always attracting thousands of spectators. It was an old Roman station, but has all the appearance of a well arranged modern town, which is rapidly extending. The Great Northern Railway Company have a large establishment here which employs a considerable number of workmen, amounting, with their families, to about 4,000 persons. The ancient church was destroyed by burning in 1853, and has been replaced by another after designs by G. G. Scott.

[From Doncaster, Hull may be conveniently reached via Thorne and Goole, distance 45 miles.

HULL (Hotels: Station, Victoria) is situated at the mouth of the River Hull, where it enters the Humber, and is one of the principal ports of embarkation to Holland, Norway, and Swe

den.

It was anciently called Wyke upon-Hull, but its name was changed to Kingston-upon-Hull by Edward I. who afterwards made it a royal borough. It has numerous docks and a capacious harbour. The old part of the town, with the exception of the fine market-place, in which is Shoemaker's equestrian statue of William III., is ill built with narrow streets, but that portion near the docks, consists of handsome streets and houses. Of the public buildings the most notable are the Church of the Holy Trinity, a beautiful Gothic structure, the transept of which is the oldest brick building in the county, and St Mary's Church, Lowgate. There are several good schools, various charitable institutions, mechanics institute, public library, museum, two theatres, concert hall, &c.] Hull is a place of little interest to the ordinary tourist. It is a packet station of importance, claiming as a shipping port to be excelled only by London and Liverpool.

Resuming our journey we soon reach YORK (191 miles), (Hotel: See "HOTEL LIST")..

York is one of the most ancient cities of England, distinguished as having been the reputed birthplace of the Emperor Constantine the Great, the residence of the Roman emperors when they visited the province, and the place where the Emperors Septimus Severus and Constantius Chlorus died. Portions of the Roman walls still exist, and the foundations of the remainder have, from time to time come to light. From the circumstance that it is the chief city of the largest county in England, it has always preserved its relative importance. It is situated upon the river Ouse, which flowsthrough it, and, with the Trent, forms the estuary of the Humber. No city in England has played a more conspicuous part in its history than this, and its titular dukedom has always been conferred upon members of the royal family, from its first creation to the most recent times. With the exception of London, it is the only city in England whose mayor is entitled to the designation of "Lord" during his tenure of office. The Cathedral is one of the most magnificent edifices in existence, although it has suffered much from fire in the present century, once by the act of a fanatical incendiary named Martin, in 1829, and in 1840, when its western tower with its fine peal of bells was destroyed through the carelessness of a workman employed to repair the clock; but the parts destroyed have been perfectly restored. In the eighth century, York was celebrated as a school of divinity to which scholars resorted from various parts of the continent, one of whom was Alcuin, the friend of Charlemagne, tutor of his family, and founder of some of the most celebrated schools of his time in France.

The Archbishop of York is second only in ecclesiastical dignity to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and bears the title of "Primate of England;" in contradistinction to the title of the latter of "Primate of all England." The grounds of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society are a few minutes walk from the Cathedral on the bank of the Ouse. Admission 1s. In the grounds are the ruins of St Mary's Abbey, St Leonard's Hospital, and the Multangular Tower (the last named being the most perfect of the Roman remains). The tower is 33 feet in interior diameter, and consists of 10 sides of a regular 13 sided figure. The remains of St Leonard's Hospital consist of the cloister and the chapel of the Infirmary. The chief remains of the Abbey are the Abbey Church, in the Early English style, still very beautiful though much injured by the weather. East of the Abbey Church is a large building used as a School for the Blind, and partly as a National Boys School. The Museum has a well arranged collection of antiquities and coins, and a natural history collection.

The old City Walls, one of the chief curiosities of York, are nearly perfect, having been repaired. The walk upon the top, extending for over two miles, affords fine views of the Minster and the surrounding country. The walls may be ascended close to any of the old gates or bars. These latter are interesting features of the town and date from the time of Edward III.

The CASTLE encloses the jail and courts, and Clifford's Tower, a remnant of the ancient castle. This tower was the Keep of the Castle. Open every day except Saturday. York was long a chief seat of the woollen manufacture, but this has been transferred to Leeds,

Bradford, and other places in this and the adjoining counties. The Great Bell of the "Minster," by which name the Cathedral is best known, weighs 11 tons. Most of the churches are ancient, and of great interest to the antiquarian tourist. It has all the institutions of modern exigences which are usually found in large cities.

Although Yorkshire is now one of the busiest parts of England, and its natives are proverbial for their commercial shrewdness and money-making propensities, it was remarkable in the middle ages for the extent, magnificence, numbers, and wealth of its religious foundations, with the remains of which the face of the county is still studded, and to which crowds of tourists are still attracted by the beauty of the scenery in which they are situated, as much as by the picturesqueness of the ruins themselves. Of these may be particularly mentioned Guisborough Priory, Fountains Abbey, Kirkham Priory, Whitby Abbey and the Grey Friars' Tower at Richmond. There are also many remains of castles in various parts of the county, amongst which may be mentioned Pontefract Castle, where Richard II. was murdered, Knaresborough Castle, and Conisborough Castle, near Doncaster.

[42 miles from York, by the North Eastern Railway, is

SCARBOROUGH (Hotels: See "HOTEL LIST"), a seaport and fashionable watering-place, situated in the recess of a beautiful bay, on the borders of the German Ocean, and rising from the shore in the form of an amphitheatre. The buildings on the cliff stand almost unrivalled in respect of situation, having in front a fine terrace nearly 100 feet above the level of

water. It is supported by six massive stone piers, 125 ft. apart; 5050 tons of iron were used in its construction, and its total cost was nearly £235,000. It is a double bridge, consisting of two roadways, one 25 feet above the other, the lower being for carriages, foot-passengers, &c.; the upper carrying three lines of rails. The church of St Nicholas is ancient. The Exchange is a large Ionic building, which includes the Guildhall and Merchants' Court; there are also many other public buildings. The castle from which it takes its name is still standing, and the restored chapel is used as a museum for the interesting Roman and other antiquities found here. It was built by Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror.

Between Newcastle and Berwick, at a short distance from the main line, is Alnwick Castle, the magnificent seat of the Percy family, from about 1300 to the present time. It was formerly a very important border fortress; it is now celebrated as one of the grandest and most perfect feudal dwellings in the kingdom, very large sums having been spent upon its restoration by its recent possessors. The castle covers 5 acres of land, and the grounds around it are very extensive, containing the ruins of two ancient Abbeys. Malcolm, King of Scotland, and his son, Prince Edward, were killed in 1094; and William the Lion was taken prisoner here in 1174, whilst besieging this Castle. The internal decorations are very splendid. In the town still remains a tower, with a gateway, called the Bondgate, having been formerly used as a prison. There is a branch to Alnwick (Hotel: White Swan), from Bilton (300 miles). Six miles from Alnwick are the noble ruins of Warkworth Castle, also

the property of the Duke of Northumberland; and at about half a mile distant is the celebrated hermitage hewn out of the rock, the subject of one of Dr Percy's ballads. It is said to have been inhabited by one of the Bertrams of Bothal, in penitence for the murder of his brother. Near Lucker (324 miles), about 3 miles distant on the right, are the remains of Bamborough Castle, recently restored, standing by the sea shore on a rock 150 feet high. It was a Saxon fortress, built in the 7th century. It was near this point that the heroine Grace Darling risked her life by assisting her father to save the crew of the "Forfarshire." We pass close to the sea, and near Belford (3274 miles), we see Holy Isle, with the ruined abbey and castle of Lindisfarne, alluded to in Sir Walter Scott's "Marmion." We next reach BERWICK-UPON-TWEED(342miles), (Hotel: King's Arms) From the situation of this town on the extreme northern limit of England, and its importance as a fortress in the feudal ages, it possesses a curious history, forming, as it did, an object of contention between the rival powers of Scotland and England for ages, and through violence, treaty, or treachery, constantly changing the mastery of the one for that of the other. The temporary possessors invariably confirmed to the inhabitants their laws and privileges; and, from long usage, they seem to have been equally indifferent to the supremacy of either. The memory of this state of things has been perpetuated to our own times by the preservation of a separate jurisdiction, and the recognition of the neutral character of the locality, by its invariable mention in proclamations, acts of parliament, &c., after the enumeration of more