Elements of Fuel Oil and Steam Engineering: A Practical Treatise Dealing ... - Robert Sibley, Charles Henry Delany - Google Buku

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BOILER CLASSIFICATION.

The boiler drum and tubes-Internally and externally fired boilers

-The return tubular boiler-The fire tube and the water tube

boiler-Vertical and horizontal types-Illustrations of principles

of construction and operation-The Babcock and Wilcox boiler—

The Parker boiler-The Stirling type-The Heine type-Marine

FUEL OIL AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR PURCHASE

Advantages of crude petroleum as a fuel-Liquid fuels classified—

Physical and Chemical properties of oil-Odor and color-Moisture

-Sulphur, gas and other ingredients-Specifications for the pur-

FUEL OIL PRICES AND OIL PRODUCTION

Price fluctuation-Decreasing supply-A necessary development.

THE SAFE OPERATION OF STEAM BOILERS.

Inspection tests involved-Preliminary precautions-Connecting

up boiler units-Low water encountered-Avoid making repairs

under pressure-Removal of sediment-Keep out cylinder oil—

Cooling and cleaning the boiler-Putting boiler out of service.

HOW TO COMPUTE STRENGTH OF BOILER SHELLS.

The strength of the solid plate-The strength of the net section-

Resistance to shear-Resistance to compression-Efficiency of the

riveted section-Gage pressure necessary to burst the solid boiler

plate-Bursting pressure of the seam-The safe working pressure—

Example of a lap joint, longitudinal or circumferential, double-

FURNACES IN FUEL OIL PRACTICE..

Fuel oil furnace operation-The commercial furnace-Location

of burners-Service for one burner only-Large furnaces.

BURNER CLASSIFICATION IN FUEL OIL PRACTICE

The inside mixer-The outside mixer-An example of the mechani-

cal atomizer-The home-made type of burner.

MECHANICAL ATOMIZING OIL BURNERS.

Koerting burner-Dahl burner-Peabody mechanical burner-

Moore shipbuilding company burner-Coen burner.

RULES FOR EFFICIENT OPERATION OF OIL FIRED BOILERS.

Regulate air to suit load-Prevent air leakage through setting-

Analyze flue gases frequently-Burner must be suited to furnace-

Keep boilers clean and maintain furnaces properly-Regulate

atomizing steam to suit oil-Heat oil to proper temperature for

atomization-Boilers should not be forced excessively-Shutting

down boilers for short periods should be avoided-Oil should not be

sprayed into furnace unless there is a fire-Feed water uniformly-

Keep boilers clean and in good repair-Maintain baffles and flame

plates in good condition-Use recording instruments wherever

practicable-Determine efficiency daily from records-Fire boilers

scientifically.

FUEL OIL BURNING APPLIANCES

Storage tanks-Measurement of oil-Oil pumps-Strainers-

Oil heaters-Oil burners-Oil piping-Automatic regulators—

The Witt improved oil burner governor-The Moore automatic

fuel oil regulator-The Merit automatic oil stoking system.

CHANGING FROM COAL TO OIL

THE GRAVITY OF OILS IN FUEL OIL PRACTICE

The method of the Westphal balance for exact measurement-

Details of procedure-Computations involved.

MOISTURE CONTENT OF OILS

Summary of methods employed in determining the moisture con-

tent-The approximate method of treatment-Error in assuming
percentage by weight is same as percentage by volume.

DETERMINATION OF HEATING VALUE OF OILS

An approximate method based on the Baumé scale-Dulong's

formula based on the ultimate analysis-The fuel calorimeter-The

Parr calorimeter-The principle of operation-Detailed operation
of the Parr calorimeter-Preliminary precautions-The explosion
of the charge and the taking of temperatures-The correction for
temperature readings-Higher and lower heating value.

THEORY OF CHIMNEY DRAFT.

The law of pressures in chimney draft-The theoretical draft-

Draft formula for the modern power plant-An example of chim-

ney design for sea-level installation-Corrections in chimney height

for altitude-Rule for altitude correction-An example of chimney

design at altitude.

ACTUAL DRAFT REQUIRED FOR FUEL OIL

Draft losses in steam power generation-Loss of draft in boilers-

Loss in flues and turns-Total available draft required-Artificial

CHIMNEY GAS ANALYSIS

The taking of the flue gas samples and analysis-Orsat apparatus-

To ascertain the carbon dioxide content of a flue gas-To ascertain

the oxygen content of a flue gas-To ascertain the carbon monoxide

content of a flue gas-To ascertain the nitrogen content of a flue gas

-An approximate check on the Orsat analysis-Chemical formulas

for preparing the absorption solutions-The Hemphel apparatus for

determining the hydrogen content-Gas analysis in the power plant

-Conclusion on the Orsat analysis.

ANALYSIS BY WEIGHT, AND AIR THEORETICALLY REQUIRED IN FUEL OIL

FURNACE
. . 279

Relationship of a component weight to the whole-Fundamental

laws involved-A conorete rule for conversions-Weight of air

theoretically required for perfect fuel oil combustion-Correction

for hydrogen appearing in fuel analysis-Oxygen theoretically

required for fuel combustion-Air required per pound of fuel

COMPUTATION OF COMBUSTION DATA FROM THE ORSAT ANALYSIS.

Air actually supplied to furnace per pound of fuel burned-An

illustrative example-A second formula for ascertaining air actually

admitted to the furnace-Weight of dry flue gas per pound of fuel-

Ratio of air drawn into furnace to that theoretically required.

WEIGHING WATER AND OIL

Volumetric method of measurement- -Method of standardized

platform scales-Weighing of the oil-Sampling the oil supply-

General sampling of fuel oil for purchase-Sampling with a dipper

-Continuous sampling-Mixed samples.

MEASUREMENTS OF STEAM USED IN ATOMIZATION

Mathematical expression for flow of steam-Apparatus employed

in measuring steam in atomization-Calibration of orifice-

Numerical illustration.

THE TAKING OF BOILER TEST DATA.

The object-The instructions for boiler tests-The test for effi-

ciency under normal rating-Time of duration of test-The begin-

ning and stopping of a test-The weighing of the water-The heat

represented in the steam generated-The oil, its measurement and

analysis-The steam used in atomization-The boiler efficiency-

The overload test-The quick steaming test-Observations neces-

sary-Pressure readings-Temperature readings-The flue gas an-

alysis-The test as a whole.

PRELIMINARY TABULATION AND CALCULATION OF TEST DATA

The log sheet for weighing the water-Log sheet for the fuel oil fed

to furnace Other data to be taken―The general log sheet-The

plotting of the test data.

CHAPTER XXXVIII

THE HEAT BALANCE AND BOILER EFFICIENCY.

Total heat absorbed by boiler--Heat absorbed by boiler for

atomization-Net heat absorbed by boiler for power generation-

Loss due to moisture in the fuel-Loss due to moisture formed by

burning hydrogen-Loss due to heat carried away in dry gas-

Loss due to incomplete combustion-Loss due to evaporating steam

for atomization-Loss due to superheating steam used for atomiza-

tion-Total loss in atomization-Loss due to moisture in entering

air-Stray losses-Summary of heat balance-Net boiler efficiency

-Boiler efficiency as a steaming mechanism-Summary of data

SUMMARY OF SUGGESTIONS FOR FUEL OIL TESTS AND THEIR

Efficiency for oil fired boilers defined-Tabluation of fuel oil test

data-Principal data and results of boiler test.

THE USE OF EVAPORATIVE TESTS IN INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF Oil

Furnace arrangement-Oil burners-Draft-Flue gas analysis for

maximum efficiency-Regulation-Records-Practical illustra-

tions of economy study-General furnace arrangement-Table

showing economy data-Comparative economic results-Conclu-

sions from test data.

ECONOMIES OBTAINED IN OIL BURNING PRACTICE.

Economics in the New Cornelia Copper Company plant type

of equipment-Boiler efficiency-Operation of automatic regula-
tors-Maintaining economy-Motor-generator sets.

MISCELLANEOUS OIL BURNING TESTS

General-Description of plant-Method of testing-Boiler tests—

Boiler efficiency-Stack temperatures-Oil consumed-Steam to

burners Pressure loss in superheater-Varying draft-Ratio of

oil and steam pressures-Radiation test-Swinging load-Starting

up cold-Tests on flow of oil through burners-Influence of load on

pressures of oil and atomizing steam in oil burners-Tests with

oil burners-Practical application of test data.

PRESENT STATUS OF OIL BURNING POWER PLANT DESIGN.

Fuel-Location of steam-electric power plants-Size of steam

plant units-Automatic control.

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

Thirty-three examples solved in detail, illustrating the computa-

tions involved in economy tests for oil fired boilers-Miscellaneous

questions and answers.

HELPFUL FACTORS IN FUEL OIL STUDY AND CONSERVATION

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