hundred, still stand apart and accept no favors from the Government. These, with few exceptions, reside outside the reservation on Snake River and its tributaries, and cause more or less trouble in a petty way to the white settlers. The Nez Percés generally have for many years been friendly to the whites, are quite extensively engaged in agriculture, and may be considered well advanced in civilization. They show considerable interest in the education of their children, and have two schools in operation, with an attendance of 124 scholars. Under the treaties of June 11, 1855, and June 9, 1863, these Indians receive limited annuities, &c., (from seven to nine installments due,) as follows: For beneficial objects, $6,000; support of schools, pay of teachers, boarding and clothing children, &c., $7,300, and salaries of head chief and two subordinate chiefs, $1,500. Employés of different kinds are also maintained, at a cost, after including the repairs on buildings, purchase of medicine, &c., of $15,500 per annum.

Shoshones and Bannocks.-These Indians, numbering 1,037, the former 516 and the latter 521, occupy a reservation in the southeastern part of the Territory, near Fort Hall, formerly a military post. This reservation was set apart by treaty of 1868 and Executive order of July 30, 1869, and contains 1,568,000 acres. The Shoshones on this reservation have no treaty with the Government. Both bands are generally quiet and peaceable, and cause but little trouble; are not disposed to engage in agriculture, and, with some assistance from the Government, depend upon hunting and fishing for subsistence. There is no school in operation on the reservation. Under the treaty of July 3, 1868, with the Shoshones and Bannocks, the Bannocks are entitled to limited annuities in clothing to the amount of $6,937, (twenty-seven installments due,) and for beneficial objects, $16,000, (seven installments due.) A physician, teacher, and other employés are also maintained for their benefit, at an expense to the Government of $6,800 per annum. Congress also appropriates annually for those Indians on the Fort Hall reservation, who have no treaty with the United States, and for other Indians in Southeastern Oregon, the sum of $40,000, one-half of which is expended for the benefit of those residing on this reservation.

Coeur d'Alenes, &c.-The Coeur d'Alênes, Spokanes, Kootenays, and Pend d'Oreilles, numbering about 2,000, have no treaty with the United States, but have a reservation of 256,000 acres set apart for their occupancy by Executive order of June 14, 1867, lying 30 or 40 miles north of the Nez Percés reservation. They are peaceable, have no annuities, receive no assistance from the Government, and are wholly self-sustaining. These Indians have never been collected upon a reservation nor brought under the immediate supervision of an agent. So long as their country shall remain unoccupied, and not in demand for settlement by the whites, it will scarcely be desirable to make a change in their location; but the construction of the Northern Pacific Railroad, which will probably pass through or near their range, may make it expedient to concentrate them. At present they are largely under the influence of Catholic missionaries of the Cœur d'Alêne Mission.

COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, UTAH, ARIZONA, AND NEVADA.

The tribes residing in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada are divided as follows: In Colorado, about 3,800; New Mexico, 19,000; Utah, 10,000; Arizona, 25,000; and Nevada, 13,000.

COLORADO.

The Indians residing in Colorado Territory are the Tabequache band of Utes, at the Los Pinos agency, numbering 3,000,and the Yampa, Grand River, and Uintah bands of the White River agency, numbering 800, They are native to the section which they now inhabit, and have a res ervation of 14,784,000 acres in the western part of the Territory, set apart for their occupancy by treaty made with them in 1868. The two agencies above named are established on this reservation, the White River agency being in the northern part, on the river of that name, and the other in the southeastern part. This reservation is much larger than is necessary for the number of Indians located within its limits, and as valuable gold and silver mines have been, or are alleged to have been, discovered in the southern part of it, the discoveries being followed by the inevitable prospecting parties and miners, Congress, by act of April 23, 1872, authorized the Secretary of the Interior to enter into negotiations with the Utes for the extinguishment of their right to the south part of it. The proceedings of the commission appointed pursuant to the provisions of this act will be found under the appropriate title in another portion of this report. Notwithstanding the present failure of the efforts to this end, it is not doubted that the result will yet be secured; and inasmuch as trouble between the miners and Indians may occur at any time, the sooner the object is effected the better it will be for all concerned.

A few of these Indians, who have declined to remove to and remain upon the reservation, still roam in the eastern part of the Territory, frequently visiting Denver and its vicinity, and causing some annoyance to the settlers by their presence, but committing no acts of violence or extensive depredations. The Indians of Colorado have thus far shown but little interest in the pursuits of civilized life or in the education of their children. A school is in operation at the Northern or White River agency, with an attendance of 40 scholars. Steps are also being taken to open one at the Southern or Los Pinos agency. Under the treaties made with these Indians, October 7, 1863, and March 2, 1868, they are receiving limited annuities, &c., (from one to twenty-six installments due,) as follows: In goods, clothing, blankets, &c., $40,000, and in subsistence $10,000. Provision is also made for furnishing them with va rious employés, shops, iron and steel, &c., at an expense to the Government of $11,940.

NEW MEXICO.

The tribes residing and roaming within the limits of New Mexico are the Navajoes, the Mescalero, Gila, and Jicarilla bands of Apaches, the Muache, Capote, and Weeminuche bands of Utes, and the Pueblos.

Navajoes.-The Navajoes now number 9,114, an increase of 850 over last years' enumeration. Superintendent Pope considers this increase to be mainly due to the return, during the year, of a number who had been held in captivity by the Mexicans. They have a reservation of 3,328,000 acres in the northwestern part of New Mexico and northeastern part of Art zona, set apart for them by treaty of 1868. These Indians are natives of the section of the country where they are now located. Prior to 1864 no less than seven treaties had been made with these tribes, which were successively broken on their part, and that, with but one exception, before the Senate could take action on the question of their ratification. In 1861 the Navajoes were made captives by the military, and taken to

the Bosque Redondo reservation, which had been set apart for the Mescalero Apaches, where they were for a time held as prisoners of war, and then turned over to this Department. After the treaty of 1868 had been concluded, they were removed to their present location, where they have, as a tribe, remained quiet and peaceable, many of them being engaged in agriculture and in raising sheep and goats. Of these they have large flocks, numbering 130,000 head, which supply them not only with subsistence but also with material from which they manufacture the celebrated, and, for warmth and durability, unequaled, Navajo blanket.* They also have a stock of 10,000 horses. These Indians are industrious, attend faithfully to their crops, and even put in a second crop when the first, as frequently happens, is destroyed by drought or frost. A point on the San Juan River about ninety miles from the present agency, and within the bounds of their reservation, has recently been selected for their farming operations, the valley of that river being far better adapted for this purpose than the portions of the reservation heretofore cultivated.

The reason for the non-occupation heretofore of this section of the reserve has been found in their dread of war-parties from the Utes, who also claim the country. A special agent has been appointed to take charge of the Indians who gather at this point. It is a matter of profound regret to the Department that on the 11th of June last James H. Miller, esq., agent for the Navajoes, while in the performance of duty connected with this very object, was surprised and murdered in his camp on the San Juan by two Ute Indians.

One school is in operation on the reservation, with an attendance of forty scholars. The Navajoes are receiving, under the provisions of their treaty of 1868, limited annuities, (six installments due,) in clothing, or material for clothing, $40,000, and in other beneficial objects, $14,000. Provision is also made for the employment of two teachers, at a cost to the Government of $2,000 per annum. Owing to the partial failure of their crops, from the causes already indicated, the Navajoes have for some years been partially subsisted, off and on, by the Government.

Mescalero Apaches.-These Indians, numbering about 830, are at present located-not, however, upon a defined reservation secured to themnear Fort Stanton, in the eastern part of the Territory, and range generally south of that point. Prior to 1864 they were located on the Bosque Redondo reservation, where they were quiet and peaceable until the Navajoes were removed to that place. Being unable to live in harmony with the newcomers, they fled from the reservation, and until quite recently have been more or less hostile. They are now living at peace with the whites and conducting themselves measurably well. They have no schools, care nothing apparently about the education of their children, and are not to any noticeable extent engaged in farming or in any pursuit of an industrial character. These Indians have no treaty with the United States, nor do they receive any annuities. They are, however, subsisted in part by the Government and are supplied with a limited quantity of clothing when necessary. In addition to the Mescaleros proper, Agent Curtis reports as being embraced in his agency other Indians, called by him Aguas Nuevos, 440; Lipans, 350, (probably from Texas;) and Southern Apaches, 310, whose proper home is no doubt upon the Tularosa reservation. These Indians, the agent

*The Navajo blankets are a wonder of patient workmanship, and often sell as high as $80, $100, and $150.

remarks, came from the Comanche country to his agency at various dates during the past year.

Gila (sometimes called Southern) Apaches.-This tribe is composed of two bands, the Mimbres and Mogollons, and number about 1,200. They are warlike, and have for years been generally unfriendly to the Government. The citizens of Southern New Mexico, having long suffered from their depredatory acts, loudly demanded that they be removed, and, to comply with the wish of the people, as well as to prevent serious difficulties, and possibly war, it was a year or two since decided to provide the Indians with a reservation distant from their old home and there establish them. With a view to that end a considerable number of them were collected early last year at Cañada Alamosa. Subse quently, by Executive order dated November 9, 1871, a reservation was set apart for them with other roving bands of Apaches in the Tularosa Valley, to which place 450 of them are reported to have been removed during the present year by United States troops. These Indians, although removed against their will, were at first pleased with the change, but, after a short experience of their new home, became dissatisfied, and no small portion left the reservation to roam outside, disregarding the system of passes established. They bitterly object to the location as unhealthy, the climate being severe and the water bad. There is undoubtedly much truth in these complaints. They ask to be taken back to Cañada Alamosa, their old home, promising there to be peaceable and quiet. Of course nothing can be said of them favorable to the interests of education and labor. Such of these Indians as remain on the reservation are being fed by the Government. They have no treaty with the United States, nor do they receive annuities of any kind.

Jicarilla Apaches.-These Indians, numbering about 850, have for several years been located with the Muache Utes, about 650 in number, at the Cimarron agency, upon what is called " Maxwell's Grant," in Northeastern New Mexico. They have no treaty relations with the Government, nor have they any reservation set apart for them. Efforts were made some years ago to have them, with the Utes referred to, remove to the large Ute reservation in Colorado, but without success. The Cimarron agency, however, has lately been discontinued, and these Apaches will, if it can be effected without actual conflict, be removed to the Mescalero agency at Fort Stanton. Four hundred Jicarilla Apaches are also reported as being at the Tierra Amarilla agency. The Jicarillas have heretofore supported themselves by hunting, with such assistance as this Department has been able, without specific appropriations, to render them.

Muache, Weeminuche, and Capote Utes-These bands, the Muache band, numbering about 650, heretofore at the Cimarron agency, and the other two bands, numbering 870, at the Abiquiu agency, are all parties to the treaty made with the several bands of Utes in 1868. It has been desired to have these Indians remove to their proper reservation in Colorado, but all efforts to this end have thus far proved futile. The discontinuance of the Cimarron agency may have the effect to cause the Muaches to remove either to that reservation or to the Abiquiu agency, now located at Tierra Amarilla, in the northwestern part of the Territory. These three bands have generally been peaceable and friendly to the whites. Recently, however, some of them have shown a disposition to be troublesome, but no serious difliculty is apprehended. None of them appear disposed to work for a subsistence, preferring to live by the chase and on the bounty of the Government; nor do they show any inclination or desire to have their children educated and taught

the habits and customs of civilized life. Declining to remove to and locate permanently upon the reservation set apart for the Utes in Colorado, they receive no annuities and participate in none of the benefits provided in the treaties of 1863 and 1868 with the several bands of Ute Indians referred to under the head of "Colorado."

Pueblos.-The Pueblos, so named because they live in villages, number 7,683. They have 439,664 acres of land confirmed to them by act of Congress of December 22, 1858, the same consisting of approved claims under old Spanish grants. They have no treaty with the United States and receive but little aid from the Government. During the past two years efforts have been made, and are still being continued, to secure the establishment of schools in all the villages of the Pueblos, for the instruction of their children in the English language. Five such schools are now being conducted for their benefit.

The history of the Pueblos is an interesting one. They are the remains of a once powerful people, and in habits and modes of life are still clearly distinguished from all other aborigines of the continent. The Spanish invaders found them living generally in towns and cities. They are so described by Spanish historians as far back as 1540. They early revolted, though without success, against Spanish rule, and in the struggle many of their towns were burned and much loss of life and property occasioned. It would seem, however, that, in addition to the villagers, there were others, at that time living, dispersed, whose reduction to Pueblos was determined upon and made the subject of a decree by Charles V of Spain, in 1546, in order chiefly, as declared, to their being instructed in the Catholic faith. Under the Spanish government schools were established at the villages, the Christian religion was introduced and impressed upon the people, and the rights of property thoroughly protected. By all these means a high degree of civilization was secured, which was maintained until after the establishment of Mexican independence, when, from want of government care and support, decay followed, and the Pueblos measurably deteriorated, down to the time when the authority of the United States was extended over that country; still they are a remarkable people, noted for their sobriety, industry, and docility. They have few wants, and are simple in their habits and moral in their lives. They are, indeed, scarcely to be considered Indians in the sense traditionally attached to that word, and, but for their residence upon reservations patented to these bands in confirmation of ancient Spanish grants, and their continued tribal organization, might be regarded as a part of the ordinary population of the country. There are now nineteen villages of these Indians in New Mexico. Each village has a distinct and organized government, with its governor and other officers, all of whom are elected annually by the people, except the cacique, a sort of high priest, who holds his office during life. Though nominally Catholics in religion, it is thought that their real beliefs are those of their ancestors in the days of Montezuma. A much-vexed question affecting the peace and prosperity of this people remains to be settled, and, it is hoped, will be determined without unnecessary delay, namely, whether they are citizens of the United States, or Indians, to whom the law of 1834, respecting trade and intercourse with Indian tribes, is applicable. Chief Justice Slough, of the United States first judicial district of the Territory of New Mexico, decided, in 1867, that their status was that of citizens. This decision will be found contained in Document No. 59, accompanying the annual report of this Office for 1867, page 217.