ing left Wellington, December 6, 1902, and returned to the same place March 25, 1903, bringing reports of the successful work of the main expedition. The Discovery reached Cape Adare, the northernmost point of Victoria Land, January 9, 1902, and followed the coast south; from Mt. Erebus the ship skirted the wall of ice, discovered by Ross, as far as longitude 165 deg. E., where it turned more to the north. Behind the ice wall reared the highlands covered with glaciers which Ross had sighted.

Under 67 deg. N. and 152 deg. 30 min. E. the ship reached its farthest point, whence it returned to Victoria Land to go into winter quarters in MacMurdo Bay, near the volcano Mt. Erebus, in longitude 174 deg. E.

Sledge journeys began in September, 1902. The one led by Captain Scott marched for three months, attaining a point under 82 deg. 17 min., which surpassed Borchgrevink's 78 deg. 50 min. by nearly 31⁄2 deg. A second sledge party, commanded by Lieutenant Armitage, turned westward of Erebus, and during a march of fifty-two days reached an elevation of 9,000 feet. This is the more noteworthy since all the dogs died, supposedly from spoiled provisions. The Morning found the Discovery still in winter quarters, and when the rescuers departed the Discovery seemed still fast in the ice.

Late in 1903 the Morning and the whaler Terra Nova were refitted and started on a second expedition to the relief of the Discovery. The latter was found on February 14 and the three vessels returned to Lyttleton,

New Zealand, on April 1, 1904. Among the chief results of the expedition was the discovery that Mount Erebus and Mount Terror are on a small island, and that there is a large land mass lying west and southwest of the ice barrier, with ice plateaus 9,000 feet in height and peaks which reach to 14,000. It was discovered that the ice barrier is afloat, though fed from land, and that high land lies to the southeast of the hitherto unknown extremity of the barrier.

THE GERMAN EXPEDITION, which entered the ice-pack south of the Indian Ocean on February 13, 1902, left it on April 9, 1903, and returned from a voyage highly fruitful of scientific results, although not comparable with the voyage of the Discovery in sensational experiences. Incidentally it has swept away the Termination Land of Wilkes, passed the winter in

the close pack, carried out numerous and important sledge journeys, discovered new land (called Kaiser Wilhelm II. Coast), and actually reached land in the solitary peak called the Gaussberg. Balloons were used successfully during the expedition. The farthest south was 66 deg. 2 min., and the ship was frozen for many months in ice 30 feet thick.

THE SWEDISH EXPEDITION,

under Captain Otto Nordenskjöld, left Europe in October, 1901, and entered the Antarctic regions in February, 1902. The ship returned from the Falkland Islands to Graham's Land in March, 1902, went south again in the southern summer of 1902-1903. With the assistance of the Swedish government the Norwegian steamer Frithjof was dispatched for the relief of the Antarctic, whose commander, by the way, is Captain Larsen, well known for his Antarctic voyage in the Jason. To the Republic of Argentine, which sent the gunboat Uraguay, belongs the honor of having rescued the Swedish expedition, which was found at Snow Hill on Louis Philippe Land in desperate straits, their vessel having been crushed by the ice and sunk on February 12, 1903.

THE SCOTTISH EXPEDITION, on the Scotia, under the command of Mr. W. S. Bruse (formerly of the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition), set sail on November 3, 1902, for what is known as the Weddell quadrant of the Antarctic regions, with the intention of following in the wake of Captain reached a high Jas. Weddell, who southern latitude in open sea. This route was advisedly selected, as the Scottish expedition is devoting its attention to oceanographical work. Captain Robertson, the well-known whaling skipper, commanded the Scotia. Contrary to expectation, the Scotia wintered in the ice, and no further news of her has yet been received.

THE FRENCH EXPEDITION, under the command of Dr. Charcot, sailed from Havre in August, 1903, to explore Alexander Land. The original plan of the expedition was to explore Nova Zembla, but just then the Swedish expedition was causing a great deal of anxiety, and it was decided to direct the expedition toward the South Pole in search of Nordenskjöld. The rescue of the Swedish expedition then left Dr. Charcot free to make explorations in Antarctic regions.

Comparative sizes of the most important Cities of the World according to population.

with Brooklyn Long Island City etc.

3.500

1800: 6.0

U.S.

Japan

St. Petersburg Calcutta

Tokio 1440 1800 800

1410

300 Russia

330 1800 300 300 India

1.300

nople

1800: 22

1:150 1820: 600

1800: 2

U.S.

Turkey

US

Moscow

720

1810:400

180000

Hamburg Budapest

Germany

1828:30

Belgium

Glasgow Bombay Hankow

Hangtschou

$50

Chind

Shanghai 6:00

1800: 300

Chind

Barcelona

1820:200 Holland

1800150

pain

Merci 5.10 1810:300 India

The growth of our merchant marine is slow, and is in no sense commensurate with our phenomenal advancement in manufactures and commerce. At the same time, it is a fact worthy of note that the documented tonnage of the United States on June 30, 1903, for the first time in our history exceeded 6,000,000 gross tons register, comprising 24,425 vessels of 6,087,345 gross tons. These figures do not include 1,828 yachts of 74,990 gross tons. The total shipping of the United Kingdom for 1902 was 20,258 vessels, of 15,357,052 gross tons (vessels of British colonies number 15,533 of 512,268 net tons). On January 1, 1902, the total shipping of the German Empire was 6,024 vessels of 3,503,551 gross tons. The shipping of the United Kingdom and Germany is largely employed in developing foreign trade. The shipping of the United States is almost wholly a part of our domestic transportation system. On June 30, 1903, 5,141,037 gross tons were engaged in transportation and coastwise trade, 879,264 gross tons were devoted to foreign trade, and 67,044 to fisheries. The distribution of our tonnage on June 30, 1903, was: Atlantic Ocean, 3,157,373 gross tons; Pacific Ocean, 812.179 gross tons; the Great Lakes, 1,902,698 gross tons; Mississippi system, 215,095 gross tons. Our shipping on the Pacific has increased more rapidly than on the Atlantic. In regard to motive power, 3,408,088 gross tons were propelled by steam, and 1,965,924 gross tons were sailing vessels, and 713.333 gross tons of canalboats and barges were variously propelled. As regards the materials of construction, 2,440,247 gross tons were of iron and steel construction, and 3,647,098 gross tons were of wood. following table shows the geographical distribution, motive power, and material of construction of American shipping June 30, 1903.

The