two, or not more than three, of the foregoing courses which are of six months' duration. 2. By attending one course of six months' and two of three months' duration. 3. By nine months' attendance on Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital and clinical lectures; together with one coarse of six months', or, in lieu thereof, two courses of three months' duration.

The fees for nine months' attendance at Sir Patrick Dun's Hospital is £12 12s. The fee for each course of lectures is £3 3s. The fee for the Liceat ad Examinandum is £5. The fee for the degree of M.B. is £11.

2. Doctor in Medicine.-A Doctor in Medicine must be M.B. of at least three years' standing, or have been qualified to take the degree of M.B. for three years, and must perform exercises for the degree before the Regius Professor of Physic, in accordance with the rules and statutes of the University. Total amount of fees for this degree, £13.

3. Master in Surgery.-The degree of Master in Surgery can only be obtained by students who are Bachelors of Arts, and who have completed the professional curriculum and passed the examinations required. The curriculum extends over a period of four years, and comprises attendance upon the following courses of lectures :-viz., Anatomy, one course; Demonstrations, three courses; Dissections, three courses; Theory and Practice of Surgery, two courses; Practice of Mediane, one course; Chemistry, one course; Materia Medica, one course; Midwifery, one course; Practical Chemistry, ene course; Botany, one course; Medical Jurisprudence, one Course After the year 1874, the Mastership in Surgery will be conferred upon those candidates only who are of Masters in Arts standing.

Hospital Attendance.-Three sessions, each of nine consecutive months' duration, in any recognised hospital, together with attendance on the clinical lectures on Medicine and Surgery there delivered. Any of the above-named courses may be attended at any of the medical schools of Dublin recognised by the Board, provided the candidate has kept an Annus Medicus in the School of Physic. The following hospitals are recognised by the Board:-1, Sir Patrick's Dun's School of Physic Hospital; 2, Meath Hospital; 3, Richmond, Whitworth, and Hardwicke Hospitals; 4, Dr. Steevens' Hospital; 5, Jervis-street Infirmary; 6, City of Dublin Hospital; 7, Mercer's Hospital; 8, St. Vincent's Hospital; 9, Adelaide Hospital; 10, Mater Misericordiæ Hospital. Of the courses of lectures, which are of five months' duration, not more than three can be attended during any one session. Candidates will also be required to perform surgical operations on the dead subject. Candidates for the degree of Master in Surgery, who have already passed the examination for the degree of Bachelor of Medicine, will be examined in Anatomy and Surgery only. Fee for the Liceat ad Examinandum, £5. Fee for the degree of M.Ch., £11.

UNIVERSITY LICENCES.

Candidates for the licences in Medicine or Surgery must be matriculated in Medicine, and must have completed four years in medical studies. Candidates for the licences in Medicine or Surgery must pass the following examination in Arts, unless they be students in the Senior Freshman or some higher class: -Homer's Iliad, Books I., II. (omitting catalogue of ships), III.; Lucian's Dialogues (Walker's edition); Xenophon's Anabasis, Books I., II., III.; Virgil, Æneid, Books I., II., III.; Sallust; Horace, Satires; Latin Prose Composition; English Prose Composition; English History; Modern Geography; Arithmetic; Algebra to the end of Simple Equations; Euclid, Books, I., II., III. Students who have passed the foregoing examination will be required to pay the admission fee of £15. 1. Licentiate in Medicine.-The medical course and examination necessary for the licence in Medicine is the same as for the degree of M.B., with the exception that any general hospital approved by the Board of Trinity College may be substituted for Sir Patrick Dun's. Candidates who are already Licentiates in Surgery of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, or Members of the College of Surgeons of England, on passing the foregoing Arts examination, will be admitted to examination for the licence in Medicine. Fee for the Liceat ad Examinandum, £5. Fee for the licence in Medicine, £5.

2. Licentiate in Surgery.-The surgical course and examination necessary for the licence in Surgery are the same as for the degree of Master in Surgery. Fee for the Liceat ad Ezaminandum, £5. Fee for the licence in Surgery, £5.

Total Expenses of obtaining the Degrees of Bachelor in Medicine and Master in Surgery.-I. Lectures: 1. Anatomy (one course), £3 38. 2. Practical Anatomy (three courses), £9 9s. 3. Dis

sections (three courses), £15 15s. 4. Surgery (two courses), £4 48. 5. Practice of Medicine, £3 38. 6. Chemistry (two courses), £4 48. 7. Materia Medica and Pharmacy, £3 3s. 8. Midwifery, £3 38. 9. Botany. 10. Medical Jurisprudence, £3 3s. 11. Institutes of Medicine, £3 3s. Matriculation fee, 5s.-II. Hospitals: Sir P. Dun's (first year), £9 9s. ; ditto (second year), £9 9s.; ditto (third year), £9 9s.; Practical Midwifery, £3 3s. Ophthalmic Surgery, £2 28.III. Degrees: 1. Liceat ad Examinandum in Medicina, £5. 2. Liceat ad Examinandum in Chirurgia, £5. 3. M.B. degree, £11. 4. M.Ch. degree, £11.-Total Expenses: 1. Lectures, £52 15s. 2. Hospitals, £33 12s. 3. Degrees, £32. Total, £118 78.-N.B. As no degrees in Medicine or Surgery are conferred except upon graduates in Arts, the expense of the degree of Bachelor in Arts, amounting altogether to £83 48., should be added to the foregoing, making the total £281 11s.

THE QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY IN IRELAND, Granting the degrees of Doctor in Medicine and Master in Surgery, and diplomas in Midwifery, includes three colleges -the Queen's College of Belfast, Cork, and Galwayeach of which possesses a Faculty of Medicine. The curriculum of medical study extends over a period of four years, and is divided into two periods of two years each. The first period comprises attendance on Chemistry, Natural History, Anatomy and Physiology, Practical Anatomy, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy. The second period comprises attendance on Anatomy and Physiology, Practical Anatomy, Theory and Practice of Surgery, Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children, Theory and Practice of Medicine, Medical Jurisprudence. At least two of the above courses of lectures must be attended in some one of the Queen's Colleges; the remainder may be taken, at the option of the candidate, in any university, college, or school recognised by the Senate of the Queen's University. Candidates are required before graduating to have also attended in one of the colleges of the Queen's University lectures on Experimental Physics and on one Modern Language, and to have passed the matriculation examination. They are further required to attend, during the first period, Practical Chemistry in a recognised laboratory, and the practice during six months of a recognised medico-chirurgical hospital containing at least sixty beds, together with the clinical lectures delivered therein; and to attend, during the second period, a recognised midwifery hospital, with the clinical lectures therein delivered, for a period of three months; or a midwifery dispensary for the same period; or ten cases of labour, under the superintendence of the medical officer of any hospital or dispensary where cases of labour are treated; and eighteen months' practice of a recognised medico-chirurgical hospital containing at least sixty beds, and in which clinical instruction is delivered. There are two University examinations; one comprising the subjects of study in the first period, the other the subjects of the second period. The degree of Master in Surgery and the diploma in Midwifery are only conferred upon candidates who already hold the degree of Doctor in Medicine, and who have also passed a special examination in Surgery or Midwifery. The University examinations are held twice in each year-in June and September. Candidates who commenced their medical studies elsewhere are admitted to the first University examination before proceeding to College. Further information will be found in the "Queen's University Calendar," or may be obtained by application to the Secretary, Queen's University, Dublin Castle.

KING AND QUEEN'S COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS IN IRELAND.

REGULATIONS RELATIVE TO THE LICENCE IN MEDICINE.

Examinations for the licence in Medicine are statedly held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday in each month (except August and September).

The name of every candidate, together with his schedule and the documents hereafter mentioned, must be lodged on the first day of each month, so as to be submitted to the College at one of its meetings. These are held regularly on the first Friday in each month (except August and September).

CURRICULUM.

A candidate who has not, previous to entering his name, obtained any medical or surgical qualification recognised by the College, must produce-1. Evidence of having been

engaged in the study of Medicine for four years. 2. A certificate of having passed the preliminary examination of one of the recognised licensing corporations before the termination of the second year of medical study. 3. Certificates of having studied, at a school or schools recognised by the College, the following subjects, viz. :-Practical Anatomy; Anatomy and Physiology, or Institutes of Medicine; Botany; Chemistry; Practical Chemistry; Materia Medica; Practice of Medicine and Pathology; Surgery; Midwifery; Medical Jurisprudence. 4. Certificates of having attended a medicochirurgical hospital in which regular courses of clinical lectures are delivered, together with clinical instruction, for twentyseven months; or such hospital for eighteen months, with nine months' attendance on a medical hospital, and similar courses of clinical lectures and instruction. 5. A certificate of having attended practical midwifery for six months at a recognised lying-in hospital, or evidence satisfactory to the College in each individual case of having attended practical midwifery. 6. Certificates of character from two registered physicians or

surgeons.

A candidate who has already obtained a medical or surgical qualification recognised by the College is only required to produce his diploma or certificate of registration, and the certificate of practical midwifery, and testimonials as to character.

EXAMINATION FOR THE LICENCE IN MEDICINE.

The examination consists of two parts. The subjects of the first part or previous examination are-Anatomy, Physiology, Botany, Chemistry. The subjects of the second part or final examination are-Materia Medica, Practice of Medicine, Medical Jurisprudence, Midwifery.

All candidates for the second or final examination (with the exception below specified) (a) are examined in the practice of Medicine at the bedside in one of the hospitals of Dublin.

Candidates qualified as follows are required to undergo the second part of the professional examination only, viz.:1. Graduates in Medicine of a university in the United Kingdom, or of any foreign university approved by the College. 2. Fellows, Members, or Licentiates of the Royal College of Physicians of London or Edinburgh, who have been admitted upon examination. 3. Graduates or Licentiates in Surgery. 4. Candidates who, having completed the curriculum above mentioned, have passed the previous examination of any of the licensing corporations in the United Kingdom.

DIPLOMA IN MIDWIFERY.

Candidates already qualified in Medicine or Surgery may apply for permission to be examined for the diploma in Midwifery. The certificates required to be lodged are the same as those required from qualified candidates for the licence to practise Medicine.

Fees.-Fee for the licence in Medicine, £15 15s. Fee for licence in Medicine and diploma in Midwifery (for which latter there is a separate examination), if taken out within an interval of a month, £16. Fee for the diploma in Midwifery, £3 3s. Further information can be obtained from the Registrar, College of Physicians, Kildare-street, Dublin.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS, IRELAND. (b)

1.-REGISTRATION OF PUPILS.

Every person requiring to be registered as a pupil on the College books shall, if the Council think fit, be so registered if he shall have laid before the College a receipt showing that he has lodged, to the credit of the President and for the use of the College, in the Bank of Ireland, a registry fee of five guineas.

II.-QUALIFIFICATIONS OF CANDIDATES FOR LETTERS TESTIMONIAL.

Every registered pupil shall be admitted to an examination for letters testimonial if he shall have laid before the Council the following documents:

a. A receipt showing that he has lodged a sum of twenty guineas in the Bank of Ireland to the credit of the President and for the use of the College.

b. A certificate that he has passed an examination as to his acquaintance with the Greek and Latin languages.

c. Certificates showing that he has been engaged in the study of his profession for not less than four years.

(a) Candidates who are physicians or surgeons of five years' standing are exempted from the clinical and written portions of the final examination. (b) From this body no return has this year been received. The regulations stand as last year.

d. Certificates of attendance on a hospital recognised by the Council, where clinical instruction is given, during three years.

e. Certificates of attendance on three courses of lectures on Anatomy and Physiology; three courses of lectures on the Theory and Practice of Surgery, and of the performance of three courses of dissections, accompanied by demonstrations; also, certificates of attendance on two courses of lectures on Chemistry, or one course of lectures on General and one on Practical Chemistry; one course of lectures on Materia Medica; one course of lectures on the Practice of Medicine; one course of lectures on Midwifery; one course of lectures. on Medical Jurisprudence; and one course of lectures on Botany.

QUARTERLY EXAMINATION.

1. Examinations are held quarterly, on the second Tuesday in February, May, August, and November, at which candidates shall be divided into two classes-junior and senior.

2. The junior class shall produce certificates of having attended three courses of lectures on Anatomy and Physiology; three courses of lectures on Practical Anatomy, with dissections; two courses of lectures on Chemistry; one course of lectures on Materia Medica; one course of lectures on Botany; and one course of lectures on Forensic Medicine.

3. This class shall be examined in Anatomy, Physiology, and Materia Medica.

4. The fee for this examination shall be five guineas; not to be returned in case of rejection, but to be allowed in the fee for the second examination.

5. The senior class shall produce certificates of having attended three courses of lectures on the Theory and Practice of Surgery, one course of lectures on the Practice of Medicine, and one course of lectures on Midwifery; also certificates of attendance on a recognised hospital for three winter and three summer sessions.

6. This class shall be examined in Surgery, Operative Surgery, the Practice of Medicine, and form of prescription. 7. Both these examinations shall be partly written and partly oral.

8. The fee for this examination shall be fifteen guineas. Fees to be paid by Candidates for Letters Testimonial.

1. The candidate pays ten shillings for his preliminary examination.

2. Five guineas as registered pupil of the College.

3. Five guineas for the junior class examination, which is not returned in case of rejection, but is allowed in the fee for his second examination.

4. Fifteen guineas for the senior class examination-total £26 15s.

5. In addition to the foregoing, a fee of one guinea is to be paid to the Registrar on handing each licentiate his diploma. 6. Every candidate rejected at the quarterly examination shall be required to pay to the College the sum of two guineas on applying for re-examination, so as to recompense the College for the necessary expense.

III.-QUALIFICATIONS OF CANDIDATES FOR THE FELLOWSHIP.

Every registered pupil or licentiate shall be admitted to examination for the Fellowship if he shall have laid before the Council the following documents :-

a. A receipt showing that he has lodged in the Bank of Ireland, for the use of the College, if he be a licentiate, the sum of twenty guineas, or thirty-five in case he be a registered pupil, provided in either case he intends to reside beyond ten miles from Dublin. Should the candidate intend to reside in Dublin, or within ten miles thereof, he shall lodge, if he is a licentiate, thirty guineas; or, if he be a registered pupil, fortyfive guineas. Fellows entering on the country list, who may subsequently settle as practitioners in Dublin, or within ten miles thereof, shall pay ten guineas to the College.

b. A certificate that he is twenty-five years of age.

c. A certificate that he is a Bachelor of Arts of some university, or that he has been examined in such manner as the Council may from time to time direct, with a view to ascertain that he has obtained a liberal preliminary education.

d. A certificate, signed by two or more Fellows of the College, of good general conduct during his professional education.

e. Certificates that he has been engaged in the acquisition of professional knowledge for a period of not less than six years, during three of which he must have studied in one or more of the schools or hospitals recognised by the Council.

He may have studied for the other three years in any school or schools of the United Kingdom which shall be approved by the Council, or in any foreign school of repute. It is also required that the candidate shall have had opportunities of practical instruction as house-surgeon or dresser in a recognised hospital.

f. Certificates of attendance on the several courses of lectures required to be attended by candidates for letters testimonial, together with one course of lectures on Comparative Anatomy and one course on Natural Philosophy.

g. A thesis on some medical subject, or clinical reports, with observations, of six or more medical or surgical cases, taken by himself.

h. Candidates of the required age, who shall have taken the degree of Bachelor of Arts in a British or Irish university, and have complied with the foregoing regulations in other respects, will be admitted to examination at the end of five years of professional study, of which three years must have been passed in one or more of the recognised schools or hospitals.

i. Licentiates of the College, who may not be able to show that they have followed the course of study specified in the preceding regulations, may, at the expiration of ten years from the date of their diploma, be admitted to the examination required for the Fellowship, provided they produce such evidence as shall be satisfactory to the Council that they have conducted themselves honourably in the practice of their profession.

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION, REGISTRATION, AND
MATRICULATION.

Registered pupils are admitted to answer the preliminary examination at any period previous to the final examination for letters testimonial.

Students who are not registered pupils are also admitted to answer the preliminary examination at any period previous to the examination for letters testimonial, upon payment of a matriculation fee of ten shillings.

The following are the subjects upon which each candidate for the preliminary examination will be examined, viz. :-The English language, including grammar and composition. Arithmetic, including vulgar and decimal fractions. Algebra, including simple equations. Geometry, first two books of Euclid. Latin and Greek, including translations and grammar. In Greek-the Gospel of St. John, the Menippus of Lucian, or the First Book of Xenophon's Anabasis. In Latin-the First and Second Books of the Eneid of Virgil, the Jugurthine War of Sallust, or the Third Book of Livy. These examinations are held quarterly, viz. :-On the third Wednesday in January, April, July, and October in each year. Fee, ten shillings.

Candidates are requested to enter their names, and pay the fee to the Registrar, at least three days previous to the day of examination.

THE APOTHECARIES' HALL OF IRELAND.

BY-LAWS AND REGULATIONS.

Every candidate for the licence to practise is required to undergo a preliminary and a professional education and examination.

THE PRELIMINARY EDUCATION AND EXAMINATION IN ARTS.

Compulsory.-1. English Grammar, Composition, and the leading events of English History. 2. Arithmetic and Algebra, to Simple Equations. 3. Geometry: First Two Books of Euclid. 4. Latin: The Twenty-first Book of Livy or the first Three Books of the Eneid of Virgil, and Latin Prose Composition. 5. Greek: The first Two Books of the Anabasis of Xenophon or the Ninth Book of the Iliad of Homer. 6. French Charles XII., or "Voyage en Orient" of Lamartine. 7. German: "Wilhelm Tell" of Schiller. Candidates will be examined in French or German, as they may select. Optional.-1. Natural Philosophy: Mechanics, Hydrostatics, and Pneumatics. 2. Natural History: The Classification, Elementary Structure, and General Physiology of Vegetables and Animals.

THE ARTS EXAMINATIONS

will be held at the Hall four times in the year-viz., the third Thursday in the months of January, April, July, and October, at the hour of twelve o'clock noon. It will be conducted by means of printed papers and by special examiners (Graduates in Arts of the University of Dublin), with assessors from the Court

of the Hall. The answers to the papers will be required in writing.

Unsuccessful candidates will be remitted to their studies for a period of six months.

THE PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND EXAMINATIONS.

Every candidate for the licence to practise must produce certificates to the following effect :

1. Of having passed an examination in Arts previously to entering on professional study.

2. Of being at least twenty-one years of age, and of good moral character.

3. Of apprenticeship to a qualified apothecary, or of having been engaged in practical pharmacy with an apothecary for a period of three years subsequent to having passed the examination in Arts.

4. Of having spent four years in professional study.

5. Of having attended the following courses, viz. :-Chemistry, during one winter session; Anatomy and Physiology, during two winter sessions; Demonstrations and Dissections, during two winter sessions; Botany and Natural History, during one summer session; Practical Chemistry (in a recognised laboratory), during three months; Materia Medica, during three months; Principles and Practice of Medicine and Therapeutics, during one winter session; Midwifery and Diseases of Women and Children, during six months; Practical Midwifery at a recognised hospital (attendance upon twenty cases); Surgery, during one winter session; Forensic Medicine, during one summer session; instruction in the practice of vaccination.

6. Of having attended, at a recognised hospital or hospitals, the practice of Medicine and clinical lectures on Medicine, during two winter and two summer sessions; also the practice of Surgery and clinical lectures on Surgery, during one winter and one summer session.

7. Of having performed the operation of vaccination successfully under a recognised vaccinator.

The Court of Examiners expect lecturers and teachers to hold weekly class examinations.

The examination for the licence to practise is divided into two parts:-The first part comprehends Chemistry, Botany, Anatomy, Physiology, Materia Medica, and Pharmacy; the second-Medicine, Surgery, Pathology, Therapeutics, Midwifery, Forensic Medicine, and Hygiene.

The professional examinations will be held quarterly, and will commence on the first and second Mondays in the months of January, April, July, and October.

Candidates for the licence must lodge their testimonials, and enrol their names and addresses with the Clerk, at the Hall, in Dublin, a week prior to the day of examination.

THE BRITISH HOSPITAL FOR DISEASES OF THE SKIN, GREAT MARLBOROUGH STREET, W., AND FINSBURY-SQUARE, E.C.-Surgeons-Balmanno Squire, M.B., and George Gaskoin, Esq.

PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN, BLOOMSBURY-Square, LONDON-SCHOOL OF PHARMACY.-The session will commence on October 1, 1874, and extend to July 31, 1875. Lectures on Chemistry and Pharmacy will be delivered by Professor Redwood on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday mornings at nine o'clock, commencing on Monday, October 5. The course consists of sixty lectures, comprising an exposition of the leading principles and doctrines of the science of Chemistry and of those branches of allied physical science, the applications of which are involved in the highest qualifications required for the practice of Pharmacy. There will be two of these courses during the session-the course which commences in October and ends in February being repeated in the following five months. Each course will be complete in itself, and will include a description of all the most important chemical and Galenical preparations used in medicine, which will be fully illustrated with experiments, diagrams, and specimens. Lectures on Botany and Materia Medica by Professor Bentley, on Friday and Saturday mornings at nine o'clock, commencing Friday, October 2. The course consists of about forty lectures, comprising Structural and Physiological Botany and Organic Materia Medica. There will be two of these courses during the session-the course which commences in October and ends in February being repeated in the following five months. Each course will be complete in itself, and will be illustrated by fresh, dried, and preserved portions of plants, drawings, diagrams, preparations, and experiments. In addition to these two courses, one on Systematic and Practical Botany, consisting of twenty lectures, will be delivered in the Royal Botanic Society's Gardens, Regent's-park, commencing in May and ending in July. Also, Lectures on Practical Chemistry, by Professor Attfield, Ph.D., F.C.S. The Laboratories will be opened on Thursday, October 1, at 10a.m. The Laboratories are fitted up with every convenience for the study of the principles of Chemistry by personal experiment. They are specially designed for the study of Pharmacy, but are also well adapted for the acquirement of a knowledge of Chemistry in its applications to Manufactures, Analysis, and Original Research. There is no general class for simultaneous instruction, each student following an independent course of study always determined by his previous knowledge. Pupils can therefore enter for any period at any date. The Laboratories are open from ten o'clock in the morning until five in the afternoon daily, except on Saturdays, when they are closed at two o'clock.

TO CORRESPONDENTS.

We beg to return our best thanks to the Registrars and Secretaries of the various Universities, Colleges, and Schools for their prompt replies to our Circular, and for the trouble they have taken in supplying the latest Regulations of the Institutions with which they are connected.

As this number is almost entirely devoted to matter mainly concerning Students, many most important communications and contributions unavoidably stand over.

Medical Times and Gazette.

SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1874.

TO STUDENTS.

WE wish we had sufficient elasticity of mind and imagination to enable us to put ourselves in the place of one of our young fellow-students. Of sympathy with them, with their fears, their hopes, and their aspirations, we have, indeed, no lack; but we think we could more effectively warn and advise them had we a fresher and more practical knowledge of the Schools and the Students of to-day than is possible to gray-haired men. Or, better still, we should much like to see what a good, well-working, observant, and thoughtful fourth-year's man would say, were he to write an Address to his fellowstudents. Against what snares and pitfalls would he wish most to warn them, and what methods and order of working would he especially advise them to pursue? Unhappily this idea has come to us too late to be of any use this year, so we must be content to say from ourselves a few words to the Students entering or returning to the various medical schools. And in truth we do not suppose that our fourth-year's student would in effect say anything more than we say when we exhort the student to work heartily, honestly, and steadily. He comes up to the medical schools now much better prepared and equipped for work than was generally the case a few years ago. He has been obliged to learn so much for his preliminary examination that he ought to have learnt, to some extent at any rate, how to work; and that is, of itself, no little gain. And he has become in some degree acquainted with his own powers. He ought to know already whether he is quick to learn, or slow, and whether his memory is retentive or not. He may be expected, in short, to have some knowledge of work and of himself as a worker. Being thus already a Student, let him neither be dismayed on the one hand by the amount and extent of work before him, nor think, on the other hand, that the four-years term allotted to medical education is so long that he can afford to waste any portion of it. Again, he must not imagine that he can during the years of his studentship learn thoroughly any of the subjects he has to take up; the time he will be able to devote to each subject is much too short for that; but he may, by diligent, honest work, lay a solid, lasting foundation of knowledge of each subject,—and this he must earnestly and persistently strive to do.

Last year we especially urged on the Student the importance of working methodically-of following an orderly and wellordered course in his studies; and, quoting from Coleridge on "Method," we said-be not as "the man who flutters about in blindness like the bat, or is carried hither and thither like the turtle sleeping on the wave, and fancying because he moves that he is in progress"; but adopt a method—that is, progressive transition from one step in any course to another." All experience teaches the paramount value and importance of this; and the experience of generations of teachers of the

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a

art and science of Medicine has been drawn on to lay down the method according to which the Medical Student shall pursue his studies. This method, or curriculum, the Student must follow more or less. We strongly advise him to follow it out thoroughly, keeping ever stedfastly before him the great object he has to work for-viz., the gaining the knowledge how to prevent, cure, or control disease, or to support a patient through or during acute or chronic disease that we know not yet how to cure; and how to relieve or palliate pain and distress. No grander or more beneficent object can a man strive for than to gain this knowledge-the knowledge of the Science and Art of Medicine, and the power for good that it gives. And a man may attain to so much of it during the four years of his studentship, if he works with the pluck and determination of an honest English gentleman, that he may enter on the practice of Medicine with an easy conscience, confidence, and hope.

We will add that the Student of Medicine must take every opportunity of gaining a knowledge of some things that are not much taught in the schools. He must learn his fellow-men -their differences of character and temperament, and of tolerance of disease; the immense importance of protecting and promoting that tolerance; and the paramount value of alimentation in disease. Let him remember Chomel's maxims: that the proper aim of the medical man is-first, not to do harm; and, second, to try to do good; and that, he has not to treat diseases, but patients afflicted with diseases. And, finally, let him remember ever that his work, now and throughout life, is to make himself a worthy practitioner of that science and art which, to use Dr. Russell Reynolds's words, "in spite of all its failures, misdirections, and missing links, is yet one of the greatest boons that man has been the means of conferring on man, and which will in the future far transcend in its benefits to mankind all that we have known of its doings in the past."

CHANGES IN THE STAFFS OF THE VARIOUS HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS.

ONCE again it is our duty to enumerate and recount the various changes which our Hospitals and Schools have seen during the past year, and the additions which have been made to the various teaching staffs in the metropolis.

Taking the various Hospitals in alphabetical order, we begin with St. Bartholomew's, where the changes are few indeed-consisting mainly in the addition of Messrs. Walsham and Cripps to the list of Demonstrators of Anatomy, whilst W. Legg is made Demonstrator of Morbid Anatomy.

At Charing-cross Hospital the changes are more important. By the resignation of Dr. Headland all the members of the medical staff get a step-Dr. Pollock becoming Senior Physician with the Lectures on Medicine; Dr. Silver becoming Special Lecturer on Clinical Medicine; and Dr. Green becoming full Physician instead of Senior Assistant. The new AssistantPhysician is Dr. Pearson Irvine, a name well known at University College. Mr. Bellamy also becomes Lecturer on Anatomy in room of Mr. Barwell; whilst, in the class of Public Health, Mr. Eassie has been appointed coadjutor to Dr. Poore and Mr. Heaton.

St. George's has sustained a serious loss in the person of its esteemed Senior Physician, Dr. Fuller. By his death Dr. Barclay becomes Senior Physician, and Dr. Dickinson full Physician, whilst Dr. Cavafy has been made Assistant-Physician, after long years of service to the Hospital. The Hospital is, we think, to be congratulated on the fact that no change has taken place in the surgical staff, for one more eminent or more excellent it would be hard to find. There are few changes in the School. Dr. R. J. Lee is made coadjutor to Dr. J. Clarke in Midwifery, and Dr. Whipham takes Skin Diseases, in

place of Dr. Barclay. Mr. Frost is made Demonstrator of Anatomy, with Mr. Dunbar as Assistant.

At Guy's the chief changes to be noted are those caused by the lamented death of Dr. Phillips, Assistant Obstetric Physician, and the appointment of Dr. Galabin in his place; and the resignation of Mr. Hinton as Aural Surgeon, he being succeeded by Mr. Purves. In the dissecting-room, too, we note that Mr. Clement Lucas is chief, with Mr. Golding Bird and Mr. Jacobson as assistants; the Practical Surgery is taken by the old Demonstrator, Mr. Davies-Colley.

King's College Hospital has sustained two decided losses in Dr. Garrod and Dr. Kelly, who have retired during the year; both were skilled clinical teachers. Dr. Duffin is now full Physician, and Drs. Rutherford and Ferrier Assistant-Physicians. Dr. Baxter succeeds Dr. Garrod as Lecturer on Materia Medica; and Dr. Garrod takes the place of Dr. Rymer Jones, who has resigned, in the Chair of Comparative Anatomy.

By the resignation of Dr. Davies at the London Hospital, Dr. Andrew Clark became Senior Physician. But another vacancy was created by the resignation of Dr. Morell-Mackenzie, so that Dr. Sutton became full Physician, and Dr. Stephen Mackenzie and Dr. Sansom were elected AssistantPhysicians. There is no change on the surgical side nor in the School, save that Mr. McCarthy becomes solely responsible for the teaching of Physiology. Dr. M. Mackenzie will continue to lecture on Diseases of the Throat. At St. Mary's very slight changes have taken place. By seniority Mr. Gascoyen becomes full Surgeon. Dr. Farquharson lectures on Materia Medica instead of Dr. Cheadle, and Mr. Knott fulfils the duties of Pathologist. Mr. Giles is also made Assistant-Demonstrator with Mr. Owen.

The most important change at Middlesex is due to the lamented death of Dr. John Murray; but as he was, comparatively speaking, a junior on the staff, the change affects few. Dr. Evans takes his place as Assistant-Physician. A new appointment has been made in the case of Dr. Edis, who has been appointed Assistant Obstetric Physician.

At St. Thomas's no change of importance is to be noted, save in the resident posts of Assistant-Physician and Surgeon respectively-posts now held by Dr. Turner and Mr. McKellar. In this respect St. Thomas's may be said to be in the happy position of the nation which has no history.

At University College, the most important change is due to the death of Dr. Grant, so long Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy, and the last exemplar of the original staff. The post is not yet filled. Mr. Browne also becomes assistant to Mr. Ellis in the dissecting-room.

At Westminster there are a good many changes. By the resignation of Mr. Pearse, Mr. Davy has been made full Surgeon, and Mr. Keene Assistant-Surgeon. Mr. Cowell is now sole Lecturer on Surgery; whilst, by the death of Dr. Bird, Dr. Potter becomes at once Senior Obstetric Physician and Lecturer on Midwifery, and in his stead Mr. Bond lectures on Medical Jurisprudence. Dr. Grigg is the new Assistant Obstetric Physician. Mr. Keene will lecture on Aural Diseases; Mr. Verdon is also made a Demonstrator of Anatomy, and Mr. Cheyne of Minor Surgery and Bandaging.

THE WEEK.

OUTBREAK OF TYPHOID FEVER AT EYNSHAM, OXON. An interesting case of a limited outbreak of typhoid fever has just occurred at Eynsham, a large village containing more than 2000 inhabitants, situated in the valley of the Thames, six miles west of Oxford. A block of sixteen brick cottages, looking some fifteen or twenty years old, furnishes all the conditions which would make one inclined to chalk upon it in large letters "typhoid terrace," and the result has been precisely what might have been expected. A filthy back yard where the soil, to use the expression of the inhabitants, oozes: up between the bricks, filthy privies, and sink-pipes leading from the drains into the houses, are enough to account for much; but the fact that shortly before the outbreak all the cottagers were using one well, which is obviously in connexion with the drains, and gives water "like soup" after a shower, furnishes no doubt the real explanation. Of the sixteen houses, fourteen have been attacked, one of the remaining two being empty. There have been twenty-five cases, and up to this time three deaths. No cases have occurred elsewhere. As a commentary on the efficiency of recent legislation, it is well to remark that the first case was recognised forty-one days ago, but that the inhabitants are still allowed to use the water of the offending pump; that the local board and the medical officer of health for the county have been appealed' to, but that the former seems to have little wish, and the latter no power, to coerce the landlord. The landlord, a local brewer, lives within twenty yards of the spot, and has certainly up to the present moment done nothing.

THE RECENT POOR-LAW INQUIRY AT CAMBRIDGE.

THERE has been going on, before certain officers of the Poorlaw Board, an inquiry into the conduct of one of the Poor-law medical officers there-a Dr. Mead,-which certainly deserves some notice at our hands. Dr. Mead seems to have been accused of all kinds of things in connexion with the recent epidemic of small-pox at Newmarket-accusations we should hesitate to repeat; for certainly they were supported by about the weakest evidence it is possible to conceive, and some were It would seem to us, apparently altogether unsupported.

writing at a distance, and with no other knowledge of the facts than the evidence laid before the Commissioners, that, as too often happens in such cases, Dr. Mead has been made a scapegoat to carry away the sins of many. During the epidemic, revaccination was of course had recourse to, and equally, as a consequence, good lymph soon became scarce. Dr. Mead does not seem to have had a good supply, and some of the paupers in the workhouse remained unvaccinated. It was, however, questionable whether they desired to be so; and there is, we fancy, no law to compel anyone to submit to revaccination. Much more serious, it seems to us, were the statements which came out inadvertently as to the nursing in the infectious wards and special small-pox hospital. That seems to have been utterly inadequate; and the excuse that no more nurses could be got in the neighbourhood is certainly utterly valueless. Plenty of skilled nurses could have been got in London if proper inducements had been held out; and until such exertions had been made, the authorities had no right to say they had done all in their power to stay the destructiveness of the plague. In one respect Dr. Mead seems to have been clearly in the wrong-technically, at least: he left his post without the consent of the Guardians; but as he was subpoenaed to attend a trial, and left a duly qualified. substitute in his place, the fault does not seem to have been a very great one, no more does his extending his journey to Lowestoft, and there remaining a day or two, considering, as was in evidence, that every medical man in the place had been more or less overworked.