Chart 54 reveals the general picture with reference to financing the schooling of children who are in separately organized classrooms, the Negroes who are in the separately organized classrooms in the South; the 17 States that organize their classrooms separately. This is a very thin profile. CHART 52-DISTRIBUTION OF CLASSROOM UNITS ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF EXPENDITURE IN THE 31 STATES WHICH DO NOT MAINTAIN SEPARATE SCHOOLS FOR NEGROES CURRENT EXPENDITURE PER CLASSROOM UNIT $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 PERCENTAGE OF CLASSROOM UNITS $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 Someone asked a question about the children not in school and the degree of effectiveness of attendance. Chart 55 accounts for not just children in school but for all children 5 to 17 years of age. In addition to indicating the level of school support of children in public schools, as in the previous charts, this profile shows that 17 percent of the children aged 5 to 17 are not in school at all; also 9 percent of all children are in private or nonpublic schools of some form. In chart 55, I think for the first time, we are able to present to a Senate com mittee an accounting for all of our children of school age. Some 17 percent are not in school at all [indicating]. Some are in schools financed at very low levels. These up here [indicating] are financed fairly well. We have no figures as to the level of support of those in private on nonpublic schools. Doubtless there is a wide range also in these schools. CHART 53-DISTRIBUTION OF CLASSROOM UNITS ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF EXPENDITURE IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND THE SEVENTEEN STATES THAT MAINTAIN SEPARATE SCHOOLS FOR WHITES AND NEGROES CURRENT EXPENDITURE PER CLASSROOM UNIT (FOR WHITES) 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 California, chart 56, shows quite a different picture. There is generous support, for most schools. There are quite a few private schools, and there is not a large percent of children out of school down here [indicating]. This part of the line, representing children not in school, in California, is much shorter than the corresponding line in Chart 55. Com PERCENTAGE OF CLASSROOM UNITS CHART 54-DISTRIBUTION OF CLASSROOM UNITS ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF EXPENDITURE IN D.C. AND THE SEVENTEEN STATES WITH SEPARATE SCHOOLS FOR NEGROES CURRENT EXPENDITURE PER CLASSROOM UNIT $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 100% 90 80 70 $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 pare Chart 57, for Mississippi. Some 26 percent of children aged 5 to 17 are not in school at all. Those in school are financed at a low level. A few are in private schools. Contrast the situation in New York State, shown in Chart 58. Relatively few children aged 5 to 17 are not in school (11 percent); those in school attend classrooms which are relatively well financed; and 15 percent are in nonpublic schools. Arkansas, represented in chart 59, makes thin provision for those in school; some 252 percent are not in school; a few are in nonpublic schools [indicating]. In Massachusetts, chart 60, a considerable fraction of children are in private schools, some 11 percent aged 5 to 17 are not in school, and CHART 55 DISTRIBUTION OF CLASSROOM UNITS ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF EXPENDITURE UNITED STATES CURRENT EXPENDITURE PER CLASSROOM UNIT $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 PERCENTAGE OF CLASSROOM UNITS 10 20 PERCENT OF CHILDREN there is fairly adequate provision, except down here [indicating], for the financing of those in school. Senator WALSH. What is the percentage in Massachusetts not in school? Dr. NORTON. 11.9 percent. Senator WALSH. What are the age limits? Dr. NORTON. 5 to 17 years of age. Senator WALSH. I think you will find that increased since the war. Dr. NORTON. I think you are right. It has increased in all of the States, I believe, probably a temporary war phenomenon. Now, we come to the question of what can be done about the situation revealed in the preceding charts in terms of money. What would it cost to begin to approach something like a decent national mini CHART 56-DISTRIBUTION OF CLASSROOM UNITS ACCORDING TO LEVELS OF EXPENDITURE 100 CALIFORNIA CURRENT EXPENDITURE PER CLASSROOM UNIT $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 PERCENTAGE OF CLASSROOM UNITS $500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 mum; a situation in which we could say no American child is in school costing less than $400 a year or $500 or $1,000, or $1,500. Fix your own figure. The particular minimum is not the important matter at this point. The important thing today is that we have no such standard or minimum. There are not only millions of children in schools costing only a few hundred dollars a year, there are many millions not in school at all. American children have no minimum guarantee of even the most meager provision for education. Let us take a hypothetical figure. Suppose we assume a minimum of $1,600, which is the national median level of support per classroom unit. Chart 61 shows that it would cost $316,000,000 to lift all school systems financing their school systems at less than $1,600 per classroom unit, up to this national, median figure. It is an accident that $316, |