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Marco Polo (Venet.). .
Genoese.

Ibn Batuta (Arab.).

Sir John Mandeville (Eng)
Prince Henry (Port.)..
J. Gonzales and Martin
Vaz (Port.)...
Nuno Tristao (Port.).
Cintra and Costa (Port.).
Toscanelli (Ital.)...

Diego Cam (Port.)..

Bartholomew Diaz (Port.)
Columbus (Gen.),
Giovanni Cabot (Anglo-

Ven.).

Vasco da Gama (Port.).
Amerigo Vespucci (Ital.)..
Pinzon (Span.)..
G. Cortereal (Port.)..

Alvarez Cabral (Port.). .

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Discovery or Exploration.

Invasions of Habesh, Arabia, Phoenicia, Syria.
Argonautic expedition to Colchis.

Voyages to Ophir, Gades, Britain.

Extension of Colonies in the Mediterranean and Pon

tus Euxinus.

Spain (Tartessus) discovered for the Greeks.

Circumnavigation of Africa by order of Necho.
Atlantic coasts of Europe.

Sargasso Sea.

have visited Britain.
Makes the first maps.
Writes the first geography.
West Africa as far as Cape Palmas.
? Thule, North Sea, Scandinavia.
Sails from the Indus to Red Sea.
Expedition to Iran, Turan, and India.
Navigate the East coast of Africa.
Hannibal crosses the Alps.

Attempts circumnavigation of Africa.

Julius Cæsar in Gaul, Germany, and Britain

Said to

Extension of geographical knowledge and commerce as far as Central Asia.

Describes Roman Empire and first mentions Thule and Ireland.

Tiberius discovers the Lake of Constance; Drusus, the Brenner Pass.

Agricola circumnavigates Britain.

Constructs his Geography and Atlas.
Visits Pamirs and Punjab.

Visits Java, Sumatra, and India.

Faroe Islands. North Cape of Europe rounded. Discovers Iceland. Visited by Irish monks about 795.

Greenland coast. Rediscovered by Erik the Red (983).

Colonizes Greenland.

Discovers Newfoundland (Helluland), Nova Scotia (Markland), and coast of New England (Vinland)[?]. Geographer to King of Sicily, produces his geography.

Trading merchants discover Siberia.

Reaches Karakorum, the ancient seat of the Mongol
Empire.

Travels in Central Asia, China, India, Persia.
Canaries, Azores, etc.

Travels through the whole Mohammedan World, N.
Africa, E. Africa, S. Russia, Arabia, India and
China.

? Travels in India.

Gives an impetus to Portuguese voyages of discovery.·
Porto Santo and Madeira discovered.

Cape Verde, etc.

Coast of Guinea reached.

Sends Columbus his map showing the western route to Cathay (China).

Mouth of the Congo reached.

Rounds Cape of Good Hope.

America, West Indies, Trinidad, Cuba, etc.

Sails along E. coast of America from Labrador as far as Florida.

Route to India by Cape of Good Hope.

Venezuela, and that America was not 'part of Asia."
Discovers mouth of R. Amazon and Cape St. Roque.
Reaches entrance of Hudson Strait, called by him
Strait of Anian.

Brazil (named by him Ilha da Vera Cruz, being S.
part of Bahia State).

Central America on his fourth voyage.

Florida.

Reach the Moluccas.

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1642

1643

1645

1660

1673

1725-43

1728 and 41

1764-66 1768-79

1770

1785-88

1789 1792

Mendaña (Span.).
Quiros (Span.)..

Champlain (French).
H. Hudson (Eng.).
Spillbergen (Dut.).
W. Baffin (Eng.).
LeMaire and Schouten
(Dut.)..

Dirk Hartog (Dut.)..
G. Thompson (Eng. mer.
Abel Tasman (Dut.)..
Vries (Dut.)..

Deshnev (Cossack)..

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1795-1806

1799-1804

1801-1804

1803-6

1805-9

Salt (Eng.)..

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Klaproth (Ger.).

Sir E. Parry (Eng.) Sir J. Franklin.

Richardson and

(Eng.)....

Long (U. S.).

Back

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Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) and New Zealand.
Explores E. coast Japan, Saghalien, and Kurile Is.
Rounds East Cape of Asia from the Kolyma to the
Anadyr.

Lake region of the St. Lawrence discovered.
Exploration of the Mississippi from the north.
Exploration of the coasts of Siberia.

Bering Strait and the NW. coast of America.
Circumnavigation of the globe
Voyages round the world. Hydrographical surveys
of the Society Islands, Sandwich Islands, E. coast
of Australia, Cook Strait in New Zealand, Antarctic
Ocean, NW. coast of America, etc.
Sources of the Blue Nile.

Discovers New Siberian Islands.
North of Japan, Saghalien, etc.
Exploration of the Mackenzie River.

Vancouver Island circumnavigated. Discovered by
Perez, 1774. Exploration of NW. coast of America.
Journeys and explorations in the Niger districts.
Explorations in South America and "Cosmos."

Southern coasts of Australia.

Surveys in Sea of Japan and Sea of Okhotsk, Saghalien, etc.

Visit to Abyssinia

Exploration of the Caucasus.

Parry Archipelago.

Coppermine and Mackenzie Rivers explored.

Exploration of Rocky Mountains

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The shaded portion represents the radius of a three weeks' journey from London in 1800 and 1900. -Bartholomew's Atlas.

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J. Balleny (Eng.). Eyre (Eng.)..

Trümmer.

Sir James C. Ross (Eng.)..
D. Livingstone (Scot.).
Leichhardt (Ger.)..
Sir John Franklin (Eng.).
Rebmann and Krapf (Ger.)
Richardson and Barth

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G. Nachtigal (Ger.)...

Prejevalsky (Rus.)
Leigh Smith (Eng.).
Payer and Weyprecht
(Austrian).

"Challenger" Expedi-
tion (Brit.).
Ernest Giles.
Warburton (Irish).

Lieut. Cameron (Eng.).
De Breeze (French).
H. M. Stanley (Eng.)..

Sir Geo. Nares and
A. H. Markham (Eng.) (
Nordenskjöld (Swed.).
Thomson (Scot.)..

Major Serpa Pinto (Port.). Emin Pasha (Ger.)...

Wiesmann (Ger.).

Discovers Lake Torrens, S. Australia, and in 1841 journeys from Adelaide to King George's Sound. Remains of ancient Nineveh.

Victoria Land, with volcanoes Erebus and Terror.
Thirty years' travel in Central South Africa.

Crosses Australia, Moreton Bay to Port Essington.
Sails on his last voyage never to return.
Mt. Kilima Njaro. Sighted Mt. Kenia.
Western Sudan and Sahara.

Northwest Passage.
Explorations in Peru.

Basin of Ogowé River, W. Africa
Lake Tanganyika
Victoria Nyanza.

Explores Upper Nile. Discovers Albert Nyanza, 1864.
Crossed Australia.

Journeys in Central and Eastern Arabia.

Journey in W. Sudan by Ghadames, Murzuk, and Wadai to R. Niger.

Extensive travel and exploration in China.

Exploration of the Jur. Niam-Niam, and Monbuttu countries.

Explorations in Lake Chad region and Central Sudan States.

Journeys in Mongolia, Tibet, etc.

Exploration of N. part of Spitzbergen. Vaigats Is. Franz Josef Land.

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Zweifel

Sources of the Niger.

Grinnell Land and NE. coast of Greenland.

Across Africa from West coast, Congo Basin. Welle-Mobangi, etc.

1876 1878-79

1878-89

1878-85

1878-92

1879

Moustier and

(Swiss).

1881-85

Greely (U. S.).

1885

Junker (Rus.-Ger.).

1886

Peary (U. S.)..

North Greenland.

1887

Capt. Younghusband

(Eng.)..

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Travels from Pekin to Kashmir.

Hviotenland, etc.; reached his "Farthest North" in

[graphic]

Surveys and explorations in Franz Josef Land.
Explorations in North Central Asia.

Travels in Tonkin and China.

Explores region of Lake Rudolf.

Travels from Upper Mobangi to Fashoda.

Attempt to cross over the North Pole in a balloon, with fatal results.

Crosses Western Australia from S. to N.

"Belgica," first ship to winter within Antarctic circle.
Explorations in Congo and Zambezi headwaters.
Reached lat. 78° 50' S. via Victoria Land.
Reached lat. 86° 33' N. via Franz Josef Land.
Important Journey in Central Asia.

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DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AND WATER OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE AND THE DIVISION

OF LAND IN FIVE CONTINENTS.

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