1650, with some remarkably fine Norman doorways may still be seen. The present Deanery was the ancient guest hall. Among other remains is Prior Craudene's Chapel, which has been restored, and is used as the chapel of the grammar school, Farther on to the south still stands the great gate of the monastery. "Ely Porta," the room above the archways of which is used for the King's Grammar School. West of the cathedral is the BISHOP's PALACE, dating from the time of Henry VII. The Norman portion of the church dates from about 1170. The church was dedicated in presence of King Henry III. in 1252. The western tower dates from 1184, the lantern from 1382, the Galilee porch from 1200, the Lady-Chapel from 1349, Bishop Alcock's Chapel from 1488, that of Bishop West from 1534. The extreme length of the cathedral (interior) is 517 feet, making it with the exception of Winchester the longest Gothic church in Europe. The length of the nave is 250 feet; its breadth, 78 feet; its height, 76 feet; length of the transept is 179 feet 5 inches; the height of the great west tower is 266 feet.

CANTERBURY.

(Distance from London, 62 miles by South Eastern Railway or London, Chatham, and Dover Railway; time, 2 hours; fares, first, 15s.; second, 10s. 6d.; third, 5s. 2d.; return tickets, 22s. 10d., 16s., and 10s. Trains in summer from Charing Cross without stops.)

The cathedral grounds are almost completely surrounded by houses, and the first near-by view is obtained as we enter the

grounds through Prior Goldsmith's Gate. The exterior is imposing, the two western towers being full of grandeur and beauty, and the central steeple one of the most graceful existing examples of pointed architecture. The western front is flanked by two towers. The principal entrance is by the south porch. The nave has eight bays without triforium. The clerestory of the choir is filled with good stained glass, representing the genealogy of our Saviour. The transept has no aisles; the north wing bears the name of The Martyrdom, and is the place where St Thomas-aBecket was murdered (1177.) To the east is the Lady Chapel, with exquisitely carved stone roof. In the apse, approached by a broad flight of stairs, is St Thomas's Chapel (now called Trinity), which contained the shrine of St Thomas-a-Becket, to which great numbers of pilgrims came. Between the first two piers of this chapel, south, is the monument of Edward the Black Prince. The effigy is brass; above it are hung his helmet, gauntlets, shield, and the scabbard of his sword. Opposite it, on the north, is the tomb of Henry IV. and his second wife, Joan of Navarre. Descending the south aisle of Trinity Chapel, from the south-east transept, passing down the aisle of the south aisle of the choir, we reach the south-west transept, opening east from which is St Michael's Chapel. From the Martyrdom transept we enter the Norman crypt, or Under croft, toward the east end of which is the chapel of Our Lady of Undercroft, which was for a long time the tomb of Becket. The precincts of the cathedral include many remains of the old monastery of Augus tine, among them the cloisters and the chapter house. The Green

Court was once surrounded by the domestic buildings of the monastery. On its west side is the Porter's Gate, the oldest one remaining, adjoining which is the King's School. Of the archbishop's palace very little remains, except a single arched doorway. The cathedral church and monastery were built in 1070 to 1089; the choir, which had been burned, was re-erected in 1184, and the present church consists of portions of buildings dating from 1089 to 1495. The total length of the cathedral is 514 feet, the length of the nave is 178 feet, its breadth 71 feet, its height 80 feet. The length of the west transept 124 feet, of the east transept 154 feet. The height of the central tower is 235 feet.

SALISBURY.

(Distance from London by SouthWestern Railway, 83 miles; 2 hours; fares, first class, 17s. 6d.; second, 12s. 3d.; third, 7s.; return tickets, 30s., 21s., 12s. For hotels, see "HOTEL LIST.")

SALISBURY Cathedral is remarkable as one of the finest and most complete of the great English churches. It stands in a close nearly half-a-mile square, in which are many magnificent trees, and thus possesses greater advantages as to space than any of the others. The close, which is surrounded by a wall, is entered by four gateways. (For further description of this cathedral see Route 48.) The dimensions of the cathedral are as follows:-total length, 450 feet; length of nave, 229 feet; breadth, 78 feet; height, 81 feet; length of west transept, 206 feet; east transept, 145 feet; height of steeple, 406 feet. The foundation was laid in 1220. It was

the first of the great English churches built in the pointed or early English style. More than £50,000 have been expended in restorations during the last few years. The Episcopal Palace, a long irregular building, without a special interest. The Deanery is opposite the west front of the cathedral.

LINCOLN.

(Distance from London by Great Northern Railway, 130 miles; time, 3 hours and 17 minutes; fares, first, 19s. 6d.; second, 14s. 3d.; third, 10s. 9d.; return tickets, 39s., 28s. 6d.)

There is no English cathedra the site of which is so commanding, except perhaps that of Durham. Founded on a rock rising from the open valley, it overlooks the trees and houses of the city, and "stands out in bold relief against the sky in enormous but exquisite proportions.' Its west front consists of a broad Norman screen covered with arcades, and flanked by octagonal towers crowned with pinnacles. Beneath the gable is a lofty pointed arch, with a perpendicular window. Under an arcade of canopied statues of kings from William I. to Edward III., is a Norman door, deeply recessed. On either side is a tall Norman arch, with a door beneath. A series of interesting sculptures represent the Expulsion from Paradise, the Building of the Ark, Noah landing on Ararat, Daniel in the Lion's Den, the Assumption of the Virgin, and the Doom; and round the south angle is the Deluge. Above this front appear the two magnificent western towers. From the base of three tiers of arcades are two windows,

with superb canopies and parapet; at the angles are turrets panelled at the top and crowned with pinnacles. "When each alone is so beautiful and highly decorated, the effect is inconceivable which is produced by them in combination with the central road or broad tower, so full of state and dignity, and majestic grandeur, that no church in England, or on the continent, can be cited in the same description." Four massive piers support the central tower, in which is the celebrated bell, "Great Tom of Lincoln," which weighs 5 tons 8 cwt. Noticeable objects in the interior are the rose windows in the north and south transepts, the glass in the former being of the 13th century. At the east transept is the angel choir, a very perfect specimen of the decorated style. The cloisters and the chapter-house are worthy of notice. The towers should be ascended for the sake of the view over the fens of Lincolnshire. During the civil war this church was occupied as a barrack by the Parliamentary soldiers, and was disgracefully mutilated. The cathedral was commenced in 1092; the nave was completed in 1235. The statues and windows in the west front date from 1381; the great west window on the upper storey of the west towers from 1450. The total length of the cathedral is 486 feet; the great transept is 250 feet long and 66 feet wide; the east transept, 170 feet long and 44 feet wide; the central tower is 268 feet high. The ruins of the bishop's palace are on the south side of the hill, just below the cathedral.

DURHAM.

(Distance from London by Great Northern Railway, 256 miles. See Route 43.)

THIS Cathedral is remarkable for its magnificent position on the steep river bank, almost insulated by the broad and rapid river Wear. It is a picturesque and striking object as one approaches the town. The west front is composed of a gable and two towers. Immediately below the great window, projects the Galilee Chapel, the walls of which extend over and are incorporated with the solid cliff. A central tower of fine proportions rises at the intersection of the transept and nave, the transept having an eastern aisle. A porch on the north-east forms the principal entrance to the church; a second transept called the church of the Nine Altars, forms a broad front at the east end. The nave is of eight bays, it consists of five principal compartments divided by piers. The triforium and clerestory consist of Norman arcades. The organ screen and the stalls are modern. The bishop's throne and the altarscreen are considered the most beautiful in England. Behind the altar-screen is the Feretory of St Cuthbert, where the saint was buried. The chapel of the Nine Altars, the largest chapel in the kingdom, is approached by flights of steps from the choir aisle. The cloisters are on the south of the nave; the windows and ornaments are in the Perpendicular style. To the east are the Chapter House and Deanery; to the north the refectory (now the library and kitchen), and to the west the

dormitory (now the new library). The first stone of the cathedral was laid in 1093; the nave and the aisles 1137; the central tower was finished in the 14th century; the chapter-house was built in 1143. The total length of the cathedral is 495 feet, the length of the nave 243 feet, its breadth 80 feet, its height 69 feet, length of transept 170 feet, height of central tower 214 feet, height of western towers 138 feet.

WINCHESTER.

(Distance from London by SouthWestern Railway 67 miles; time 1 hour and 40 minutes; fares first class 13s. 10d.; second 9s. 9d.; third 5s. 6d. Return tickets 24s., 17s., 10s.)

WINCHESTERCathedral is situated in the valley of the Itchin, and is not conspicuous at any considerable distance from the town. The exterior with the exception of the east end, is sombre and plain, and the tower is only 138 feet high. The interior however, with its long nave, graceful piers, its vaulting and its beautiful east window, constitute a view with which the exterior of no other cathedral can compete. The magnificence of its chantries place it in the first rank for richness and variety of ornament. The ground plan is composed of a nave, transept, choir, presbytery, and Lady-Chapel, each having aisles. The architecture of the church embraces Norman, early English, decorated, and the tudor. The west front is composed of a panelled gable set between hexagonal turrets, crowned with spirelets. In the canopied niche of the gable is the statue of William of Wykeham. The visitor should enter

by the great west door, the extreme length of the nave being very grand and impressive. It is the longest in England (265 feet). Among the objects of interest in the interior are Bishop Edingdon's Chantry, on the south side near the choir, the first of a fine series of chantry-chapels, and William of Wykeham's Chantry, surpassing the first-mentioned in design and interest. The oakscreen of the choir was erected in 1875 as a memorial to Bishop Wilberforce. Under the organ loft is the chapel of the Holy Sepulchre, enriched with frescoes of the 12th century representing the Passion. The Lady-chapel retains traces of 24 frescoes of legends of the Virgin; in it is the chair in which Queen Mary sat, at her marriage with King Philip of Spain. The chapterhouse and cloisters were destroyed in 1570 by Bishop Horne. The Dean's Stable, a curious wooden building, was originally the Strangers' Hall. (For additional notice of Winchester, see Route 40). The whole length of the cathedral is 560 feet, length of the nave 250 feet, its breadth 86 feet, its height 78 feet, length of transept 208 feet, height of tower 138 feet.

LICHFIELD.

(Distance from London by London and North-Western Railway 116 miles. See Route 39.)

LICHFIELD Cathedral is situated

on an eminence and

viewed from a distance, is one of the most beautiful and graceful in England. Though small, compared with the greater cathedrals, its three beautiful

spires, its richness of ornament, the grace of its architecture, combine to create a most pleasing effect. To the eye, it seems the most complete of all the cathedrals. Its west front claims in chasteness and richness of ornament, to rank next only to Wells and Peterborough. Two towers flank the gable, which has a large and beautifully decorated window. The whole face is divided into a series of canopied arcades, once containing statues. The range over the great door alone remain, and in the upper storey of each tower is a window of two lights. The hexagonal spires are very elegant. There are three doorways; the central portal is parted by a shaft with a figure of the Virgin, and on either side are canopied statues of the Evangelists. The iron scrolls on the doors are very fine, in the arcade above are 25 statues of the kings of England from Penda to Richard II. The central tower rises one storey above the roof; the spire is six-sided, similar in details to the western spires, and has an appearance of great lightness. The chapterhouse is on the east side of the north transept; the library is above it. The church consists of a nave and choir with aisles. The Lady-chapel is the gem of the cathedral. A range of stalls extends beneath the windows, nine in number, seven of which contain beautiful stained glass. There is no crypt, nor trace of cloisters. (For additional description of Lichfield, see Route 39). The total length of the cathedral is 379 ft; length of nave, 177 ft., its breadth, 66 ft.; its height, 60 ft.; height of central steeple, 258 ft.; of the western steeples, 183 ft.

For notices of Peterborough, Exeter, Norwich, Worcester, Gloucester and the other cathedrals,

see GENERAL INDEX, at the end of each volume. The routes to each of the cathedrals, the time occupied and the cost of reaching them will be found in the "Chapter on Routes from London, &c. " immediately following the description of London.

ROUTE 60.

LONDON TO THE CONTINENT.

GENERAL REMARKS IN RELATION TO THE ROUTES FROM LONDON TO THE CONTINENT.

RAVELLERS destined to Paris have the choice of several routes the Dover and Calais Route; the route by Folkestone and Boulogne, by Newhaven and Dieppe, by Southampton and Havre, by Harwich to Rotterdam and Antwerp, the Queensborough and Flushing, and the Dover and Ostend routes. The distance to Paris by Folkestone is the shortest, and the time is now reduced to 9 hours from London to Paris, and vice versa. One of the advantages of the Dover and Calais route is that, owing to the depth of water at Dover and Calais, the boats arrive and depart at fixed hours, while those plying between Folkestone and Boulogne leave only when the tide serves. It generally happens, however, that the hours of departure by the tidal trains are more convenient than those via Dover. The railway service is the same by either route as to comfort; the carriages, both in