strong currents, so that the deeper parts of the brain have been reached. He thinks that some of them are due to the conduction of the currents to muscles and nerves by other paths than through the brain-e.g., by cerebro-spinal fluid lying between the brain and its membranes, or the parts outside the skull. In the frontal region some of the effects are probably due to the first and second branches of the fifth nerve being directly affected by the strong currents. The supra-orbital branch especially, lies close beneath the electrodes. There is a general agreement between Hitzig's and Ferrier's results as far as the irritable zone of the dog's brain is concerned, except that Ferrier's results are more complicated. For example, Ferrier gets simultaneously closure of the eye, movements of both eyes, dilatation of the pupil, and turning of the head to the opposite side, by irritating his point (5) which corresponds to Hitzig's centre for the facial muscles; while he also gets similar movements from another point (3) which answers to Hitzig's centre for the neck-muscles. Hitzig considers these anomalies easily explained by the enormous strength of the currents employed.

Hitzig himself, however, is obliged to confess that the position of the spot which he and Fritsch first described as "the centre for the facial muscles," and which corresponds, as a rule, to Dr. Ferrier's point (5), is variable in different experiments, and sometimes corresponds(b) to Dr. Ferrier's point (19). The centre for the muscles of the ears is also somewhat variable in position, and there are several spots which sometimes react to very weak currents, whereas in other experiments very much stronger currents produce no effect on them. This phenomenon of inconstant contraction complicates matters considerably. Hitzig is inclined to ascribe some of the cases in which it occurs to the difference of force required by certain groups of muscles to overcome the resistance or the weight of the part moved; so that, e.g., the movement of the jaw requires a stronger current than that of the orbicularis palpebrarum, and this, as he expresses it, "also in other parts of the body, the current would have to be proportionally stronger the heavier the weight, or the resistance to be overcome, happened to be."

Inconstant movements with weak currents are more difficult to explain, and Hitzig is inclined to refer them to variations in the conducting media (Varianten der Leitung), rather than to variations in the animal's organisation, since the first "are known to exist, while the second are of purely hypothetical nature." The presence of a rather larger blood vessel than usual on its way from the surface towards deeper parts, may make the passage of a weak current easier than it would otherwise be; and if a motor tract came within its area, it would react in an exceptional manner. Hitzig considers the mode and locality of production of masticating movements of the jaw (Frephewegungen) to be at present insufficiently explained, and to require further investigation, while the movements of the ears, and other exceptional effects of stimulation, are probably to be referred to anomalies in the conducting media.

Hitzig gives Dr. Ferrier full credit for the discovery that from his point (19) movements for closing the jaw are produced, and retraction of the corners of the mouth from a point in the anterior part of gyrus g (s. 93). Ferrier has also independently observed bilateral contraction of the internal rectus muscles on stimulation of Hitzig's centre for the neckmuscles, and bilateral rotation of the eyes downwards and outwards from Hitzig's centre for the muscles of the eye. He has also shown that electrisation of the anterior basal portion of the brain produces dilatation of the nostrils. The results which Dr. Ferrier has obtained on the central parts (parietal region) of the convexity of the brain, Hitzig considers to be only a repetition of his own experiments in conjunction with Fritsch.

With regard to the cat's brain, Hitzig finds that the unexcitable portion (unerregbare Zone) corresponds very closely with the same region on the dog's brain, and is even more accurately defined than in the latter, because of the more regular arrangement of the sulci. He believes that the use of too strong currents has here also caused the differences between Dr. Ferrier's researches and his own. In some experiments the results may be due to the conveyance of the current to the envelopes of the brain, and so to external muscles, by means of cerebro-spinal fluid. In others, Hitzig considers

(b) The muscles innervated from this centre are the orbicularis palpebrarum, and mostly, too, the muscles which elevate the cheek and the angle of the mouth towards the eye.

them to be purely reflex, as, for example, where the stimulation of the base of the frontal lobe with a strong current caused jerking back of the animal's head and movements of the hinder legs, and of the tail when the current was made still stronger.

Hitzig agrees with Ferrier in the main as to the "irritable zone" in the cat's brain, except that the latter has not isolated the centre for the hinder extremity, which lies just behind the sulcus cruciatus, as it does also in the dog, and that the centre for the muscles which move and protect the eyes does not lie in Ferrier's two points (7 and 8), but exactly between them. He has also, just as in the dog, obtained complex movements of several groups of muscles by electrisation of his centres; and lastly he gets analogous effects by stimulating several different points. These results are not difficult to understand, since even stronger currents have been used in examining the cat's brain than in the experiments on the dog's. Ferrier has, however, independently discovered that irritation of the anterior basal portions of the brain in the cat gives rise to opening of the jaw and movements of the tongue (points 17, 18, 20); and Hitzig gives him the fullest credit for this.

Hitzig's general conclusion is that "there is the greatest functional agreement between the similarly situated regions of the cat's and dog's brains if the currents used be those which produce the minimum of muscular contraction (Zuckungs minimum).”

With respect to the guineapig, Hitzig confines his remarks to an observation made by Dr. Ferrier in one of his experiments. The latter found (1. c., p. 34) that after exposing the left half of the brain of one of these animals under chloroform, and allowing it to wake, its body was so much bent towards the right that its tail and head met. Ferrier's explanation of this phenomenon is, "that the irritation of the hemisphere due to its exposure to the air was transmitted to the muscles of the opposite side through the corpus striatum, and produced tetanic convulsions and pleurothotonus." The results of eight experiments of his own, which are fully reported, and other considerations for which we must refer readers to the original, lead Hitzig to the conclusion that Ferrier's view is erroneous, and that the curving of the body to the right was not due to irritation of the brainsurface, but to a paralytic condition, arising from the injuries which the brain had sustained in opening the skull, since guineapigs are remarkably sensitive to the least shock to their nervous system. He further shows that convulsions (Krämpfe) can ensue in them from coarse lesions of the brain, without their being always or pre-eminently unilateral, or capable of being referred to injury of any definite region of the cerebrum.

The last section of the paper deals with Dr. Ferrier's general conclusions. Hitzig condemns the way in which that writer systematically puts the results of individual experiments together, so as to use them afterwards to draw conclusions from; also the way in which, when the results of two similar experiments are not exactly identical, he accepts the more definite of the two results without further investigation, and only says "the present results are more definite," or "the first animal was too much exhausted." Hitzig also shows that, in comparing the brains of the dog and cat, Ferrier has accepted points or centres as identical, which anatomically are situated on convolutions or parts of the brain which do not correspond in the two animals-for example, points in front of and behind the Sylvian fissure. For this reason Ferrier has drawn some remarkable conclusions as to the differentiation of the centres for certain habits in the two species. The paper winds up with some remarks on Dr. Ferrier's theory of aphasia, which Hitzig considers to be based on erroneous premises. He also points out that the after-movements (Nachbewegungen) which the former believes to be of the nature of chorea, lack that voluntary character which marks true choreic movements.

The last two pages of the third paper contain some rather severe strictures on Professor Ferrier's researches as a whole, and on the way in which they have been brought into public notice in this country. We shall not reproduce them here, but leave them to the consideration of those whom they most concern. It is only necessary to add that though he writes with the tone of a deeply injured man, Dr. Hitzig never forgets himself, nor indulges in language which diminishes our respect for the philosophical spirit which characterises the rest of his contributions to science.

FROM ABROAD.

MORTALITY RETURNS OF THE PARIS HOSPITALS. THE report for the quarter ending in June, made by Dr. Besnier to the Paris Hospital Medical Society, is of a very favourable character, the affections which have been at all prevalent being chiefly those liable to thermometrical influences, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, pertussis, and rheumatism. Although the mean temperature of the quarter has been very much the same as in some preceding years, yet the thermometrical variations between the maximum and minimum of the same day, or of successive days, have been much more considerable than usual. The air exhibited a remarkable dryness, and the quantity of rain which fell has been much less considerable than at the same period of preceding years. The total number of deaths in the various civil hospitals and hospices for this second quarter of the year were 3081 in 1867, 3298 in 1868, 3350 in 1869, 4402 in 1870, 2721 in 1872, 2847 in 1873, and 2813 in 1874. Pneumonia and pleurisy continued prevalent during the quarter, although the deaths from the latter, (thirty-seven) exhibited a diminution as compared with those of the preceding year. The epidemic of croup and diphtheria furnished eighty fatal cases during the quarter, but since the warm weather set in the admissions from this cause have almost ceased. While typhoid fever exhibited itself at Lyons in so formidable a form, there has been greater immunity from that disease in Paris than has ever before been known, only twenty-two deaths having taken place from this disease during the quarter. Intermittent fevers, and a "paludial" complication of other diseases calling for the employment of quinine, have been exceptionally frequent during the quarter. A great number of cases seem to have also occurred among the haymakers employed in the valley of the Seine.

FATAL WOUND OF THE HEART BY A NEEDlf.

Dr. Gallard, at a recent meeting of the Société de Biologie, related an interesting case which has since been published in the Révue Médico-Photographique for July.

About the middle of March, a man, aged 25, applied concerning a violent blow which he had received in the præcordial region, a trunk, which the evening before he was placing on a carriage, having fallen back on his chest with its entire weight. The violence of the shock caused severe pain and considerable dyspnoea, for which he had been cupped. There was no injury to the parts, not even ecchymosis, and after remaining four days in La Pitié the man was able to resume his occupation, although some dyspnoea still continued. On April 12 he was seized, without appreciable cause, with shivering, vomiting, and diarrhoea, and was readmitted into the hospital. There was excessive pallor of the countenance, the eyes being deeply sunken, and the lips colourless. The surface was covered with cold sweat, and the pulse, scarcely to be felt, beat 120. Respiration was very laboured, and was interrupted by constant hiccough, the patient also constantly vomiting green fluid matters, and suffering from diarrhoea. Pain and a feeling of great oppression existed at the pit of the stomach. The only thing remarkable, discoverable by examination of the chest, was considerable dulness in the praecordial region, with absence there of respiratory murmur. The pulsations of the heart were very rapid, although seeming as it were at a distance. The man died the day after his admission, and the autopsy was made the day after that.

Dr. Gallard, commenting on the case to his class, indicated the probability of poisoning, but the lesions found were of a very different nature from those expected. The organs of respiration, digestion, and of the nervous system were found to be healthy; but the pericardium was distended by a large quantity of almost pure blood, and the heart presented a semilunar wound produced by a fragment of a needle implanted in an intercostal space, and projecting about twelve millimetres into the cavity of the pericardium. The foreign body was one centimetre and a half long, implanted at the anterior extremity of the fourth intercostal, close to the upper edge of the fifth sterno-costal cartilage. It was directed from forwards backwards, and perhaps a little inwards. Its free extremity was very sharp, and its fixed end was cleanly broken. The metal was quite blackened. The skin opposite the point of penetra

tion presented no trace of the passage of the needle. In the pericardium numerous adhesions were set up. The wound of the left ventricle, situated nearly midway between the apex and base of the organ, was semilunar in form, and measured twenty-five millimetres in length and three or four in depth. The visceral pericardium corresponding to it had quite disappeared, and the muscular substance was denuded and jagged. But the remarkable thing was that the edges of the solution of continuity exhibited no signs of inflammatory action whatever, not the slightest trace of this being discoverable. The rest of the heart was quite normal in its texture; its cavities contained no blood, but the pericardium contained a large quantity of liquid blood-this hæmorrhage, indeed, being the cause of death.

The case is of interest in more than one particular-1. How and when did the implantation of the needle take place? This is difficult to determine, since the patient was not aware of any such penetration; but there can be no doubt that the needle must have been there a considerable time, as shown by the complete organisation of the pleural false membranes, the inflammatory action around the point of perforation, and the chemical change of the metallic surface. 2. If the foreign body had thus sojourned a considerable time, how comes it that the fatal ultimate phenomena set up during the last three days of life were not manifested before? The probability is that the point of the needle did not enter directly into the cardiac substance, this only becoming torn against it when it had become fixed in a perpendicular direction, in consequence of the thickening and adhesions of the pericardium consequent upon the irritation caused by the broken extremity. 3. It is interesting to note that when the point of the needle became fixed, the heart, during its movements, lacerated itself against the point, so that the surface of the ventricle exhibited the, so to say, automatic tracing of its displacements.

ADENOID TUMOUR OF THE MALE BREAST.

In the same number of the Revue a case is related of a man who came under M. Demarquay's care at the Maison de Santé, having a tumour of the right breast. It first appeared three years since, and remained stationary during a year, being then of the size of a filbert, hard and indolent. It then, without having been submitted to any contusion, began to increase somewhat rapidly, so that in six months it had attained the size of an egg, and become soft and fluctuating to the touch. The skin, also, which at that time had preserved its normal colour, became redder, without, however, assuming an inflammatory character. While this tumour slowly increased, a second was developed alongside of it, and the patient, although he did not suffer any pain, became desirous of having an operation performed. On admission, on May 19, the tumour, strongly projecting, exhibited a well-defined circumference, and consisted of three lobes, which were movable over the subjacent parts. It had a circumference of thirty centimetres, and a height of about six; and the skin which covered it was red and firmly adherent. At its internal part a cystic tumour could be felt, to which its principal volume was due. On the outer side of this was another cyst of quite recent occurrence. The nipple was much displaced. There were no glands felt in the axilla. The tumour was removed on the 29th, being easily detached from the aponeurosis of the pectoralis, and the wound eventually cicatrised, although the progress of the case was greatly delayed by an attack of erysipelas. On examination the tumour was foumd to be a simple adenoid, without any trace of malignant growth.

GENERAL CORRESPONDENCE.

LUNATIC ASYLUMS IN OUR WEST INDIA COLONIES.

LETTER FROM DR. GAVIN MILROY.

[To the Editor of the Medical Times and Gazette.] SIR, The following circular despatch about the above subject, recently addressed by the Secretary of State to the governors of these dependencies, is of so much interest to the medical profession that it seems to me to deserve to be made generally known:

"Downing-street, May 20, 1874. "Sir, Mr. E. E. Rushworth, whilst administering the Government of British Guiana, suggested to my predecessor

that it would be desirable to appoint, at the joint expense of the West Indian colonies, an able and experienced officer to act as inspector of the lunatic asylums in those colonies; and he suggested to me the name of Dr. Allen, at present Superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum in Jamaica, as that of an officer eminently fitted for the post.

"I am inclined to view the proposal favourably, but before coming to any final conclusion on the subject I think it may be desirable to invite the colonies concerned to agree to a single preliminary tour of inspection being undertaken by Dr. Allen.

"Dr. Allen was selected about ten years ago for the post he now occupies on the recommendation of the Lunacy Commissioners in England. The lunatic asylum in Jamaica had then recently been the subject of investigation by a local commission, and its condition had been discovered to be unsatisfactory in the highest degree. Dr. Allen set to work to reform the asylum, and by his knowledge, ability, and zeal he has now succeeded in making its condition one of high efficiency and a credit to the colony.

"I have no doubt that your Government would derive valuable assistance from the recommendations of Dr. Allen, and I desire to receive the views of your Government on the subject.

"I would propose three guineas a day, and travelling allowances, as the remuneration of Dr. Ailen whilst on this tour of inspection, to be apportioned amongst the West Indian colonies in proportion to their imports.

"In no case would I think it necessary to dissociate Dr. Allen altogether from the duties he now discharges in Jamaica, and I would propose £1000 per annum, and travelling allowances, as the amount of his remuneration in the event of his final appointment-half his salary to be paid by Jamaica, and half by the other West Indian colonies which may desire to avail themselves of his services. The saving thus gained by Jamaica would amount to £300 per annum, and would enable that colony to provide the extra assistance in the lunatic asylum, which will be necessary in consequence of Dr. Allen's partial withdrawal from his duties connected with that institution.

"I have the honour to be, Sir,

"Your most obedient humble servant,

"CARNARVON. "The Officer Administering the Government of —.” When I was in Jamaica, in the spring of 1872, I had the opportunity of thoroughly examining its lunatic asylum by repeated visits, in company with Dr. Allen; and I have the greatest pleasure in testifying to the admirable condition that it has been brought to through his exertions, in which he has always been much encouraged by the counsel and co-operation of our mutual friend, Dr. Bowerbank. In my late Report on Leprosy and Yaws, I have expressed my sense of the signal public benefit from the work thus effected, with the hope of stimulating the Island Government to the much needed reforms in the kindred institution for the relief of another class of sufferers, the poor lepers, who have been hitherto grievously neglected. I may be permitted to add that I have reason to believe that the attention of the Government of British Guiana, and subsequently of the Colonial Office, being drawn to the defective condition of its lunatic asylum at Berbice, was, partly at least, due to the expression of my opinion, recorded in the visitors' book of the institution, after going over it in September, 1871, with Dr. Watkins, the then medical officer.

In reply to a communication from the Colonial Office, in July, 1872, after my return to this country, I suggested "that the Guiana Legislature be invited to make themselves well acquainted with what has been done of recent years in Jamaica, and with the present condition and arrangements of the lunatic asylum there. This might be easily done, and at very moderate expense, by deputing a competent officer, as Dr. Watkins is known to be, to visit it, and ascertain by personal inspection the many salutary improvements which had been introduced by Dr. Allen, whereby the character of the institution, which was formerly a reproach to the island, has become the theme of admiration among both the inhabitants and strangers." The plan now proposed by the Secretary of State is much preferable in every respect to my suggestion, and cordially do I trust that it will be carried into effect. I am, &c., GAVIN MILROY, M.D. Richmond, S.W., August.

OBITUARY.

JOHN BURFORD CARLILL, M.D., DIED recently at his residence, Weymouth-street, Portlandplace, W. He was educated at University College and Hospital, to which latter institution he fulfilled the duties of clinical assistant and subsequently house-surgeon. During the whole of his career as a pupil he distinguished himself greatly, and was the recipient of various prizes. He was one of the first house-surgeons who were elected by concours, and fully established the justice of that mode of election. He was a man of singular energy of purpose, combined with great abilities and modest unassuming manner. He commenced practice in Berners-street in succession to the late Mr. Lambert, and was most successful. On the occurrence of a death vacancy, he succeeded to an old-established practice in Weymouthstreet, which he carried on till his death, maintaining to the last a good and lucrative position. Some years since Dr. Carlill suffered from a severe attack of diphtheria, but his life was saved by the performance of tracheotomy by Mr. Quain, when he appeared to be in articulo mortis. He never, however, rallied entirely from this operation, though he was enabled to continue practice.

MEDICAL NEWS.

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.-The following are lists of candidates who have passed the recent First M.B. examination : EXAMINATION FOR HONOURS.

ANATOMY.

First Class.-Keetley, Chas. Robert Bell (Gold Medal), St. Bartholomew's Hospital.

PHYSIOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.

First Class.-Tirard, Nestor Isidore Chas. (Exhibition and Gold Medal), King's College; Carrington, Robert Edmund, Guy's Hospital. Second Class.-Keetley, Charles Robert Bell, St. Bartholomew's Hospital. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, AND MATERIA MEDICA, AND PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY. First Class.-Carrington, Robert Edmund (Exhibition and Gold Medal), Guy's Hospital; Keetley(a), Charles Robert Bell (Gold Medal), St. Bartholomew's Hospital; Burton, Samuel Herbert, University College.

BRAILEY, WILLIAM ARTHUR, M.A., M.D. Camb., B.A. Lond., M.R.C.S., Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge-Curator of the Museum of the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital, Moorfields.

CHARTRES, WILLIAM, L.R.C.S.I., L.K.Q.C.P.I., L.M.-Medical Officer, etc., for the Strangford Dispensary District of Downpatrick Union, co. Down.

KEYWORTH, G. H., M.R.C.S., L.S.A.-House Surgeon to the Bucks
General Infirmary, Aylesbury, vice Mr. B. H. Williams, resigned.
POPE, JOHN ROBINSON, M.R.C.S., L.S.A.-Medical Officer for the Weald
District of Hendon Union.

BIRTHS.

BARNES.-On August 16, the wife of G. R. Barnes, M.D., at Dorset House, Ewell, Surrey, of a daughter.

CUMMINGHAM.-On August 14, at Herne Bay, the wife of Surgeon-Major J. P. Cummingham, M.D., Army and Navy Medical Department, prematurely of twin sons.

HOPKINS.-On August 12, at Pattersky, Norfolk, the wife of A. Boyd Hopkins, Esq., of 108, Shorditch, Surgeon, prematurely of a daughter. LAND-On August 5, at 41, Woolwich-common, the wife of James Land, M.D., Royal Horse Artillery, of a son.

PHILPOT.-On August 16, at East Dulwich, the wife of Harvey J. Philpot,

L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., of a son.

PLASKITT. On August 15, at 25, Chapel-street, Belgrave-square, the wife

of Joshua Plaskitt, F.R.C.S., of a son.

(a) Obtained the number of marks qualifying for the Exhibition.

MARRIAGES.
BRADLEY-RACKHAM.-On August 18, at St. Mary Magdalene, Paddington,
Arthur Granville, eldest son of the Rev. G. G. Bradley, Master of Uni-
versity College, Oxford, to Florence, only daughter of William Abel
Rackham, M.R.C.S., and granddaughter of the late John Fuller, Esq., of
Beachamwell, Norfolk.

BUCK-GUNNING.-On August 15, at St. Pancras, Alfred Henry Buck,
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., to Charlotte Augusta Gunning, eldest daughter of
Thomas Wyatt Gunning, Esq., of 52, Tavistock-square, W.C.
CURRIE-GRAVES.-On August 11, at St. Mary de Crypt, Gloucester,
Frederick Alexander Currie, Esq., Lieutenant 9th Regiment, to Geraldine
Lucy, second daughter of R. W. Graves, Esq., F.R.C.S.E., of 80, Barton-
street, Gloucester.

DAVIS-YOUNG.-On August 12, at Wrington, Somerset, the Rev. G. F. L. Davis, M.A., Curate of Helidon, to Mary A. Young, granddaughter of W. H. Young, M.D. (late 28th Regiment), of the Cottage, Wrington. DUNCAN JEFFREYS.-On August 10, at Holy Trinity, Richmond, George James Duncan, barrister-at-law, of the Inner Temple, to Jane Angela, daughter of Julius Jeffreys, F.R.S., of the Indian Medical Service (retired).

INGLIS GORDON.-On July 27, at the Church of the Transfiguration, New York, Archibald Inglis, third son of Archibald Inglis, M.D., F.R.C.S. Edin., to Charlotte Douglas, eldest daughter of the late William Gordon, Esq., Madeira.

PRITCHARD-PAUL.-On August 11, at St. Mary's, Putney, William Benning, eldest son of W. T. Pritchard, Esq., of Southmead, Wimbledonpark, and Doctors' Commons, to Helen Sophia Littlejohn, elder daughter of the late J. J. Paul, M.D., formerly of the Royal Navy.

DEATHS.

BAUMGARTNER, JOHN THOMAS, M.D., at Godmanchester, Huntingdon, on August 12, aged 97.

FAIRBANK, SARAH ELLEN, the beloved wife of F.Royston Fairbank, M.D., M.R.C.P., at Lynton, North Devon, on July 30.

HADLEY, HENRY, M.D., Deputy Inspector-General, at Malvern, on August 15.

HOPKINS, SOPHY SARAH, infant daughter of A. Boyd Hopkins, M.R.C.S. Eng., L.S.A., of 180, Shoreditch, E., at Pattesley, Norfolk, on Aug. 13. PEREGRINE, HUGH LEY, eldest son of T. Peregrine, M.D., M.R.C.P., of Half Moon-street, Mayfair, London, on board the steamship Hooper, on the voyage home from Para, on July 27, aged 25.

VACANCIES.

In the following list the nature of the office vacant, the qualifications required in the Candidate, the person to whom application should be made, and the day of election (as far as known) are stated in succession. BIRMINGHAM GENERAL DISPENSARY. -Additional Resident Surgeon. Must be duly qualified and registered. Applications, with testimonials, to A. Forrest, Secretary, on or before August 29. CARLISLE DISPENSARY.-Assistant House-Surgeon. Applications, with testimonials, to Mr. Davidson, Honorary Secretary, 8, Devonshire-street, Carlisle.

CASTLE WARD UNION, NORTHUMBERLAND.-Medical Officer. Must be duly qualified and registered. Applications, with testimonials, to Thomas Arkle, Clerk to the Guardians, on or before August 22.

DURSLEY UNION.-Medical Officer. Applications, with testimonials, to
George Wenden, Clerk to the Guardians, on or before August 26.
GARSTANG RURAL SANITARY DISTRICT. Medical Officer of Health.
Applications to Thomas Noble, Clerk, on or before August 27.
GENERAL HOSPITAL AND DISPENSARY FOR SICK CHILDREN, MANCHESTER.-
Assistant-Physician. Must be duly qualified and registered. Applica-
tions to the Chairman, Gartside-street, Manchester, on or before
August 22.

HULL AND SCULCOATES DISPENSARY.-Resident Surgeon. Candidates
must possess both a medical and surgical qualification, and be registered.
Applications, with testimonials, to the Honorary Secretary, Mr. G. W.
Stourton, on or before September 2.

HULL GENERAL INFIRMARY.--Resident Assistant-Surgeon. Applications, with testimonials, to the Chairman, Henry Gibson, Esq., at the Infirmary, from whom further particulars may be obtained. The post will be vacant on September 1.

LUXESDALE UNION.-Medical Officer. Candidates must be duly qualified. Applications, with testimonials, to Mr. Robert Stephenson, Clerk, on or before September 8.

NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE INFIRMARY.-Junior House-Surgeon. Candidates must be duly qualified. Applications, with testimonials, to the Chairman of the Weekly Sub-Committee, on or before September 15. ROYAL INFIRMARY, MANCHESTER. — House-Physician. Must be duly qualified and registered. Applications, with testimonials and diplomas, to the Chairman of the Weekly Board, on or before August 22. WEST LONDON HOSPITAL, HAMMERSMITH-ROAD, W.-Junior Physician. Candidates must be Fellows or Members of the Royal College of Physicians of London. Applications, with testimonials, to the Secretary, on or before August 22.

WEST NORFOLK AND LYNN HOSPITAL.-Resident Medical Officer and Secretary. Must be fully qualified. Applications, with testimonials, to the Weekly Board, King's Lynn, on or before August 22.

YORK DISPENSARY.-Resident Medical Officer. Applications, with testimonials, to S. W. North, Esq., Castlegate, York, on or before September 3.

UNION AND PAROCHIAL MEDICAL SERVICE.

The area of each district is stated in acres. The population is computed according to the census of 1871.

RESIGNATION.

Tynemouth Union.- Mr. Byrom Bramwell has resigned the Tynemouth District; area 1825; population 16,560; salary £60 per annum. Also the Workhouse; salary £100 per annum.

APPOINTMENTS.

Downham Union.-Edward A. Piggott, L.R.C.P. Edin., L.R.C.S. Edin., L.S.A., to the Stoke Ferry District.

Driffield Union.-Joseph Jackson, L.R.C.P. Edin., L.R.C.S. Edin., to the Frodingham District.

Hendon Union.-John Robinson Pope, M.R.C.S.E., L.S.A., to the Harrow Weald District.

Hexham Union.-Robert Talbot Beamish, M.D. Dublin, to the Blanchland District.

Liskeard Union.-Wm. Nettle, M.R.C.S.E., L.S.A., to the Workhouse. Okehampton Union.-Alfred J. G. Waters, L.R.C.P. Edin., M.R.C.S.E., to the Second District and Workhouse.

Pocklington Union.-Thomas Jewison Jefferson, M.D. Aber., M.B., M.R.C.S.E., L.S.A., to the Market Weighton First District.

Stow-on-the-Wold Union.-Albert S. Drew, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., to the Loughborough District and Workhouse.

Todmorden Union.-Joseph Lawson, M.B. Dub., L.R.C.S.I., to the Heptonstall Union.

Walsingham Union.-Frederic Eyres Taylor, M.R.C.S.E., L.S.A., to the Wells District.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS.-An interesting addition to the Museum of the College has just been made by Mr. Thomas Taylor, F.R.C.S., in the presentation by him of the skeleton of "Hafed," the favourite and well-known deerhound of the late Sir Edwin Landseer, R.A. Mr. Taylor, knowing how desirous Professor Flower was to have a specimen of the pure-bred animal for the collection under his able management, attended the sale of the effects of the eminent artist, and became the purchaser of this noble dog, not, however, without a sharp contest, having to give nearly £6 for it.

A NEW NOMENCLATURE.-The Medical Officer to the General Post Office (says the Globe), in his report on the candidates for minor appointments in that department during the past year, gives a few examples of the replies of candidates in making their written statements as to the medical histories of their families, or of themselves, and he remarks-" It is to be hoped that in future years the effects of compulsory education may be shown by rendering such replies among the things of the past":"Father had a sunstroke and I caught it of him"; "My little brother died of some funny name"; "A great white cat drawed my sister's breath, and she died of it"; "Apperplexity"; "Parasles"; "I caught tiber fever in the Hackney-road"; "I had gearnders"; "Burralger in the head"; "Rummitanic pains"; "Shortness of breadth "; "Carracatic fever"; "Indigestion of the lungs"; "Sister was consumpted, now she's quite well again"; Sister died of compulsion"; "Toncertina in the throat"; "Pistoles on the back."

NOTES, QUERIES, AND REPLIES.

He that questioneth much shall learn much.-Bacon.

R. T. B.-Philosophical Magazine, vol. xxv., page 18.

Harry V.-The first obscure mention of academical degrees was in 1214, in the University of Paris. In 1231 academical degrees were completely established in Europe.

T. A. S.

"An apothecary on a white horse
Rode by on his vocation;

And the Devil thought of his old friend
Death, in the Revelation."-Southey.

M. O. H.-The Society of Medical Officers of Health numbers upwards of 130 members.

P. P., Leicester.-Alehouses were first licensed in 1551. Both ale and alehouses are mentioned in the laws of Ina, King of Wessex.

R. N., Plymouth.-You will find the editorial articles on the Treatment of Naval Surgeons in vol. xix. of this journal, p. 237 et seq.

H. M., Barnstaple.-You will find a notice of the gentleman you mention, and all the circumstances of the case, in Clarke's "Autobiographical Recollections." Photographs of the members of the General Medical Council you can obtain of Messrs. Barraud and Jerrard, of Gloucesterplace, Portman-square, who have just taken admirable portraits of Drs. Acland and Paget, of Oxford and Cambridge, and of Sir Dominic Corrigan and Dr. Stokes, of Dublin.

Mr. Manning.-Palmer's edition of the works of John Hunter. Sir James Frederick Palmer, the author, died in April, 1871. He was chosen the first Speaker of the Legislative Council of Victoria in 1851, and first President in 1856. From a very interesting volume of valuable autographs in the possession of Mr. Charles Hawkins, a former member of the Council of the College of Surgeons, we learn that Palmer's grandmother was a sister of the celebrated artist, Sir Joshua Reynolds, President of the Royal Academy.

Douglas G.-About the year 1815 an asylum was founded in Calcutta for children whose parents were Europeans.

Georgia.-Your American qualifications cannot be registered in England; but you might obtain an unqualified assistantship in England, while qualifying yourself for registration.

A Student, Oxford-terrace. -The late Miss Brackenbury bequeathed £2000 to St. George's Hospital for providing prizes for the best pupil in surgery and the best pupil in medicine during the year. Write to the Secretary, who will no doubt supply you with a copy of the last interesting report of the hospital.

BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS RECEIVED

La Lithotritie et la Taille, par le Dr. J. Civiale-Clinique Médicale de Montpellier, par Professeur J. Fuster-La Vie Physiologie Humaine appliquée à l'Hygiène et à la Médecine, par le Dr. Gustave le Bon-Le Monde Microscopique des Eaux, par Jules Girard-Les Plantes Médicinales et Usuelles de nos Champs, Jardins, Forêts, Description et Usages, par H. Rodin-Causeries Scientifiques de Couvertes et Inventions, Progrès de la Science et de l'Industrie-Flint's Essays on Conservative Medicine and Kindred Topics-De l'Ictère Hématique-Traumatic, par le Dr. A. Poncet-Histoire de la Peste Bubonique en Perse, par le Dr. Tholozan-Heatherington on the Mining Industries of Nova ScotiaQuarterly Return of the Births, Deaths, and Marriages registered in Scotland.

PERIODICALS AND NEWSPAPERS RECEIVEDLancet-British Medical Journal-Medical Press and Circular-Students' Journal and Hospital Gazette-Cincinnati Lancet and Observer-Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift-Le Progrès Médical-La France MédicaleGazette des Hôpitaux-Centralblatt für Chirurgie-Gazette Hebdomadaire-Bulletin Général de Thérapeutique-Bulletin de l'Académie de Médecine-New York Medical Journal-Chicago Medical JournalSunderland Times-Gazette Médicale-La Tribune Médicale-Lincolnshire Chronicle-Irish Hospital Gazette-Pharmaceutical Journal-St. Pancras Gazette.

COMMUNICATIONS have been received from

Dr. CORNELIUS B. Fox, Chelmsford; Mr. G. FELL, Aylesbury; Mr. S. SEED, Downpatrick; Mr. W. A. TOOTEL, Hendon; Mr. J. E. INGPEN, London; Mr. J. RAND, Clacton-on-Sea; Sir JOHN ROSE CORMACK, Paris; Mr. T. BORCHERT, Netley; THE DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT; Mr. VINCENT JACKSON, Wolverhampton; Dr. GAVIN MILROY, Richmond; Dr. A. HARVEY, Aberdeen; Dr. FAYRER, London; Mr. H. MORRIS, Limerick; Dr. T. GRAINGER STEWART, Edinburgh.

APPOINTMENTS FOR THE WEEK.

August 22. Saturday (this day).

Operations at St. Bartholomew's, 14 p.m.; King's College, 2 p.m.; Charingcross, 2 p.m.; Royal Free, 9 a.m. and 2 p.m.; Hospital for Women, 9 a.m.; Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m.; Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 14 p.m.; St. Thomas's, 9 a.m.

24. Monday.

Operations at the Metropolitan Free, 2 p.m.; St. Mark's Hospital for Diseases of the Rectum, 2 p.m.; St. Peter's Hospital for Stone, 3 p.m.; Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m.; Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1 p.m.

25. Tuesday.

Operations at Guy's, 1 p.m.; Westminster, 2 p.m.; National Orthopedic, "Great Portland-street, 2 p.m.; Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m.; Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1 p.m.; West London, 3 p.m.

26. Wednesday.

@perations at University College, 2 p.m.; St. Mary's, 1 p.m.; Middlesex, 1 p.m.; London, 2 p.m.; St. Bartholomew's, 1 p.m.; Great Northern, 2 p.m.; St. Thomas's, 14 p.m.; Samaritan, 2 p.m.; King's College (by Mr. Wood), 2 p.m.; Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m.; Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 14 p.m.

27. Thursday.

Operations at St. George's, 1 p.m.; Central London Ophthalmic, 1 p.m.; Royal Orthopedic, 2 p.m.; University College, 2 p.m.; Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m.; Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 14 p.m.; Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, 2 p.m.

28. Friday.

Operations at Central London Ophthalmic, 2 p.m.; Royal London Ophthalmic, 11 a.m.; South London Ophthalmic, 2 p.m.; Royal Westminster Ophthalmic, 1 p.m.; St. George's (ophthalmic operations), 1 p.m.

QUEKETT MICROSCOPICAL CLUR, 8 p.m. Meeting.

3400701 120436 26-8) 77 58 102, 2-59 82257 11.0 55 42 67 0 46 0 56-2 13:44 1-12 284 192889 43-3] 131 72 70896 209 46 360892 43 0 274 106202 33 2 91 90894 45'5) 51 510640 98-0 337 355339 82-8 259 133068 25 7 105, 86281 18'5 74 163056 22 6 108 95 65 8 50 2 56 1 13.39 0.77, 196 278798 12.9 256 145 67 0 49 0 57-0 13-89 0-77 1-96 261029 13 3 210 173 71 0 47-5 56 4 13:55 114 290 130996 36'0 97 86 67 0 46 0 55 4 13.00 0.99, 2-51 104378 31.6 102 50

30 68 8 44 3 55-9 13-28 1-26 320 234 68 2 46 5 57-3 14-05 0.95 2-41 67 69 0 45 0 57 4 14 110-80 2-03 52 70 6 45 2 57 4 14-11 049,124 341 68 1 49 7 55 6 13:11 078 198 215 69 0 48 0 56-9 13-831-78 4:52 79 68 3 46-8 55 4 13:00 2.75 6-98 46

83 65 0 46 0 53 9 12-17 0-45 114 211691 47 8 127 76 508109 100 4 346 266)

314666 313 195 164 67 4 43 0 56-4 13:55 2:38 6:06

in United Kingdm 7618655 36 6 5392 3742 71-0 43 0 56-4 18-55 11-16 2-95

At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean reading of the barometer last week was 29'54 in. The highest was 29'91 in. at the end of the week, and the lowest 29 29 in. on Friday morning.

The figures for the English and Scottish towns are the numbers enumerated in April, 1871, raised to the middle of 1874 by the addition of three years and a quarter's increase, calculated on the rate which prevailed between 1861 and 1871. The population of Dublin is taken as stationary at the number enumerated in April, 1871.