RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1903.

The Nobel Foundation is based upon the last will and testament of Dr. Alfred Bernhard Nobel, engineer and inventor of dynamite, dated November 27, 1895, the stipulations of which, respecting this fund, are as follows:

"The rest of my fortune, that is, the capital realized by my executors, is to constitute a fund, the interest of which is to be distributed annually as a prize to those who have in the course of the previous year rendered the greatest services to humanity. The amount is to be divided into five equal parts, one of which is to be awarded to the person who has made the most important discovery in the domain of physical science; another part to the one who has made the most valuable discovery in chemistry or brought about the greatest improvement; the third to the author of the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth to the one who has produced the most remarkable literary work of an idealist tendency, and finally the fifth to the person who has done the best or the most in the cause of the fraternity of nations, for the suppression or the reduction of standing armies as well as for the formation and propagation of peace congresses. The prizes will be awarded for physics and chemistry by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; for works in physiology or medicine by the Caroline Institute of Stockholm for literature by the Stockholm Academy, and finally for the service in the cause of peace by a Committee of five members of the Norwegian Storthing. is my express desire that the benefits of the foundation are to be open to all nationalities and sexes and that the prize be awarded to the one most worthy, whether Scandinavian or not."

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Each prize will amount to about $40,000, and the corporation will designate a "Comité Nobel" composed of three or five members for each section, with headquarters at Christiania, Norway.

The Swedish Academy of Sciences,

Stockholm, awards the Physics and Chemistry Prizes; the Caroline Medical Institute, Stockholm, awards the Prize for Physiology or Medicine; the Swedish Academy in Stockholm awards the Literature Prize; and the Peace Prize is awarded by a Committee of five persons elected by the Norwegian Storthing. No consideration is paid to the nationality of the candidates, but it is essential that every candidate shall be proposed in writing by some qualified representative of science, literature, etc., in the chief countries of the civilized world, such proposals to reach the Committee before the first of February in each year, the awards being made on the following 10th of December. Nobel Institutes are to be established in each of the five departments, to carry out scientific investigations as to the value of the discoveries and improvements, and to promote the other objects of the Foundation.

The first distribution of prizes took place in 1901, the awards being: Peace, MM. Dunant and Passy; Medicine, Dr. Behring, of Marburg; Chemistry, Prof. J. H. van 't Hoff, Berlin; Physics, Prof. Röntgen; and Literature, M. Sully Prudhomme.

The 1902 Prizes were awarded as follows: Literature, Prof. Theodor Mommsen, of Berlin; Peace, MM. Ducommun and Gobat (Switzerland); Medicine, Major Ronald Ross, of the School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool; Chemistry, Prof. Emil Fischer, of Berlin; Physics, divided between Profs. Lorentz and Zeemann, of Holland.

The 1903 Prizes were awarded thus: Peace, Mr. W. R. Cromer, M. P.; Literature, M. Björnson; Medicine, Prof. Finsen, of Copenhagen; Physics, Prof. Becquerel, of Paris, and Mme. Curié, of Paris; Chemistry, Prof. Arrhenius, of Stockholm.

All information can be obtained from Nobelstiftelsen, Stockholm, or as to the Peace Prize, from the Comité Nobel Norvégien, Victoria Terrasse, 7, III., Christiania.

No doubt many inventors are wondering what disposition has been made of the Anthony Pollok Prize. Communications which have been received by the editor from Paris state that, owing to the unsatisfactory results of the former competition, the founders of the prize were undecided as to what should be done. Before taking any steps it was thought advisable to make an investigation. The Intermaritime Association in Paris sent out letters to the leading maritime associations, chambers of commerce and boards of trade of the principal mari

time cities of the world, asking for advice as to the best methods to be pursued in order to obtain more satisfactory results in a possible future competition. Many replies were received and a large number of suggestions made.

A report containing the various recommendations and suggested changes was submitted by the Intermaritime Association but a short time ago. The founders of the Anthony Pollok Prize intend shortly to pass upon the report and adopt resolutions for the final disposition of the prize.

I. THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRA

TION.

This court, more popularly known as The Hague Tribunal, was constituted by virtue of the convention for the pacific regulation of international questions, concluded at The Hague, July 29, 1899. (Office, Prinsegracht 71, The Hague.)

Administrative Council.-President : The Minister for Foreign Affairs for Holland. Members: The diplomatic representatives of all the signatory powers accredited to The Hague.

Members of the Permanent Court of Arbitration.-Since the individuals themselves are constantly changing by ill health or death, we shall content ourselves by giving the signatory powers alone, letting it suffice to say that these powers appoint their most distinguished men, preferably lawyers, to the position. They are: Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Holland, Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Mexico, Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Servia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, and the United States.

II. THE UNIVERSAL

INTERNATIONAL

POSTAL UNION.

The Universal Postal Union, founded by the Congress at Bern in 1874, constitutes a single territory for the reciprocal exchange of correspondence between the Postal Departments of the nations present at the Congress. Its scope has been further enlarged and developed by succeeding conventions and conferences at Bern (1876), Paris (1880), Lisbon (1885), Vienna (1891), and Washington (1897); today it comprises all the states and all the colonies having organized postal systems, including nearly the whole world.

To the chief convention of the Union, regulating the exchange of letters, postal cards, printed matter, official papers and samples have from time to time been added, special arrangements concluded between the most of the members having for their object the international interchange of letters and packages possessing a declared value, postal money orders, postal packages and collections, together with a passport service and a department for the subscription journals and other publications.

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A central office, created by the Congress at Bern, has its seat in that city and is known under the name of The International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union. It performs its labors under the supervision of the Swiss Postoffice Department. The ordinary annual expenses of this office were first fixed at 75,000 francs, later advanced to 100,000 and finally increased to 125,000 francs, by the Congress of Vi

enna. The funds are provisionally advanced by the Swiss Government, which is reimbursed by all the contracting parties in proportion to their importance.

This bureau is charged with collecting, co-ordinating, publishing and distributing information of whatever nature appertaining to international postal affairs. Its duties are also to issue, upon the demand of any one of the members of the Union, a note upon questions in litigation, to examine into the demands for the modification of the acts of the Congress, to give notice of any adopted changes, and in general, to proceed with the studies and labors with which it is seized in the interest of the postal union. It prepares a table of general statistics for each year; it edits a special journal "L'Union postale" in the German, French, and English languages; it prepares the work of the Congresses or Conferences, publishes and keeps up to date a dictionary of all the postoffices in the world, and attends to the balancing and liquidation of the accounts between the various postal administrations which have declared their willingness to make use of it as an intermediary. The total amount of the liquidations in 1902 reached the considerable sum of 49,113,785.57 francs ($9,822,757.11). Throughout the territory controlled by the Union, 24,061,000,000 pieces were exchanged in 1901; of these 51.000,000 were letters and packages having a declared value of 45,283,000,000 francs ($9,056,600,000); 460,000,000 postal orders were sent, amounting to 24,147,000,000 francs ($4,829,800,000); moreover, 2,275,000.000 journals were delivered through the postal bureau for subscriptions to such publications.

are of interest to the service, notably to prepare work for the Conferences and publish their acts. This bureau has its seat in Bern, and its expenses are temporarily advanced by the Swiss Confederation, which is later reimbursed by the members of the Union, of whom there at present 47, covering a superficial area of 62,100,000 square kilometers, (23,970,000 square miles), and comprising within its circuits a population of 866,000,000 souls.

The recent Conference at London in 1903 simplified the matters of tariff and accounting very greatly. The participants in the benefits of this treaty are now: The whole of Europe, British India, the Dutch Indies, Ceylon, the Portuguese colonies in Asia, Siam, French Cochin-China, Persia, Japan, Asiatic Russia, and Asiatic Turkey, Egypt, Tunis, Cape Colony, Natal, East African colonies, and the British protectorate of Uganda, Portuguese East and West Africa, Madagascar, Algiers and Senegal, the Republics of Argentine, Brazil and Uruguay, the Australian Confederation, comprising South and West Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Besides the countries above mentioned, the following are intimately connected with the general system which encircles the globe: China, the Philippines, British America, the United States, almost all the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Central and South America, Morocco at Tangier, the Azores, Island of Madeira, the Canaries and Cape Verde Islands, as well as those of Ascension and St. Helena, the Eastern and Western coasts of Africa, together with the islands of Seychelles, Maurice, Rodriguez, Cocos, and so forth.

It is estimated that the number of dispatches forwarded in 1901 by the countries above named amounted to more than 400,000,000.

ures, of which the seat should be at Sevres, near Paris. It is furthermore stipulated in that Convention, that the Bureau should perform its labors under the surveillance of an international committee, itself subject to a general Conference of weights and measures composed of all the delegates from the contracting States. This convention became operative from the first of January, 1876.

V. INTERNATIONAL UNIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL, LITERARY AND ARTISTIC PROPERTIES.

The Union for the Protection of Industrial Property was founded at Paris, March 20, 1883, by a convention to which 19 States were parties. They were Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway and Sweden, Portugal, Servia, Spain, Santo Domingo, Switzerland, Tunis, and the United States. The object of the union is to assure the protection of inventions, designs and models of an industrial character, trademarks, firm names and indications of origin. This convention was completed and modified by an additional act signed at Brussels, December 14, 1900.

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Moreover, on April 14, 1891, agreements were signed at Madrid stituting restrictive unions, viz.: 1. International registration of manufacturing and trademarks and the protection of these marks in all the contracting countries by the single registration at an International Bureau. The parties to this agreement were Belgium, Brazil, France, Holland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Tunis. 2. The suppression of false indications of origin: Brazil, France, Great Britain, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, and Tunis. The arrangement of 1891, concerning the international registration of Marks, completed and modified by an additional act signed at Brussels, December 14, 1900.

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The Union for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Property, founded at Bern. September 9, 1886, comprised fourteen states: Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Germany, Haïti, Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Monaco, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and Tunis.

The object of this union is to assure effective protection to authors for their literary works, and to enable

artists to enjoy the same security in their artistic productions throughout the whole territory covered by the union. This convention was completed and modified by an additional act and an interpretative declaration signed at Paris, May 4, 1896. Both of these unions are represented by a separate International Bureau established at Bern, and placed under the same directorate.

VI. BUREAU FOR THE REPRESSION OF THE SLAVE TRADE ON THE AFRICAN COAST.

This bureau was instituted in the execution of the General Act of the Conference of Brussels of the 2d of July, 1890, and attached to the Department for Foreign Affairs of Belgium.

Article 81.-The Powers will communicate to the greatest extent possible and with the least possible delay:

1. The text of the existing laws and administrative regulations or edicts for the application of the clauses of the present General Act.

2. Statistical information concerning the slave trade; slaves taken and freed; the traffic in arms and ammunition, and also in spirits.

Article 82.-The exchange of these documents and circulars will be centralized in a special bureau attached to the Department of Foreign Affairs at Brussels.

Article 84.-The documents and circulars shall be collected and periodically published, and forwarded to all the signatory powers.

Article 85.-The expenses of running the bureau, of correspondence, of translation and printing, shall be met by all the signatory powers, and recovered by the Department of Foreign Affairs at Brussels.

VII. INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR THE PUBLICATION OF CUSTOMS TARIFFS.

The International Union for the Publication of Customs Tariffs was founded by an international convention, July 5, 1890, and concluded between fifty-two states and semi-independent colonies. The object of the union is to publish as promptly and as correctly as possible all the tariffs of the world in five languages, viz., English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. The bureau has its seat at Brussels, and is under the direct control of the Government of Belgium. The members