wattage (hot) of the iron, on the efficiency of transfer of heat from the heater to the sole plate, and on the amount and availability of stored heat in the iron. The wattage and efficiency test data have been given above. Special tests were made to determine the thermal capacity of the iron; that is, the amount of heat measured in watt-minutes required to raise the temperature of the iron one degree, or what is very nearly the same thing, the amount of heat which must be abstracted from the iron in order to cause it to fall one degree in temperature. This is the quantity K of Page 404 and may be determined in accordance with equation (2). The heating and cooling curves have supplied the values of T and T' for computing it. The values so obtained are based on the assumption that there is the same distribution of heat in the iron during heating and cooling. Strictly speaking, this cannot actually be true. Another and less satisfactory method of determining K is from the watts and the initial rate of temperature rise when the current is turned on to the iron at room temperature. This gives K on the assumption that the distribution of temperature throughout the iron is instantaneous, and while this might be approximately realized in some constructions, it would certainly not be realized in others. Relative Orders To show in convenient form the order in which the ten irons arranged themselves with respect to the various tests to which they were subjected, Table XXXIV has been prepared. In it the number ten indicates that the iron to which it refers had the highest value of any of the ten irons in the test in question, and the number one, the lowest value. For example, the heaviest iron is marked ten and the lightest iron, one. These figures are not to be understood as in any sense constituting a quality grading, for some of the qualities listed are desirable and others undesirable, while still others may or may not be desirable according to circumstances. Thus ten may indicate the best iron in respect to a given quality or the worst one. Many qualities are, however, interdependent and by a comparison of gradings the consistency of the results may be checked and inconsistencies which arise from differences in design or constructional peculiarities may more readily be detected. Note. Some observations have been made to ascertain what temperatures were most suitable for ordinary ironing work. Each iron was provided with a thermocouple embedded in the sole-plate. This in connection with a recording pyrometer gave sole-plate temperatures under actual working conditions. The tests showed that while temperatures in Fig. 150. Relative Surface Temperature Distribution of Sole the neighborhood of 200°C. were well suited to or Plate. Another and more direct test of maintenance of temperature was made as follows: The iron when hot and with normal voltage applied, was placed on its stand for one minute and then on the continuousflow calorimeter for five minutes with water circulating and with no thermal insulation between the iron and the calorimeter. The curve-drawing pyrometer kept a continuous record of the temperature of the sole plate while the iron was put through this cycle of operations a number of times. The maintenance of temperature of the irons under these conditions may be noted from the data in Table XXXIII. dinary work, temperatures as high as 300°C. could be used for short intervals. On the other hand tem It should be realized that a high thermal capacity, while it is of value in maintaining the temperature of the iron during work, has the disadvantage of tending to slow up the heating of the iron. Fig. 151. Bump Tester. THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Seelman will introduce the next speaker. M. S. SEELMAN, JR: Gentlemen, when I first began going to conventions a great many years ago, we all used to meet in one room, the technical men, the accounting men, the commercial men, the hydroelectric men, if there were any; we used to meet in one room not much larger than this and listen to a single, unified program. Our business has become so diversified and there are today so many phases of it, it is so highly specialized, that, of course, as time went on and this development occurred, we found, in the National Electric Light Association, it was impossible to continue that practice, and we have had to subdivide it, so that today the National Electric Light Association's Convention is a six or eight ring circus. have been confined to single samples of various makes. The data obtained show marked differences in quality and performance amongst the individual irons. To determine relative merits of the various brands would require an investigation of a much larger number of individuals. Certain proposed test procedures are still in course of development Approved by E. D. DOYLE, CLAYTON H. SHARP, Technical Director. I would like to gather everybody that has attended this Convention together in one room to listen to the speaker whom we are about to hear. It is unfortunate that we could not have done it. It is unfortunate that this meeting conflicts with the meeting of the Public Relations Committee, to which Mr. Hurley is speaking or has spoken. However, as I explained to Mr. Goodwin, this is the best that we could do, and I am sure that we make up in quality what we lack in numbers. I am sure that we will appreciate what Mr. Goodwin has to say to us. We all know who he is. If there is one man in this country who knows what he has to say it is Mr. Goodwin. He is a prophet of the new dispensation and a development of the new indus try, unified in its elements, so that it can take a right and a cooperative and an efficient and a profitable direction. Mr. Goodwin, we are glad to have you with us and we will be glad to listen to anything you may have to say to us. Address by William L. Goodwin I feel deeply honored by the privilege of addressing this meeting of the Commercial Section. It is a strange coincidence. This is the first time I have ever had the privilege and the pleasure of addressing a meeting of the National Electric Light Association, and it just happens to occur on this date when I took over the management of the Society for Electrical Development. In connection with this Society for Electrical Development I would like to say a few words about its past history before I tell you something about our plans for the future. In all American industry there is no parallel to the Society for Electrical Development in form of organization. It is a unique organization in American industry. It is a unique organization in world industry, and naturally in the early career of such an organization it encounters many difficulties. Going back to the inception of this organization, in 1913, it is interesting to note that from that time there were first created in the electrical industry local electrical leagues that are now springing up in large numbers all over the country. At or about that time there was created nationally the first attempts to commercialize to a maximum the great opportunity presented by concentrated and properly directed effort along marketing lines. The industry needed organization and direction along commercial lines, and it was the vision of Mr. J. Robert Crouse that resulted in the formation of the Society for Electrical Development as one means of promoting a larger market for our product of energy and energy-consuming devices. As a result of this As a result of this organization, electrical pages in daily newspapers were introduced and the first attempts in connection with broad publicity, through articles in national periodicals and magazines, were started. That the idea was sound is evidenced by the fact that it has grown in extent and has been taken up and made effective in almost every section of the country, but if we look back to 1913 and understand the condition which then existed in the industry, and realize that no particular effort was in effect by all the groups in the industry working together on ways and means to promote business, we can realize how essential the organization was at that time. But time brings about change and the condition which confronts the electrical industry today is quite a different condition from that of 1913. The problem today is not only one of organization toward effective sales promotion, but also one of finding ways and means to acquire necessary fast-increasing capital requirements to meet the demand for enlarged plant capacity and to make more effective and efficient all of the organizations in the industry charged with their respective responsibilities. You member companies in the National Electric Light Association rightfully attach great importance to your organization and the work accomplished, under way and projected, but unless you are active and familiar with other organizations, you have little conception of what is going on all about you. We have literally hundreds of organizations in the industry, considering all branches, sections and local leagues, each unto itself, attaching just as much importance to its work as does the National Electric Light Association to its particular function. Now, the big job of the future, as I see it, is to coordinate the activities of all of these organizations, that the great overlapping of effort and duplication, and the tremendous economic waste going on in our industry from this duplicated effort, shall be eliminated at the earliest possible date by giving these organizations proper direction. The tremendous economic waste, from a purely monetary standpoint, is a mere incident compared to the value in time and energy expended in the human element. As If we are going to continue our organized effort and justify our time at these conventions, then we must concentrate along lines so that the greatest possible results will accrue from such effort. we build up these great organizations, and as they have been built in the past, we find that the greater number of them are developed along what I call group lines; that is to say, manufacturing, jobbing, retailing, engineering and the public utilities business, not to mention street railway and a number of other kindred lines. As we develop strength in these group organizations we also incline to develop selfishness, and as strength and selfishness grow, a conflict is evident unless each of these organizations is directed along lines tending toward eventual coordination with all other groups. If we permit this rapid growth in organizations to continue without proper direction, the time is not far distant when the electrical industry may face an internal conflict, and we know from the experiences of the past four or five years how easy it is to destroy in a very short time what would normally take a lifetime to build. When I was first invited to sit in with the Executive Committee of the Society, the question came up of the need of coordinating the activities of all of the various associations and local leagues and development associations, and, in the final analysis, I take it to be the particular reason for which Í have been asked to take charge of the Society. The Society has no definite plan at this time to attain that end, and we do not propose to submit a plan to that end, but we do wish, with the aid of all organizations, to make a very thorough survey of our organizations, national, state and local, to determine their needs and to acquire full information of their activities and to invite from each of these organizations ways and means by which their activities can be directed along the most effective lines. In the preliminary studies along that line it is interesting to note that we have some twenty-five or thirty organizations, each attempting to perform the same function. We must not confuse between overlapping or duplication and repetition. Repetition is quite essential in connection with certain activities, such as advertising to promote good will; but mere duplication of elementary problems imposes a tremendous economic waste, so that in making the study we should differentiate between repetition and duplication and chart out these various activities, in order that every man in the industry may have a clear picture of just what the existing situation is. I believe that when the facts and figures are presented to the thinking men in the industry, it will result in the formation of plans which will enable us to determine the best course to pursue. So, as you are asked from time to time to consider these problems and to submit your suggestions to your various organizations as to what you think is the most desirable form of organization or activity, please bear in mind that it is just as much your individual problem as it is the problem of the Society for Electrical Development, to make our organizations most efficient and most economic. Whether the public utility industry remains in the hands of private ownership or whether it goes to municipal, state or federal ownership, depends entirely upon how we conduct our business and ourselves. To all who have given the subject serious thought public ownership of our utilities in this country would be a calamity and a crime against the future generations and would greatly retard if not entirely destroy initiative and future expansion. On the other hand, as we serve the people of this country more effectively, efficiently and economically, just so long will this responsibility and private ownership of utilities rest in our hands. Now, we should recognize the fundamental principle that, as the whole electrical industry prospers, each may find opportunity to prosper proportionately, that it is as essential to the central station industry that manufacturers, jobbers and contractordealers prosper as it is that manufacturers, jobbers and contractor-dealers should see to it that the central station industry prospers. In this industry we are not possessed of any sacred rights. Our position is maintained so long as we render the character of service that the public demands. It is our job to see to it that such demands are right and proper. Because of the technical nature of our business, there is a lack on the part of the public of a proper understanding as to the value of our service, and where there is a lack of understanding there is usually a misunderstanding followed by an over abundance of suspicion. Our industry is comprised largely of a technical family, so to speak, and we have not yet learned to speak the language of "the man on the street," as Mr. S. A. Kennedy so ably expresses it. It seems to me that the Society for Electrical Development can render a valuable service to the electrical industry if it does nothing more than enunciate simple principles and terms which the public can comprehend. Any pioneering in a new field is very difficult, as you gentlemen only too well understand. In taking charge of the Society on this day, I fully realize my responsibility to such a creditable institution, and I wish to give due credit to my predecessor, Mr. Wakeman, for the very faithful work that he has rendered to the Society and to the Board who directs its activities. The Board of Directors, in putting this Society in my hands, has said to me, "The path is clear. Go forward and carry out our plans.' work alone. I would not attempt to do it alone, I cannot do the but with the united help of all I am sure we can make the Society for Electrical Development worth while. Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, I sincerely thank you for this opportunity to address you. M. S. SEELMAN, JR.: Gentlemen, I want to say in regard to this ambitious program which Mr. Goodwin has outlined to us this afternoon, that we who know Mr. Goodwin know of his enthusiasm, although we may not agree with him in everything that he has said. We are satisfied he will carry out the ideas which he has indicated as his program, in such a way that it will be unquestionably to the great advantage of the industry; and I believe, although I cannot speak for the National Electric Light Association-I believe that we can afford to Mr. Goodwin, and that we can, at least unofficially, be no less broad-gauged and no less cooperative than pledge our assistance to him and his organization in this remarkable program and this wonderful work he has laid out for himself to do. Mr. Goodwin, speaking for the Commercial Section, for these gentlemen who are assembled here today, we are glad you came. listened to what you have said, and I am sure we We have attentively have profited by it, and we appreciate your having come and delivered your message to us. We thank you. Now, the Range Committee was to have had this past half hour and the next hour to deliver its report. We have concluded that the Range Committee's report was too important to take up now, with the little time at our disposal, and that it would be more desirable, and probably the Range Committee would prefer to have a session of its own to take up this report, and therefore Mr. Marshall will arrange a parallel session for tomorrow afternoon, with the Lighting Sales Bureau, for the Range Committee to present and discuss its report. (An adjournment was then taken, at 5:05 P.M.) |