tary's strength doth consist in the affections of his people; on them doth he rely for his supplies, not doubting their duty and assistance on all just occasions!”

The short gleam of sunshine now enjoyed by the colony, was soon to be broken by the evil genius of Clayborne; and a storm burst over their heads, more fearful than any they had hitherto experienced. The colony having been declared to be dependent on England, commissioners were appointed to reduce and govern it, and Clayborne being one of these, here was presented to his ever-active mind, an opportunity to wreak his malignity upon the province; and it was not allowed to pass by unimproved: his plans were well arranged and promptly executed. By inflaming the Protestants against the Catholics, the parties were exasperated to the extremity of civil war the Catholics were defeated, the governor deposed, and the administration usurped by Clayborne and his associates. The victorious party abolished the institutions of the proprietary, though they did not expressly disclaim his title; and the new assembly having recognised Cromwell's authority, framed a law concerning religion, by which the toleration formerly enjoyed by the province was abolished, and the Catholics, Protestant Episcopalians, and Quakers, proving obnoxious to the new law, suffered many and grievous persecutions.

In this state of distraction the province remained for two years, when the commissioners, disgusted with the disorders which they had produced, but were unable to quell, surrendered the administration of the province into the hands of Fendal, who had been appointed governor by the proprietary; and into worse hands he could not have placed the reins of government. Fendal instigated the burgesses to dissolve the upper house, and arrogate to themselves the entire legislative power: he imposed many exorbitant taxes; grievously oppressed the Quakers; increased the disorders which already pervaded the province; and finally, was stopped in his career of usurpation and outrage by the restoration of Charles II., who immediately caused Lord Baltimore to be reinstated in

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his proprietaryship. Fendal was convicted of high treason, but allowed to escape with a light fine, and under declaration of incapacity of public trust.

Notwithstanding all the disorders to which the province had been so long a prey, it continued to increase in population, industry, and wealth, and at the epoch of the restoration, contained twelve thousand inhabitants. Five years after, the population had increased to sixteen thousand, and so much had their commerce increased, that the number of ships engaged in carrying on their trade with various parts of the British dominions was at least one hundred. Its internal regulations at this time were such as well deserve our notice. Every young person was trained to useful labour: pauperism and beggary were unknown; and even the introduction of slavery had not been sufficient to degrade honest labour in public esteem.

A mint was established by law of assembly, in 1661, and the act which established it was confirmed and declared to be perpetual in 1676.

The address of Calvert saved the colony from an evil which seemed inevitable. The encroachments upon the western bank of the Delaware, and the hostilities of a distant tribe of Indians, now threatened the tranquillity of the colony; but the governor's remonstrances obliged the former to desert the whole country around Cape Henlopen; while his prudence, seconded by the friendly demonstrations of the Indians in alliance with the province, restored peace with the hostile tribe. On the Dutch removing from Henlopen, many of these united themselves to Maryland, where they were received with the utmost kindness; and in 1666, the assembly passed in their favour, the first act which occurs in any colonial legislature for the naturalization of aliens. In 1671, provision was made for self-defence, by imposing a duty of two shillings on every hogshead of tobacco exported; and applying one-half of this revenue to the support of a magazine and the supply of fire-arms. The other half was settled upon the proprictary, as a mark of gratitude. This illustrious nobleman died in 1676, having lived to reap

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the fruits of this plantation, which he had ordered with so much wisdom and virtue; and was succeeded by his son, Charles, who, for fourteen years, had governed the province with a high reputation for virtue and ability.

By the assembly convened this year, an attempt was made to stem the progress of an evil which had for some time existed in the colony: namely, the transportation thither of felons from England. A law was passed, forbidding the importation of convicts into the colony; in spite of which, however, the evil increased, and shortly previous to the revolution, three hundred and fifty were landed annually in the province. About the year 1681, many attempts were made to introduce domestic manufactures; but the undertaking was premature, and although domestic industry supplied some articles for domestic use, yet even many years after, it was found impossible to render Maryland a manufacturing country.

Interview between Lord Baltimore and William Penn.

In the following year, William Penn arrived in America, when an interview took place between him and Lord Baltimore,

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in the hope of effecting an amicable adjustment of the boundaries of their respective territories. But so inconsistent were the claims, and so little was either party inclined to yield to the other, that it was found impossible to adjust them in a manner satisfactory to both; and by Penn's interest at court, he caused it to be adjudged that the disputed district should be divided into two equal parts, one of which was appropriated to himself, and the other to Lord Baltimore. The part thus dismembered from Maryland, constitutes the territory included within the limits of the present State of Delaware.

Meanwhile the late proceedings against Fendal were made the foundation of fresh complaints against Lord Baltimore; and, in spite of his explanation of the affair, which was quite satisfactory, the ministers of the king, anxious to shift the imputation of popery from themselves, commanded that all offices of government should, in future, be committed exclusively to the hands of Protestants. Another, and a still more serious charge, was now preferred against him. He was accused of obstructing the custom-house officers in the collection of the parliamentary duties: and though, when the affair was investigated thoroughly, it appeared that the opposition was not so great as was at first represented, yet, Charles threatened him with a writ of quo warranto; a threat, which, however, was never executed.

The news of the accession of James II. to the throne of his brother was speedily published in the colonies, and there received with lively and unaffected demonstrations of joy; but they were sadly disappointed in their expectations of the treatment they should receive at his hands; for disregarding alike the feelings of the Puritans of Massachusetts and the Catholics of Maryland, he involved both in the same project of oppression. No less was the joy excited throughout the province on receiving news of the birth of a son to James II.; but the flames of revolt and revolution, which raged so fiercely in England, were soon communicated to Maryland, and the latent dissensions, inflamed by fresh incentives, burst forth in a blaze of insurrcctionary violence. Those who had been

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long sowing discontent in the minds of their fellow-citizens, now prepared to reap an abundant harvest from the prevalence of public disorder.

The rumour, suddenly and rapidly disseminated, that the deputy-governors and the Catholics had formed a league with the Indians, for the massacre of all the Protestants in the province together with several unlucky circumstances which combined to corroborate this unfounded statement, - so operated upon the minds of the people, producing confusion, dismay, and indignation, that a Protestant Association was formed by John Coode, the former associate of Fendal, the members of which, being strengthened by the accession of new adherents, took up arms in defence of the Protestant faith, and the assertion of the royal title of William and Mary. William expressed his approbation of these proceedings, and authorized the insurgents to exercise in his name the power they had acquired by injustice and violence. Armed with this commission, for three years they continued to administer the government, with that severity and oppression which power is prone to arrogate when it has been acquired by corrupt or violent means.

The associates having entered a complaint against Lord Baltimore, he was summoned to answer before the privy council, the charges preferred against him. This produced a tedious investigation, which involved him in a heavy expense; and it being impossible to convict him of any other crime than that of holding a different faith from the men by whom he had been so ungratefully traduced, he was suffered to retain the patrimonial interest attached by his charter to the office of proprietary. But, by an act of council, he was deprived of the. political administration of the province; and Sir Edmund Andros was appointed its governor by the king. Thus fell the proprietary government of Maryland, after an existence of fifty-six years, during which time it had been administered with unexampled mildness, and with a regard to the liberties and welfare of the people that merited a better requital than that which it has been our task to record.