4th day 2nd mo. 20th 1850.— After breakfast & a solid parting opportunity we took leave of our kind host & his family, with whom we had found a comfortable home for upwards of a week past, & left Salem which has been the scene of our labours for the last 6 or 8 days & went on to New Garden, where we had an appointed meeting at 11 o'clock. The house, which was small, was very much crowded, some being unable to get in at all; but we were mercifully favoured with a sense of the overshadowing Wing of Ancient Goodness to the comforting of the sincere hearted, & I trust also to the stirring up of the lukewarm & indifferent to greater diligence in the pursuit of those things which belong to their present & everlasting peace. After meeting we dined at Francis Sheldon's, & then went home with our friend Joseph D. Hoag of East Grove, where we lodged.

Fifth day 21st.- This morning pretty early we left our friend Joseph D. Hoag's & came on to Burlington 25 miles, where we stopped for dinner, & in the afternoon got across the Mississippi on a horse ferry boat. The ice having broken up the previous day, considerable quantities were still floating down the River; but after some little delay we were favoured to land safely on the other side. Before sunset we stopped for the night at a decent tavern 5 miles from the river where we met with comfortable accommodation for ourselves & our horses. Having completed our visit to Friends in Iowa we are now set out towards a settlement of Friends on the east side of the State of Illinois, belonging to the Western Quarterly Meeting of Indiana.24 The distance, I suppose, is something about 300 miles, which

24 From Iowa, Seebohm and Lindsey again returned to the east and continued their religious labors for over a year among the many Friends' meetings in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, and New England. Before they embarked for England from Boston on July 9, 1851, they had totaled in the American journeyings during these four and a half years about 32,400 miles. See Private Memoirs of B. and E. Seebohm, pp. 332, 341.

will probably occupy us 9 or 10 days. Thus are we truly like strangers & pilgrims on the earth, having no certain dwelling place. But I humbly trust the evidence is not wanting, that, unworthy as we are, we are not moving about in this way in our own wills; but in the counsel of Him who alone can direct our feet in that path which is well pleasing in His holy sight. The comforting presence of our blessed Lord & Master has been mercifully vouchsafed at seasons to the strengthening of our faith in His precious promises which we have been permitted to know are not yea & nay, but yea & amen for ever in Christ Jesus to them that fear Him, & endeavour faithfully to follow Him, tho' it may be with trembling & faltering steps. Now that we have left Iowa, I may say that we have felt much & deeply interested about the dear Friends who are settled there, to many of whom we have felt nearly united in the bonds of Christian fellowship. There are many preciously visited minds amongst them in the younger & middle stages of life, & but few fathers & mothers in the church. Yet, I believe the Divine Hand has been laid upon not a few within their borders in order to prepare them for conspicuous stations in His church. Oh! saith my soul that they may be enabled rightly to submit thereto, so that all the Lord's gracious purposes may be fulfilled respecting His heritage in these remote parts of His earth.

SOME PUBLICATIONS

Beyond the Old Frontier. By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1913. Pp. viii, 374. Plates, maps. Mr. Grinnell's field herein explored is the region west of the Mississippi River and the time covered is that between the years 1809 and 1865. "The book deals with a number of cognate subjects, with exploration, hunting, the taking of fur, and Indians in peace and war; and in any or all of these there is excitement enough".

But little new material seems to be present in the first two chapters: "An Early Fur Trader" and "Fur Hunters of the Far West". These accounts have been amply set forth by Bancroft, Chittenden, and others. More welcome and fresher is the matter contained in the accounts of "When Beaver Skins were Money", "George Frederick Ruxton, Hunter", and "The Council at Fort Benton". The sketch of Bent's Fort easily holds the reader's attention and interest.

A map shows the route of Captain John Palliser's expedition up the Missouri River from St. Louis to Fort Benton in 1857-1859. Palliser's book on this government exploration is now rather rare and Mr. Grinnell has done a service in condensing from it a readable sketch. Visits to Fort Vermilion, Fort Pierre, and Fort Union are recorded and hunting adventures and Indian scenes are described.

Mr. Grinnell's subject deserves a better style than he has given it. Quotations and extracts are too long and one misses the fine prose of Irving's books on western life and the clear detailed narrative of Chittenden. A good bibliography would have been welcome and the index will be found to be of little use. The volume should, however, stimulate interest, reading, study, and writings in the history of these scenes and adventures in the far West. That, rather than a contribution of knowledge, seems to be the value of Beyond the Old Frontier.

The Westward Movement (Century Readings in United States History). Edited by CHARLES L. BARSTOW. New York: The Century Co. 1913. Pp. 231. Portraits, plates, maps. A number of articles from the files of The Century and the St. Nicholas magazines make up the contents of this very readable little volume, which is intended as a supplementary reader for pupils in the upper grammar and first year high school grades. Among the subjects covered in these various articles are the beginnings of the westward movement, the settlement of the West, the pony express, early western steamboating, George Rogers Clark, Boone's Wilderness Road, pioneer farming, the first emigrant train to California, Fremont's expeditions, Kit Carson, the discovery of gold in California, pioneer mining, the Great Northwest, and the desert. In the list of authors are the names of such well known writers as S. E. Forman, Emerson Hough, W. F. Bailey, Archer B. Hulbert, Theodore Roosevelt, and Ray S. Baker, all of whom, in varying degree, have caught and have been able to depict the romance of western American history.

Writings such as these lay no claim to being authoritative monographs; nor, on the other hand, are they fiction. But they render what, perhaps, is a greater service in that they present a picture of the westward movement that is not only truthful but vivid and full of color. Books of this kind, if prepared with sufficient care, can scarcely become too numerous.

A History of Geographical Discovery in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. By EDWARD HEAWOOD. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1912. Pp. xii, 475. Portraits, plates, maps. In this splendidly illustrated and well indexed book the librarian to the Royal Geographical Society has, within reasonable compass, summarized the results of two centuries of geographical discovery. He introduces the subject by making a brief survey of man's knowledge of the globe at the end of the sixteenth century. Spanish and Portuguese navigators had taken the lead in discovery, and through such men as Columbus and Magellan had opened to men's imagination the vast resources of a big world outside of Europe. But at the beginning of the seventeenth cen

tury loss of sea power paralyzed the energy and enterprise of the merchants of Spain and Portugal so that their places upon the ocean's highways of commerce fell to Dutch, English, French, and Russian adventurers: these nations completed "the geographical picture of the world in its broad outlines".

From the time of the heroic attempts of the Muscovy Company of English merchants and the efforts of Holland's seamen to open up the much desired routes northeastward and northwestward to China and the East Indies down to the close of the eighteenth century, Mr. Heawood traces the story of discovery in different parts of the world, not chronologically, but by epochs and periods. Of particular interest to Americans are the two chapters on the progress of exploration in North America. The author points out that while Dutch and English merchants had no rivals in the Eastern seas during the seventeenth century, in North America "all the great names that stand out as pioneers in geographical discovery during the same period are those of Frenchmen", like Champlain, La Salle, Joliet, and Marquette, who reached the vast American interior. Westward to the mountains their work was continued by the Vérendryes and, after England wrested Canada from the hands of France in 1763, by the agents of the Hudson's Bay and the Northwest companies, then rivals for the fur trade. While Alexander Mackenzie was on his epoch-making overland journey through the Canadian Rockies to the Pacific, the United States lay practically locked up behind the Allegheny Mountains, but most of its territory east of the Mississippi was brought within the ken of civilization before 1800.

Mr. Heawood makes the striking assertion that exploration was not definitely undertaken with scientific aims until about the middle of the eighteenth century: discoveries by the pioneers had been only incidental to the quest of European merchant princes for commercial advantages. Expeditions for research purposes were extensively inaugurated after the Treaty of Paris in 1763. By the year 1800, the general distribution of sea and land, and the contours of the great land masses within the habitable portion of the globe had become matters of definitely established knowledge, but the vast interior of Asia, Africa, and Australia, and the VOL. XII-19