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addressed, 520 or 46% replied. The Committees believes that the information obtained from the replies is fairly representative of the practice of the central stations of the United States, inasmuch as the practice of member companies throughout all sections of the country is represented in the result.

In order to ascertain if any general difference in practice between large and small companies existed, the replies were summarized by size groups, the limits of the groups chosen being those used in the analysis of the company lamp policy survey made several years ago by the Committee. The total number of replies received were divided into six groups, as follows:

Group A includes all companies which serve

less than 1000 lighting consumers Group B: includes all companies which serve 1000 to 5000 lighting consumers Group C includes all companies which serve

5001 to 10000 lighting consumers Group D includes all companies which serve 10001 to 50000 lighting consumers Group E: includes all companies which serve more than 50000 lighting con

sumers

Group NG: includes all companies which did not submit the number of lighting consumers served by them.

A condensed summary of the survey is presented in Table VII, and it will be noted that of the 520 companies which replied to the questionnaire, 498 or 96% recommend the use of one or more of the standard voltage lamps on their lines; 16 companies, or 3%, do not use standard voltage lamps, and the replies of 6 companies, or 1%, were indeterminate due to the manner in which they were submitted.

Of the 498 using one or more of the standard voltage lamps, 223 recommend 110 volt lamps only; 165, 115 volt lamps only; and 35, 120 volt lamps only. 59 recommend standard combinations, and 16, odd voltage lamps as well as standard.

Table VIII shows the odd voltage lamps used by the 16 companies who reported using both standard and odd voltage, and Table IX indicates the voltage of the lamps used by the 16 companies who reported not using any standard voltage lamps.

The future practice of the 32 companies who reported using odd voltage lamps, at present, is indicated in Table X. It will be noted that 15 of the 32 companies have decided to arrange their service lines for the use of standard voltage lamps, and 11 of the companies are considering changing their line service voltage for the use of lamps of standard voltages. Only one company reports that it is not considering, in any manner, the standardization. 5 of the 32 companies did not reply to the question submitted regarding consideration and decision in this respect.

By comparing the voltage information submitted by the member companies that replied to the ques

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tionnaire, with that contained in the last issue of the lamp manufacturers' booklet "Central Station Voltages," an interesting summary of the details of the voltage changes made during the year 1920 is obtained. See Table XI. There are included in this summary only those companies for which full information is available in the booklet of "Central Station Voltages," inasmuch as the total number of companies included is somewhat less than in the other accompanying tabulations. This table indicates that during the year 1920, 58.2% of the companies have made no change in voltage and that out of the total of 41.8% that have made changes, 26.2% of the companies increased their voltage, while 15.6% lowered it.

These data confirm the conclusion obtained from

the changes in lamp demands over a period of years; that is, that the trend of the average voltage for the whole country is upward rather than either stationary or downward. The table further indicates that the past year has shown a very marked progress in the percentage of complete voltage standardization; namely, from 79% in 1920 to 96% in 1921.

The data presented elsewhere in the report, with regard to the demand for certain types of lamps, indicate that 96% of the lamp demand is met with the Tungsten Filament Lamp, and from the standpoint of the lamp manufacturers there is no longer any necessity for the multiplicity of voltages. The recommended voltages (110-115-120), as previously stated and as shown by Fig. 14, constitute over 81% of the present demand. It is believed that much better deliveries can be obtained by the use of standard voltage lamps.

When it is considered that all of the remaining odd voltages constitute but 19% of the total lamps produced, it is important that the use of these odd voltages be discouraged and decreased so far as possible. Member companies which use odd voltage lamps are earnestly requested to give serious consideration to the question of re-adjusting their voltage if necessary and where possible, so that either 110, 115 or 120 volt lamps can be used on their service lines. The lamp manufacturers for several years have urged this standardization as a matter of economy, and the Committee believes that the member companies should avail themselves of these advantages, and that the subject should be reviewed by each company and, so far as their local conditions will permit, that the use of the lamps manufactured on one of the three standard voltages, be adopted.

The Committee has submitted a short discussion on this subject of voltage standardization for inclusion within the revised edition of the N.E.L.A. Handbook for Electrical Salesmen.

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Standardization of Service Voltages

The Committee has been in conference with the Subcommittee of the Electrical Apparatus Committee, which has been considering recommendations for the standardization of service voltages. Tentative recommendations as now included in the report

of this subcommittee are endorsed by your Lamp Committee, they having made full provision for recognized departures from the tentative suggested standard service voltage so as, in the judgment of your Committee, to make for no embarrassment to the member companies.

Miscellaneous Items

Street Lighting

The extension of street lighting is progressing very favorably unaffected by business depression. One of the interesting developments of the year is an ordinary pole equipment, now in operation at Saratoga, N. Y. The distinctive feature of this system is the fact that in each globe is installed one 1000 candlepower and one 250 candlepower series lamp, both of the same amperage. In each pole is installed a relay so that either the high power or low power lamp can be put into service simply by throwing the switch off and on at the central station. This permits the high power lamps being operated during the active hours of the evening and the low power lamps put in service for protective lighting for the rest of the night, the lamps being operated effectively in

accordance with the demand.

Lighting Exhibits

report have received active encouragement from the Association through the Lighting Sales Bureau. Under these auspices more or less permanent industrial lighting exhibits are now operating in eight of the largest cities in the country, while five more are under construction, and still other cities contemplate by the lamp manufacturers and a few of the central similar action. This program is being supplemented station syndicates, who have provided smaller portable exhibits which have been demonstrated temporarily in eighty of the smaller cities and towns. Some of these travelling exhibits have covered commercial as well as industrial lighting.

This method of demonstration has proved exceedingly effective as an educational force toward better productive lighting, carrying as it does, the message of lighting for safety, it has been highly appreciated by some of the state industrial boards and other safety organizations. safety organizations. Such demonstrations have been valuable not only in raising and bettering the standards of lighting, but also in creating the goodwill for the industry.

Lighting Fixtures

As a result of several years' effort, both within the closer cooperation between the illuminating engineer Association and without, there is growing up a much is already evidence of improvement in the lighting and fixture manufacturers, with the result that there qualities of fixtures being offered to the public, with

out any sacrifice of their artistic features.

The Fixture Market now being held annually in connection with the associated conventions of the National Council of Fixture Manufacturers, Elec

The lighting exhibits referred to in last year's trical Fixture Dealers Association, and the Glassware

Guild, are becoming real educational forces for better lamp equipment. At the Market held in Buffalo, February 1921, an industrial lighting exhibit was demonstrated under the auspices of the N.E.L.A. and a home lighting exhibit under the auspices of the Illuminating Engineering Society. Both of these attracted much interest throughout the fixture trade.

Another development of growing importance has been the various devices for "hanging the fixture like a picture." Devices of this sort, by facilitating the changing lamp support-perhaps they should no longer be called fixtures-can do much to modernize and improve the practice of electric lighting, especially in rented homes. The first essential, however, of such a development is that the device should be absolutely interchangeable so that the purchaser can feel confident that his new fixture will fit the outlet

at home. The importance of this is appreciated throughout the industry and pressure is being exerted from various sources upon manufacturers to assure this important result. It is understood that the designers of some ten or twelve devices are now conferring with the view of avoiding unnecessary confusion.

Color Lighting in Show Windows

Since the Daylight MAZDA lamp demonstrated the value of suitable and distinctive color of light for show window display, there has been a growing tendency to use color screens in this connection. At least two important manufacturers are putting out devices for incorporating color screens with their reflectors, and it is understood that other developments of a similar nature are under way.

Respectfully submitted, LAMP COMMITTEE FRANK W SMITH, Chairman

DOUGLASS BURNETT
WALTER CARY
W W FREEMAN

FS TERRY

FRANK W. SMITH: As there has been no particular technical lamp development during the year, the report records no outstanding matter of company policy. These Lamp Committee reports are submitted year by year in the same general form as to the statistical data, and the report has its greatest value as a reference record. The demand for the information contained, and the large demand for the reports themselves from time to time indicate to the Committee the value of these data. There are one or two items which may be emphasized.

The speaker has heard no less an authority than Mr. J. W. Lieb, who we all know is the greatest authority on incandescent lamps, make the statement that if he met lumen face to face he would not recognize it. The Committee has presented on page 46 a "picture" of the lumen with a somewhat lengthy caption descriptive of this illustration.

An important work of the Committee this year has been a continued investigation of the standardization of lamp voltages; this particular effort being conducted by a subcommittee under the chairmanship of Mr. Cooper. A recanvass of the central station companies has been made during the year, and the results have been rather fully set forth in the report, a study of which will disclose the present status of the standardization of incandescent lamps. I believe that this question of the standardization of lamp voltages may be considered almost a concluded subject at this time.

The Committee has been asked to direct the attention of the delegates to the lighting for the large dining-room of this hotel, where the lamps have been specially treated, and also to the very beautiful exhibit on the mezzanine floor directed by the Lighting Sales Bureau.

WH JOHNSON
E W LLOYD
G F MORRISON

THE PRESIDENT: Is there any gentleman who would like to make any remarks on this report?

JOHN W. LIEB: We have presented again in this report a very interesting statistical review of the progress of the incandescent lamp industry and the changes which are taking place in the use of the various types of lamps. There are just two things to which I would like to direct attention at the moment, and one of these is to state that you see from Table I that there have been used during 1920 4.3 per cent of carbon, including Gem, lamps. Of course, we are through with the Gem lamps, so that most of these lamps, no doubt, are carbon lamps, and it is about time we were through with these.

The only excuse for having the carbon lamp listed at all is its greater robustness of filament, but with the progress which has been made in making robust tungsten filaments of the mill type and others, there is hardly further use for the carbon lamp, except possibly such extreme applications as on battleships and a few other special applications, so it is hoped that the member companies using the carbon lamps will discontinue their use, so that the manufacturers will not be burdened with having to manufacture such a small number of that special type.

We are indebted to the Lamp Committee for the presentation of the unit, the lumen, so as to facilitate relations between the scientific and commercial branches of the business. This is quite necessary, as with the different types of lamps that are coming into use the old terms have become somewhat obsolete, making comparisons extremely difficult.

I would like to suggest that the Lamp Committee in its future publications, say for a year or two at least, pursue the practice, where they have occasion to use the term candlepower, or mean horizontal

candlepower, to add also the equivalent lumen value in parenthesis, a practice pursued by the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, when they give measurements or other data in the English system of weights or measures, and immediately follow it by putting the metric equivalent in parenthesis, helping continuously and automatically, and insensibly to the reader, to a ready familiarity with the relative values.

I would like to say a word or two about this question of candlepower. When our industry was founded we had the old Parliamentary Candlepower Standard derived from gas practice, and it was then that the electrical industry made the mistake in placing the first incandescent lamps in a position in the photometer where they gave their mean horizontal candlepower, instead of doing as the gas companies with their fish-tail and bat-wing burners, so placing them in front of the screen as to secure the maximum value. We have reached the point We have reached the point

where the mean horizontal candlepower no longer affords a proper basis of comparison between incandescent lamps as light sources, and we must now record the mean spherical candlepower, interpreted through the lumen.

THE PRESIDENT: My inherent respect for family modesty does not allow me to say the nice things I might say in regard to the next speaker. He probably is best known as the President of the Commonwealth Edison Company, although the gross business of that company only represents about onethird of the gross utility business for which he is responsible, and which is centered here in Chicago. It gives me great pleasure to call on Mr. Samuel Insull, President of the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago, who will address us on the subject, "Future Expansion in the Use of Central Station Power."

Future Expansion in the Use of Central Station Power By Samuel Insull

Our

Before discussing the subject that has been allotted to me this morning, I cannot refrain from referring to the general condition of business following the terrific strain imposed upon it by the great war: Even as late as a year ago many financial authorities looked more or less askance at a business that, on the cost side of it, is governed by the ordinary laws of supply and demand, but on the selling side of it is governed by governmental agencies that establish the price at which we shall sell our product to the public. But the last six or nine months have brought about a very great change in the point of view of financiers and investors. You can scarcely read the financial column of any daily newspaper without finding record of dividends passed by industrial institutions in more or less troubled waters, and, in fact, of the wiping out of capital that is appalling.

On the other side you see our industry, taxed to its limit, so far as its cost is concerned-cost of operating and cost of money-yet in six or eight short months getting back to its own, and getting ready for the time when the financial clouds will roll by and when we can look forward to more stable condition of business generally throughout this country.

The fundamental cause of that is the inherent financial strength of our business. Take any form of manufacturing business and you will find that a very large portion of its capital is necessarily tied up in finished material, material in course of manufacture, and but a relatively small portion of its capital is tied up in permanent plant.

It is not at all surprising that many of the great industrial institutions of the country have, during the year 1920, found themselves not only on the wrong side of the ledger, so far as 1920 was concerned, but many of them have had the unpleasant

experience of having their entire profit of the war period practically wiped out. The reason for this was that a large portion of the money involved in their businesses was tied up in accounts subject to very rapid depreciation, as prices went down and as credit was impaired. But we are engaged in a business in which, if our entire accounts receivable and our entire merchandise on hand were wiped out, it would not produce a greater effect upon our permanent capital investment than from 10 to 15 per cent.

Another reason for the rapidity with which our business has come back is the fact that we are engaged in a business that has not reached a point of saturation. We are not so much governed by the ordinary laws of supply and demand as some of our friends in other forms of public-utility business, where the point of saturation has been more nearly reached, as, for instance, the street-railway business, the water business and the gas business. Therefore, when hard times come along, the main effect on us is a reduction in the percentage of increased business; and it would take a long period of depression to put the electric light and power business in a position where its actual business, taking the country as a whole, would show a decrease in output as compared with the previous year.

Most of you probably are feeling the pressure the same way that all of the corporations that I am connected with are feeling it. We are feeling it in the shape of a decreased percentage of increased growth as compared with the same month of last year.

For several years past our trouble has been to provide the necessary plant and equipment to take care of the business offered; and many of us have during that period practically disbanded our business-getting departments. That time has passed, gentlemen. You may be at this particular moment. or may be during the coming winter, somewhat

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