Furthermore, one of the greatest advantages to the consumer lies in the fact that due to more efficient lamps, more properly designed reflectors, and more available knowledge upon the efficient utilization of light, it is now easily possible to double the illumination upon the working surfaces without increasing the meter readings at all. This is an advantage which the residence owner has scarcely appreciated. It should mean to him that he may now attain all of the pleasing night atmosphere in the home, getting color-effects, light and shade, restful and glareless illumination, and yet ample light under all circumstances without feeling at all extravagant. There remains no excuse for bare lamps, practically transparent cheap glass shades, or mistaken miserliness in keeping sockets unfilled with lamps. Fig. 179 illustrates the contrast between the cost of living and the cost of lighting. The Advantages of Good Lighting to Employers and Employes Perhaps this feature of better lighting has re ceived more study during the past year than has any other. Economies of production have demanded the utilization of every reasonable means to produce more and better goods at less output costs. Nowhere are the good features of lighting more patent than in the last year's attention to higher standards of lighting intensities and to the improved safety and hygienic conditions following better factory illumination. It has been proved beyond a doubt that good lighting in industrial operations Increases output of manufactured materials, Lessens supervision, and labor turn-over, Possesses advertising value and bespeaks pros- Karma zes the alamages and Fa 1214 apa plant resat froG 1 THE 2 One of the most grey ng results of the ed ****ng site to expiam these facts to the comer a the merased sady spot the part ve mamieren of the possible benefits which may dere Manufacturers regard lighing menu al a necellary evil and more and more at an agent of it. The benefits to them are Prentis of the exe of the average plants look to better AVA%BCrease production, and they freready agrees te terases indicated by Fig. Their fack in the andy of the illuminating agten to telp volve their pocket-book problems is not misplaced, as the following quotation shows: Yo te spinning machines has vacaw of approxmany per cent in maThe materal coming from the 821 -t der formal conditions for *w we can averag ng 54 pounds per hour. he day factor except that of the *** *** wat red from 15 to 90 foot-candies, the materal coming from the machines was again weighed for two success re day: the amount turned out aver27 700 ponds per bor de mcrease a rather noteworty, as it was possible to advance the speed to the machines, the only chance for a gami production being in the the operator experienced under the inCreviert 4 ng more raged movements curing the periods we and operations were regures on the machines From the standpoint of the employes good lighting per se is seldom given a concerted thought or an expressed opinion, yet discontent that breeds in pleasant surroundings, and restlessness which originates in strained nerves and imperfect health often has no outlet except through a strike. Sanitation, better hygiene, and improved morale are emphasized by or follow directly as a part of the light, cheerful, wide-awake and glare-lessly lighted fac tory. The advantage of clear vision in reducing accidents is not a new conception, yet it may be well to study Fig. 187 to gain an idea of the relation between poor light and high accident rate in a great many of our industries. A notable development of a study of bodily movement as influenced by higher intensities of illumination has appeared during the year, known usually as the "Time-Element of Vision." We have learned that the mere "seeing" of an object is not the end or ultimate goal of the human eye's function. There are different degrees of "seeing," and now comes the question of how to see better and quicker. The eye, like the camera, requires a time-exposure for the "taking of the picture" if the illumination be low. And in order to reduce this time to a minimum, i.e., to take an optical snap-shot, we require relatively high values of illumination upon the subject. This ability to perceive details instantly speeds up the dependent muscular action, and partially explains increased industrial output. Finally, it might be emphasized that most of the advantages of artificial lighting are the result of not merely "lighting," but of "good lighting." The A L ARENBERG duty devolves upon the producer of electrical power to make its consumption attractive, and easy. Clouding illumination with super-technical terms, and generating a spirit of vagueness and fear in the consumer's mind is certainly responsible for much of the reluctance to purchase and use lighting devices. Moreover, no merchandiser can afford to sell inferior goods, least of all to neglect its proper installation and maintenance, lest the disgruntled customer merely express his dissatisfaction by not spending money for either good or bad lighting. Constantly acquainting the consumer with the best features of lighting, and explaining the many advantages of good, better, and best illumination, will develop the industry, and will lead to such installations as leave in the mind of the consumer the conviction that he is securing advantages from good lighting far beyond his actual cash investment. SUBDIVISION SG HIBBEN, Chairman CHESTER EATON JJ KIRK The Advantage of the Industrial Lighting Load to the Central Station After reading the reports on Industrial Lighting in the N.E.L.A. Proceedings since 1916, and numerous other articles on this subject which have appeared from time to time in Electrical World, Electrical Review, the Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society, and the bulletins of the various lamp manufacturers, it would seem that every central station in the country would be bending every effort to secure the profit awaiting them by increasing its lighting load; but the fact remains that many have failed to grasp their opportunities. The only apparent reason for this state of affairs may be summed up under three general heads: inability to care for the increased load, lack of money to finance the campaign, or lack of appreciation of the opportunity. In the following paragraphs, a number of specific reasons for an intensive drive for better industrial lighting by the central station. have been advanced and substantiated by facts from previously published and unpublished sources. 1. Size of the Lighting Field This should be determined by each central station by a comparison of the results of a survey of its customers with some facts presented here. (1) It is estimated that the connected load should be increased by from 10% to 15% as the result of an intensive lighting campaign. The statement has also been made that the lighting load should be quadrupled. Average lighting which would be profitable to the customer will require two watts per square foot, whereas most cities would do well at the present time to average 1⁄2 watt per square foot. In Baltimore where the lighting campaign has not been in existence long enough to produce results, the ratio of connected lighting to connected power load is 32% for the largest customers and 1. N.E.L.A. Proceedings, 1916, Commercial Section, page 534. 2. N.E.L.A. Proceedings, 1920, page 267. 7% for the average industrial plant, which is probably about 3 of what it should be. The ratio of lighting to power consumption is from 3 to 30%, whereas it should be from 10 to 60%. (3) From data on the four well known tests made in Chicago we find that the consumption was increased from 2 to 7 times, or an increase in intensity of from 3 to 25 times. The Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago has maintained a progressive lighting policy for several years, and as a consequence, has increased this portion of its load to the point where it earns 52% of the total revenue of the company, this despite the fact that a large amount of current is sold to street railways. 2. The Readiness of the Field The educational agitation which has been assuming larger and larger proportions for the past several years, and which is fostered by the lamp and fixture manufacturers, central stations and contractors, the National Electric Light Association, The Illuminating Engineering Society, Insurance Companies, State Industrial Accident Commis sions, technical publications, and others, have prepared the minds of most prospective customers to be receptive to the idea of the advantages to be gained by hitherto unheard of intensities of artificial lighting. This educational propaganda has taken a concrete form during the past year in the shape of the installation of permanent lighting exhibits in the larger cities and a number of portable exhibits which have been taken from place to place to meet the demands of the smaller cities. Furthermore, it is quite evident that the field is very far from being saturated. All of this reduces the cost of an adequate campaign to the central station. (4) As an example of what may be accomplished, the Massillon Electric & Gas Co. of Massillon, Ohio, took thirty-seven of their customers on an automobile trip to Cleveland, at a cost of $128.00, to view the permanent demonstration at Nela Park. In addition to this they installed a small permanent demonstration of their own at a cost of $60.00. As a result they added from January to July, 1920, 431 kilowatts of lighting and sold 1,063 fixtures as compared with 68.0 kilowatts lighting and 39 fixtures for the similar period in 1919. There are fifty-two industrial plants in that town and at the time the report was written, about eight months after the demonstration, seven complete new systems had been installed, work was in progress on nine more, and requests for eight other layouts had been made. 3. From the Standpoint of Generation and An increased lighting load would be more desirable than increased power to most central stations. at the present time. From its inherent characteristics the lighting load, of whatever magnitude, will have practically unity power factor and will there 3. Electrical Review, March 22, 1919, page 449. 4. Illuminating Eng. Society, Transactions. Nov., 1920. Page 582. |