N. B. The sacco, grain measure, equals 31 Winchester bushels.
The turma of 32 kappar contains 4 Winchester bushels.

TRIESTE, in one of the Austrian provinces on the Adriatic Sea, has a large and safe harbour, and a great trade, as most of the foreign produce for the consumption of the Austrian states is drawn from it, so that it necessarily becomes a great depôt for the produce of the Levant. In return it supplies those countries with European merchandise.

MONIES.

Accounts are kept in florins of 60 creutzers; also in lire of 20 soldi. The creutzer is divided into 4 pfennings, and the soldo into 12 denari. These monies of account are valued in three different ways, viz. in Austrian currency for exchanges; in Trieste currency for wholesale trade; and in Valuta di Piazza for retail business.

One florin of Austrian currency = = 5 lire of Trieste currency, or 5 lire di Piazzi.

The imperial ducat and the Venetian sequin are reckoned at 41 florins; but these monies are liable to variation in their values, according to the course of exchange of Vienna or Venice. The weights and measures of Trieste are the same as those of Vienna and Venice,which see.

Trieste exchanges with the principal places of Europe in florins and creutzers, and gives

London........ 10 florins.... for 1 pound sterling.
23 creutzers.. for 1 franc.

Paris...

Hamburgh..... 43 creutzers.. for 1 mark banco.
Amsterdam. .. 49 creutzers.. for 1 florin.

...

TUNIS.-The commerce carried on at present between the Christian states on the northern shores of the Mediterranean, and the country of Tunis is very extensive, and the exports are chiefly the produce of the country, which may be always shipped by getting a tiskery, or permit, from the Bey, for those articles that pay a duty. Tunis is the most considerable state in Barbary for commerce. The principal articles of export are wheat, barley, beans, olive-oil, hides, skins of wild beasts, wool, wax, honey, madder-roots, ivory, gold-dust, scarlet caps, Jerbi shawls, senna, soap, sponge, cotton, ostrich-feathers, orchilla-weed, and live cattle; but the trade with Tunis has not been cultivated in proportion to the advantages of which it is susceptible.

Accounts are kept in Tunis in piastres of 16 carobas, 52 aspers, or 104 bourbes. The only piece of gold coined here is the mahbub, or sultanin, divided into 4 piastres. The piastre is valued at 13d. sterling.

EXCHANGES.

Genoa, one piastre for 37 soldi.

Leghorn, 300 piastres for 100 pezze.

Marseilles, one piastre for 30 sous in silver.

WEIGHTS.

The cantaro of 100 rottoli weighs 111 lb. avoirdupois.

The principal port for shipping corn from the country of Tunis, is Biserta, about 50 miles west from Tunis; but no corn can be shipped without first obtaining a tiskery from the Bey, for which must be paid as follows:

For wheat, 22 piastres per caffiso.

barley, 11. do......... do.

The caffiso of corn is divided into 16 whibas, and equals 15 English bushels.

100 caffisi are 1873 Winchester quarters.

The price of corn is extremely fluctuating; it is generally cheapest at the end of harvest, in August and September.

Wheat fluctuates from 30 to 70 piastres per caffiso. Barley fluctuates from 12 to 35 piastres per caffiso.

There is always a great demand for grain, to export to Minorca, Majorca, the coast of Spain, the south of France, the greatest part of Italy, and Malta.

Ólive-oil is chiefly shipped from Tunis, Soliman, and Susa, but the last is by far the best place to load at, especially in point of expedition. Before any shipment takes place, a tiskery must be obtained from the Bey, paying two and a half piastres per metal, Tunis measure, which will weigh about 40 lb. English.

Forty-four and a quarter metals of oil, Tunis measure, will make one ton English of 236 gallons, weighing net fifteen cwt. three quarters, six pounds.

Ten metals of oil at Susa will make twelve Tunis metals.

Ten metals of oil at Soliman will make fourteen Tunis metals.

The French, from Marseilles, take large quantities of oil. Some of the Tunis oil finds its way to England, under the name of Gallipoli ; especially for the use of the clothiers, it being a stronger bodied oil than the Italian.

The Susa oil is higher in estimation than the Soliman; and the latter is reckoned better than the Tunis oil.

Long Measure, 100 pics for woollens
silk....

73 English yards.
79
linen... = 51%.

Sponge is gathered on the seashore, near Sphax and Jerbi. It is inferior to that found on the shores of the Black Sea, which is generally used in England, yet it will always meet with a ready sale, especially in Malta, Sicily, Italy, and Spain.

Soap is made in the kingdom of Tunis, and is exported in great quantities; it is usually shipped from the ports of Tunis and Susa. It is generally much cheaper and of a better quality at Susa.

Immense quantities of wool are annually exported from Tunis. The quality entirely depends upon the part of the country that produces it: at Tunis, and in the western part of the country, the quality of the wool is but very indifferent; at Susa it is much better; at Jerbi, Sphax, and the eastern part it is very fine, being nearly equal to the Spanish wool; but having a much longer staple, it is better adapted for the manufacture of shawls.

Ivory and gold-dust are articles of export from Tunis, but not the produce of the country. They are brought by the caravans from the interior of Africa; the trade carried on by these caravans being chiefly in slaves, ivory, and gold-dust. The traders from the interior generally arrive at Tunis in the month of June, and disposing of their merchandise, make purchases of goods to take back with them. The goods they take in return consist chiefly in long ells, coarse woollens, fire-arins, gunpowder, watches, and hardware. The caravans again set out from Tunis in October, for Tombuctoo and the coast of Guinea.

Ostrich-feathers are sold by weight, and divided into classes, according to the quality. The Moors use many artifices to increase the weight.

The imports into the kingdom of Tunis form no inconsiderable part of the commerce of the Mediterranean. They are chiefly

From Syria-India muslins, by the caravans, via Bassora, cottons, carpetings, silks, raw and manufactured, opium, copper, and tobacco. From the Morca-Dried fruits and figs, to make brandy.

From Tripoli-Madder roots and senna.

From Trieste-Glass-ware of various kinds; wood, in beams and planks; iron, fine linens, and woollens, chiefly low priced.

From Spain-Wine, brandy, wool, naval stores of all kinds.

From France-Hardwares of all sorts, watches, trinkets, fine linens, woollen cloth of all kinds, sugars, and coffee.

From Leghorn-Swedish iron, narrow and flat bars; tin, in bars and sheets; lead, in pigs and shots; quicksilver, aquafortis, spices of all sorts, black and red stick lack, gum benjamin, alum, copperas, sugars of all sorts, coffee, cloth of various kinds, cochineal, logwood, nails, white and black ginger, fine linens, and sheet iron.

The Tunisians have seldom any direct trade with England, but receive most of the British manufactures, &c. via Leghorn, but nevertheless they consume a considerable quantity of English manufactures, particularly coarse woollens; great quantities of long ells, made in the

neighbourhood of Exeter, being sent out for this particular mark The bales for the Tunis market should be assorted as under:

Scarlet long ells should always be sent in separate bales; two three bales of scarlet are sufficient at one time, and for the oth bales, assorted as stated. There is always a demand at Tunis for a quantity, as the caravans take immense quantities into the interior Africa.

The fine cloth which the Tunisians chiefly use, has been general of French manufacture; only because they esteem the colour, rath than the quality, of the cloth; bales should be assorted as under : 1 piece scarlet.

1 ditto crimson.
1 ditto light wine.

1 ditto deep wine.

2 ditto deroy.

1 ditto purple.

2 ditto mazarine blue.

2 ditto light blue.

1 ditto green.

12 pieces in each bale.

The pieces should be from 18 to 20 yards each, seven-fourths wide the cloth should not be shorn bare, but have a tolerable dress upon it. The best season for a ship to go to Tunis with a cargo of merchan dise, is in the months of September and October, particularly fo woollens; the weather then becomes rather temperate, and the Moor never think of purchasing an article for their own wear till the momen it is wanted, though they often pay double for it.

Spices of all sorts are always paid for in ready cash; lead, and a sorts of naval and military stores, pay no duty whatever; all othe articles imported in British ships are by treaty to pay three per cent ad valorem, but the tariff does not amount to more than two pe cent.

The French pay the same tariff as the English; most other nations pay ten per cent. ad valorem; and the Jewish merchants, who enjoy the whole of the trade between Tunis and Leghorn, pay ten per cent. tariff upon all their imports.

The English have, therefore, a considerable advantage, and are enabled to undersell most nations, particularly in goods direct from England.

TURIN, the capital of Piedmont, is situated at the junction of the Po and the great Doire. Its trade is extensive, particularly in silk; which, on account of its fineness and lightness, is considered the best in Europe. Wool, wines, and embroideries are also to be had, as well as most sorts of silken stuffs, stockings, handkerchiefs, &c.

Accounts are kept in lire of 20 soldi, the soldo of 12 denari of Piedmont; a scudo is six lire. The lira may be valued at 11 d. sterling. The imports are much the same as in the other Italian states. - See article Leghorn.

EXCHANGES.

On Amsterdam, 36 soldi for one florin Dutch.
On London, 414 soldi for one pound sterling.
On Paris, 50 soldi for three francs.

WEIGHTS.

100 libbra of Turin.... = 81 lb. 5 oz. avoirdupois; and therefore 100 lb. avoirdupois....

122.979 libbra of Turini.

The rubbo is 25 libbra.

VENICE was once the first commercial city in the world, but, under Austrian control, is sunk to comparative insignificance. Its principal commerce is now more particularly with the Levant, the produce of which is transmitted from hence to other countries, and the Levant supphed with groceries, Dutch and German linens, dried and salted fish, &c. The manufactories of Venice afford large quantities of wrought silk for foreign commerce; also velvets and embroideries. The Venetian turpentine and mirrors are celebrated all over Europe. The bank of Venice is the oldest in the world, being instituted in 1587; all bills made payable in Venice, in banco, used to be paid through the bank; but since the French carried away the funds or capital of the .or bank this has ceased.