescribed type with the name and address of the factory. Violators of the act are subject to fine or imprisonment, or both. (Laws of 1897, ch. 84.)

Coffee. It is unlawful to manufacture or sell artificial coffee in imitation of the genuine berry; or ground coffee adulterated with chicory or other substances, unless each package is marked “coffee compound," with the name and address of the manufacturer. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193, sec. 15.)

Adulterated lard.-No person shall manufacture or sell any mixture of animal or vegetable oils, other than pure fat of swine, in imitation of lard, or any compound of lard with such other substances, unless each package shall be distinctly labeled "lard substitute" or "compound" or "adulterated lard," as the case may be, in letters not less than 1 inch long. Each package sold at retail shall be similarly labeled. (Ibid., secs. 9-12.)

Fruit jelly.—All imitations of fruit jelly or fruit butter containing glucose dextrin, or other substances, and colored in imitation of the genuine article, must be distinctly labeled "imitation fruit jelly" (or butter), with the name of the manufacturer and the place where made. Such imitations must also be composed of harmless ingredients. Penalty, $50 to $500 or imprisonment 90 days to 2 years, or both. (Ibid., sec. 13.)

Penalties.-Where other penalties are not provided for violation of the above provisions, the false branding of any article or the defacement or removal of a brand is subject to a fine of $100 to $1,000 or to imprisonment 6 months to 3 years, or both. Other violations of the law are subject to fine of $100 to $500 or imprisonment 30 to 90 days, or both. (Ibid., secs. 18, 19.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk. The law prohibits the sale of milk which is adulterated or unwholesome, or milk from cows fed upon garbage or any substance in a state of fermentation or otherwise deleterious, or from cows kept in connection with any family in which there are contagious diseases. It is unlawful to sell milk from which cream has been removed unless each vessel containing it be conspicuously marked "skimmed milk," in letters not less than 1 inch long. Pure milk must contain not less than 12.5 per cent of milk solids, including not less than 3 per cent of fat, and must have a specific gravity between 1.029 and 1.033. Skimmed milk must have a specific gravity between 1.032 and 1.037. Penalty for violation, fine not over $100 or imprisonment not over 3 months.

The city of Detroit shall establish, and each other city or town may establish, the office of milk inspector. Such inspectors shall visit all dairies and barns in which cattle are kept for furnishing milk, and shall otherwise enforce the law. They have the right to enter any premises and to take samples for analysis. (Laws of 1887, p. 324, as amended by Laws of 1889, p. 324.)

A later law prohibits the adulteration of milk with water, chemicals, and preservatives, or any other foreign substance. Penalty, $1 to $100 or imprisonment not more than 90 days, or both. (Laws of 1899, ch. 106.)

Imitation butter.--The term oleomargarine is defined in detail so as to include all imitations of butter. Every package of imitation butter must be distinctly marked in large letters with the name and address of the manufacturer and with the name of each ingredient entering into it. Retail purchasers shall be verbally informed of the character of the substitute and shall also be given a distinct label with the name of the substance and with the name and address of the manufacturer and the name of each ingredient. Every store where oleomargarine is sold and every hotel or boarding house where it is served shall maintain on the wall a placard with letters not less than 3 inches long indicating that oleomargarine is sold or used. The words “butter,” “creamery,” “ dairy,” or the name or representation of any breed of dairy cattle shall not be used in connection with butter imitations. Penalty for violation of law, $50 to $50) or imprisonment 6 months to 3 years, or both. (Laws of 1899, ch. 147.)

Cheese. It is unlawful to sell as cheese any article not made exclusively of milk or cream, or into which any animal fats, melted butter, or similar articles have been introduced. Penalty, $50 to $500, or imprisonment 90 days to 2 years. The State dairy and food commissioner shall issue to all cheese manufacturers on application a uniform stencil bearing the words “Michigan full cream cheese," with the number of the factory. Each factory shall be registered. This stamp shall be used only upon cheese made from milk from which no cream has been taken. Every creamery or butter factory shall register yearly with the dairy and food commissioner, giving its location, etc. (Laws of 1895, ch. 193, secs. 5–7; Laws of 1897, ch. 118.)

Renovated butter. The law provides that butter made by melting original stock and mixing it with skimmed milk or other material, or other process butter, shall be plainly labeled “process butter" on each roll or tub, or by a placard across the face of the opened package. Penalty, $25 to $100. The dairy and food commissioner shall enforce the law. (Laws of 1899, ch. 254.)

MINNESOTA.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Dairy and food commissioner.-The governor appoints a dairy and food commissioner, whose term of office is 2 years, and salary $1,800. The commissioner appoints a secretary, an assistant commissioner, a chemist, and necessary inspectors, the total appropriation being limited to $15,000. It is the duty of these officers to enforce the various pure-food laws. They have access to all places of business, and may take samples. Employees of common carriers are required to assist in tracing prohibited articles. (Laws of 1899, ch. 295.)

Adulteration of food.—It is unlawful fraudulently to adulterate food, liquor, or drugs with any substance injurious to health. Penalty, imprisonment not more than 1 year, or fine not more than $200. (Stats., 1878, ch. 101.)

Unwholesome foods.-The sale of diseased or unwholesome food without making its character known to the buyer is punishable by imprisonment not more than 6 months or fine not over $500. (Ibid.)

Adulteration of liquors.-It is unlawful to manufacture or sell liquors containing any ingredient not normal or healthful. Penalty, $25 to $100 for first offense, and $50 to $100, or imprisonment 30 to 90 days, or both, for subsequent offenses. (Laws of 1889, ch. 7.)

Vinegar.-No vinegar shall be sold as cider vinegar which is not the legitimate product of pure apple juice, or which contains less than 2 per cent of cider vinegar solids. Cider vinegar shall be branded as such. All vinegar shall be made exclusively from the fruit or grain from which it purports to be made, and shall contain not less than 4 per cent of absolute acetic acid.

No person shall manufacture or sell vinegar containing lead, sulphuric acid, or other injurious ingredients. All packages containing vinegar shall be branded with the name and residence of the manufacturer. Each barrel shall also be marked with its standard strength, to be denoted by the number of grains of bicarbonate of potash necessary to neutralize 1 fluid ounce of vinegar. Penalty, $50 to $100, or imprisonment 30 to 60 days. (Laws of 1891, ch. 119.)

Honey. The law forbids the sale of honey compounded with or manufactured from glucose, sirup, or any substance not the product of the honey bee, unless the package is so marked, with the name of the manufacturer and the names of the adulterant materials. Honey which is produced by bees fed upon glucose sugar or sirup, or any other substance not their natural food, must be so marked Penalty, $15 to $100, or imprisonment not over 30 days, or both. (Laws of 1893, chap. 21.)

Candy. It is a misdemeanor to manufacture or sell candy adulterated with glucose, terra alba, or any other injurious substance. Penalty, $50 to $100. (Laws of 1895, ch. 204.)

Baking powder.-The law prohibits the manufacture and sale of baking powder containing ingredients unfit for human use or injurious to health. All packages containing baking powder must be distinctly marked with the name and place of business of the manufacturer, and with the words, "This baking powder is composed of the following ingredients and none others,' together with the names of the ingredients. (Laws of 1899, ch. 245.)

Spices and condiments.-A careful definition of spices and condiments and of adulterations thereof is given. Every person manufacturing or selling such an adulterated product must conspicuously mark each can or package in a type not smaller than double pica, with the name and location of the factory and the words "mixture" or 'adulterated." The State dairy and food commissioner is directed to enforce the law. Penalty, $10 to $50, or imprisonment not less than 30 days. (Laws of 1897, ch. 176.)

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Jellies.-A careful definition of food jelly and the adulteration thereof is given. Every person manufacturing or selling such an adulterated product must conspicuously mark each can or package in a type not smaller than double pica, with the name and location of the factory and the words mixture Or adulterated." The State dairy and food commissioner is directed to enforce the law. Penalty, $5 to $50, or imprisonment not over 3 months. (Laws of 1897, ch. 167.)

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Lard.-It is unlawful to manufacture or sell any compound of animal or vegetable fats in imitation of lard, or in combination with pure lard, unless each package is branded, in letters not less than 1 inch long, "lard substitute," with the approximate proportions of the constituents, and with the name of the manufacturer and his place of business. In the case of mixtures containing lard the words "adulterated lard" must be similarly used. In each retail sale of such articles the purchaser must be furnished a card with the same statement as is required on original packages. Persons selling or serving to guests articles made with substitutes for lard or adulterated lard must furnish each purchaser or guest a card with a statement to that effect. In case no bill of fare is provided hotel keepers and others must keep conspicuously posted on each side of the dining room a statement of the character required. The State board of food commissioners is to enforce the law, and may employ expert assistants, who shall have access to any place and may open packages and take samples. The act does not apply to cottolene if branded as such, with the name of the manufacturer, and if containing no substance injurious to health. Penalty for violation, $25 to $100, or imprisonment 30 to 90 days. (General Laws, 1891, ch. 12; Laws of 1893, ch. 126.)

DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk. It is unlawful to sell unclean, impure, unwholesome, or adulterated milk or cream, or milk or cream which has not been well cooled or aerated, or to which preservatives have been added. The law also prohibits the sale of milk from cows kept in a crowded or unhealthy condition, or from cows which are sick or which are fed on distillery waste or other unwholesome substance, or from cows within 15 days before or 5 days after parturition. The milk standard is 13 per cent of milk solids, of which not less than 3.5 per cent shall be fat. Standard test instruments are prescribed.

It is unlawful to sell or advertise any article intended as an adulterant or preservative of milk, butter, or cheese, or to use such adulterants or preservatives. Skimmed milk may be sold only from cans so marked in letters at least 1 inch high.

Every person selling or distributing milk in towns of more than 1,000 population shall annually obtain a license from the State dairy and food commissioner for each vehicle used, or for each store or booth. Licensed vehicles shall be marked with the name and place of business of the owner and the number of the license. Penalty, $25 to $100, or imprisonment 30 to 90 days. (Laws of 1899, ch. 295.)

Imitation butter and cheese.-It is unlawful to manufacture or sell as butter or cheese any article or compound not produced from pure milk or cream. No person shall mix animal or vegetable fats with any dairy product, or coat or color, with annatto or otherwise, any compound in such a way as to cause it to resemble butter or cheese; nor shall any person sell articles made in violation of these provisions.

Keepers of hotels, boarding houses, etc., supplying imitation butter shall print on every bill of fare a notice to that effect, or, if no bill of fare is used, shall post such notice conspicuously. (Ibid.)

Branding of cheese.-The State dairy and food commissioner is directed to issue to cheese manufacturers a uniform stencil with the words "Minnesota State full cream cheese," and the number of the factory. Cheese so branded shall contain not less than 45 per cent of fat to total solids. Cheese containing less fat shall be marked, in letters not less than 1 inches high, "skim cheese.' Dealers selling skim cheese must post a conspicuous notice to that effect. It is unlawful to sell cheese falsely branded as to quality and place where made. (Ibid.)

Enforcement of law.-Detailed provisions are enacted regarding the enforcement of the law as to dairy products, the use of search warrants, the seizure of property as evidence, etc. Creameries and cheese factories are required to report the amount of their business annually to the dairy and food commissioner. Penalties. The penalty for the violation of any of the provisions of the laws relating to dairy products is a fine of $25 to $100 or imprisonment 30 to 90 days. (Laws of 1899, ch. 295.)

Process butter.-Butter made by melting original butter and adding to the fat skimmed milk, cream, or any other product, commonly known as renovated butter," shall not be sold unless each package is plainly marked, in letters at least three-fourths of an inch high, on the top and side, “renovated butter." The State dairy and food commissioner is to enforce the law. (Laws of 1899, ch. 94.)

MISSISSIPPI.

Adulteration of food and drugs.-The adulteration of any article of food, or of any drug, or the sale of such adulterated articles, is prohibited. A drug is deemed adulterated if it differs in strength or purity from the standard fixed by the United States Pharmacopoeia, or by such other pharmacopoeia or standard work as recognizes the article, or if its strength or purity falls below the professed standard under which it is sold. Food is deemed adulterated if any substance has been mixed with it so as to injure its quality or strength; if any inferior substance has been substituted in it; if any valuable constituent has been taken from it; if it is an imitation; if it contains diseased or decomposed animal or vegetable matter; if it is colored or otherwise made to appear better than it really is; or if it contains any added poisonous ingredient, or ingredient injurious to health. Any county, city, town, or village may appoint an inspector of food to enforce this and other pure-food laws. (Code 1892, secs. 2095–2098.)

Unwholesome food. The law prohibits the sale of unsound or unwholesome provisions as sound and good, or the sale of the flesh of any animal dying otherwise than by slaughter or slaughtered when diseased, or the flesh of any dog, cat, or other unclean animal. (Code 1892, sec, 2105.)

Candy. It is unlawful to adulterate candy with lime or other injurious substance. Penalty, not over $500, or imprisonment not over 6 months, or both. (Code, sec. 952.)

Imitation butter.-It is unlawful to sell oleomargarine or other imitation without disclosing its character by a distinct mark. Penalty, $10 to $100, or imprisonment not over 1 month, or both. (Code 1892, sec. 1242.)

MISSOURI.

FOODS GENERALLY.

Adulteration of food.-The adulteration of any article of food or drink or of any drug or medicine is a misdemeanor. (Rev. Stats., 1899, sec. 2269.)

It is a misdemeanor to manufacture, sell, or offer to sell any article intended to be used in the preparation of food in which there is any arsenic, calomel, bismuth, ammonia, or alum. Penalty, not less than $100. (Laws of 1899, p. 170.)

Unwholesome food. It is unlawful to sell the flesh of any animal dying otherwise than by slaughter or slaughtered when diseased, or of any calf killed before the age of 6 weeks, or to sell unwholesome bread or drink without its character being made known to the purchaser. Penalty, not over $1,000, or imprisonment not over 1 year. (Rev. Stats., 1899, sec. 2269.)

Adulteration of liquors.—It is unlawful to adulterate liquors with strychnin or other poisonous ingredients, or to sell such adulterated liquors. Liquor dealers and manufacturers must take oath that they will not mix or adulterate liquors. (Rev. Stats., 1899, secs. 2278, 2289, 2290.)

Beer.-The office of beer inspector is established by an act of 1899. The inspector must be an expert brewer. He is appointed by the governor for a term of 4 years and is paid $3,000 per annum. He may appoint 4 deputies, who are paid $1,500