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a great teal if meret bet lighting, and I agree v padla ements. Te can place online fanse : the company stands eighing item. The posit Lem that can be vanet iv tre vreet, say, a business repe and a residential street ter tipe a great deal can be achang shelby è formen des gain the various cities. Vone of th esra é a general lighting fund, any prende a safe and proper lighting of the streets, and the nutzens of any particular street can be interested in having a more ornamental system. Of emorse, the difference in cost between the general lighting fund and what the ornamental system costs is taken care of by an assessment on abutting propYou can make better progress in this erty owners matter of street lighting by taking it up with some of the more aggressive citizens and starting a new lighting scheme. I would say that in Rochester we have probably three or four different standards for the lighting of different types of streets. We have Jummous are and incandescents of various sizes, and we have the white globe. We have recently brough out a design on a concrete post, more of a lanter type or canopy type, doing away with the whit globe. The white globes are a serious matter wi regard to maintenance; they become dry and an hard to keep clean, and in the wintertime you ca not clean them, except at great expense, and w have brought out this new type, without a game: sort of harp-shaped canopy with a parcelam t flector, lamp hanging pendant. We place that typ of lamp on one of the highest class residerim, street the city and it came inte immediate por

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duce the headlight glare to a great extent, and there will be little improvement in night driving.

I recently called on the Commissioner of Highways of New York State, and he told me they had some eight thousand miles of improved highway in the State, and a great portion of it should be lighted. Also that he was behind any movement which would promote the lighting of these highways. We will have experiments made in New York State along these lines this summer. first highway of any consequence to be intensively lighted, that is, where more light will be used than on city street lighting, will be out of Detroit. The fixtures have been sold for this initial installation.

The

HERMAN K. STEIN: It may be interesting for some of you to know that in New York State the Legislature last year passed a law that will permit the Town Board to establish a street lighting contract in the same manner as was formerly permitted by the Village and City Board. Heretofore it has been necessary for us in establishing a street lighting district, to get the consent of 51 per cent of the property owners. The new law we consider a great advantage. We have already succeeded in establishing a district in one town having about nine miles, and we have under negotiation the lighting of about twelve miles of rural districts immediately surrounding Batavia.

CHAIRMAN HOGUE: We would like to hear from Mr. Ward Harrison on this subject.

WARD HARRISON: The interesting and attractive field in street lighting is unquestionably the White Way, but we must not overlook residence streets and thoroughfares outside the White Way district, which in reality comprise perhaps 90 per cent of the street mileage in a city. One of the best features of an intensive White Way is that it emphasizes how very poor indeed is the lighting in the rest of the town. Sometimes we lose sight of the fact that two or three miles of a busy city thor

oughfare is often supplied with a fewer number of lamps giving a less total quantity of light than you would find provided in a modern office 50 feet by 100 feet.

Our standards are going up for the lighting of practically all interiors, and at this time we can well afford to put a great deal more emphasis on street lighting. When costs of labor and materials are decreasing and business is depressed, that is the time that cities begin to have money to spend, for they get it by taxation, in bad times and in good. When their other costs are coming down they are in a better position to consider additional street lighting.

Look at it another way. Most cities today are spending a smaller and smaller proportion of their income for street lighting; statistics which have been presented show that 3.4 per cent of the budget. is the average amount set aside for street lighting. Ten or fifteen years ago the figure was nearer 5 per cent. Surely we should be able at least to hold our ground.

MR. HOGUE: There is a wonderful field for street lighting. In Chicago for many years we sold commercial street lighting to individuals. However, we found that this was detrimental to the continuance of this class of business, and that the right way to sell was to organizations, who would maintain. a uniform system of lighting. This class of business will well pay the Central Station man to go after. You will find that this is an off-peak business. In many cases it can be controlled from the power house, and can be kept off the peak load.

We were very fortunate in having Mr. Ryan and his able assistant, Mr. Dickerson, prepare this report. I want to take this opportunity of thanking both of them, and their committee, for the valuable information which they have furnished to the Central Station industry.

The next business is the report of the Industrial Lighting Division, Mr. G. Bertram Regar, of the Philadelphia Electric Company, Chairman.

Report of Industrial Lighting Division

The pendulum of industrial production, as was rected, has swung back from war conditions to tive side. It must, however, soon reach its lance, and efficient and sane management y conditions necessary to the somewhat of things.

efficient lighting with the resultant inoduction reduced spoilage; less accidents ved physical and psychological effect on aided the manufacturer in the past rush s, so it will aid them in the reconstruction

shown from coast to coast, and with the additional information at the disposal of all who will seek through the medium of the new hand book of the National Electric Light Association, there is scant excuse for poor installations.

It has been considered advantageous to divide the Division into three subdivisions, each to prepare a section of the report, the first being charged with the duty of preparing data showing the advantages of good lighting to the consumer; the duty of the second to show the advantage of the ial lighting demonstrations are being industrial lighting load to the Central Station,

showing the effect on revenue; how good lighting affects other fields, etc.; and the third to prepare data to be inserted in the new hand book, indicat

AL ARENBERG CHESTER EATON J CARL FISHER SG HIBBEN JJ KIRK

SECTION 1

ing practical and concrete methods of how to lay out and specify lighting equipment for various problems.

Respectfully submitted,

INDUSTRIAL LIGHTING DIVISION G BERTRAM REGAR, Chairman GEORGE H STICKNEY, Vice-Chairman

Advantages of Good Lighting to the Consumer

The electric lighting industry depends upon satisfied and gratified consumers. This the dealers in electrical merchandise have more and more appreciated during the past year. The producers and distributors of electric power have also been cognizant of this fact, but in many instances they have served without sufficiently advertising their services, or emphasizing their underlying desire to please the rank and file of consumer.

This desire to make electric lighting service advantageous to the consumer, and to make clear to him that better lighting is and will be more and more advantageous to him, is evidenced by several noticeable movements of the past year.

The Dependability of an Assured Source of Lighting Power

The advantage to the consumer of having a dependable supply of electric power cannot be passed by without a brief comment.

Assurance that a flip of the button will give him ample light, day and night, good weather or bad, is of great value to the industry. It only is unfortunate that this service has been assumed to be a natural thing-a sort of birthright to the public-an expected happen

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Fig. 180. The Advantages of Good Factory Lighting.

ing to which no individual gives thought any more Of late an imthan to the daily rise of the sun. portant effort has been in evidence to explain to the consumer what is back of the switch button, and all this educational work must be carried on to remove the stigma that unjustly has been in too many cases attached to the title "Public Service Corporation."

More confidence must be established in the fact that the power service back of good lighting is distinctly to the advantage of each consumer, and that sure electric service deserves his cooperation and his capital. Relations between producer and consumer must in absolute fact be "open covenants openly arrived at."

The Advantages of Modern Costs of Good

Lighting

At a time when the costs of the many commodities of life are high, and in face of the large increases in living and operating expenses of the past years, it should be particularly gratifying to each consumer to meditate upon the stable price of electricity. Now he may enjoy good lighting at the prices of pre-war days; in fact the cost per kw. hr. to the consumer during 1920 has averaged less than during any of the preceding five years and is about 50% of the cost 15 years ago.

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Furthermore, one of the greatest advantages to the consumer lies in the fact that due to more efficient lamps, more properly designed reflectors, and more available knowledge upon the efficient utilization of light, it is now easily possible to double the illumination upon the working surfaces without increasing the meter readings at all.

This is an advantage which the residence owner has scarcely appreciated. It should mean to him that he may now attain all of the pleasing night atmosphere in the home, getting color-effects, light and shade, restful and glareless illumination, and yet ample light under all circumstances without feeling at all extravagant. There remains no excuse for bare lamps, practically transparent cheap glass shades, or mistaken miserliness in keeping sockets unfilled with lamps.

Fig. 179 illustrates the contrast between the cost of living and the cost of lighting.

The Advantages of Good Lighting to Employers and Employes

Perhaps this feature of better lighting has re

ceived more study during the past year than has any other. Economies of production have demanded the utilization of every reasonable means to produce more and better goods at less output costs. Nowhere are the good features of lighting more patent than in the last year's attention to higher standards of lighting intensities and to the improved safety and hygienic conditions following better factory illumination.

It has been proved beyond a doubt that good lighting in industrial operations

Increases output of manufactured materials,
Decreases percentage of defects and spoilage,
Lowers accident rate and reduces injuries,
Lessens eye-fatigue and improves health,
Improves morale through improved environ-

ment,

Lessens supervision, and labor turn-over,
Reduces unit costs of production,

Possesses advertising value and bespeaks prosperity and good management.

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One of the most gray ng results of the ed *****berg sore to plan these facts to The commer are merved vady spot the part of the manicures of the possible benefits which ey may denne Manufacturers regard lighting menu at a necessary evi and more and more as an age of nit The benefits to them are Lewed as Pown in Fig 1 Pozrite of the exene of the average plants look to better ***** *crease production, and they fre*ence the mcreases indicated by Fig. Ther fack handay of the ummating agten to be solve their pocket-book problems is te misplaced, as the following quotation shows:

******* te winning machines has aaw of approxmely 17 per cent in maThe materal coming from the *21 *** der normal condrions for *wo wwe days averaging 54 pounds per hour. her factor except that of the was raved from 15 to 30 foot-candies, the

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From the standpoint of the employes good lighting per se is seldom given a concerted thought or an expressed opinion, yet discontent that breeds in unpleasant surroundings, and restlessness which originates in strained nerves and imperfect health often has no outlet except through a strike. Sanitation, better hygiene, and improved morale are emphasized by or follow directly as a part of the light, cheerful, wide-awake and glare-lessly lighted fac

tory.

The advantage of clear vision in reducing accidents is not a new conception, yet it may be well to study Fig. 187 to gain an idea of the relation between poor light and high accident rate in a great many of our industries.

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