spent four years in European travel and study, and, returning in 1830, occupied the chair at Bowdoin until 1835, when he resigned to fill the same chair at Harvard University. But, feeling himself still incompetent for his duties, two years more were passed on the European Continent before he settled at Cambridge, in 1887. From that time until his death his name was intimately connected with Cambridge, though his connection with Harvard was severed in 1854. There he won his greatest literary victories, and there the deepest sorrows of his life were met His house was the historic headquarters of General Washington during the occupation of Boston by the British, and since the poet's death steps have been taken to preserve at least a portion of the property as a National possession. While still in college Longfellow showed signs of poetic genius, and his first great work, "Coplas de Manrique," appeared in 1833. This, though but a translation from the Spanish, proved him to be a master of the English language. In 1835 "OutreMer" was published, and four years later "Hyperion" placed him on the list of classic prose writers. Then followed in rapid succession poem after poem, none more noted, however, than "Evangeline," published in 1846. In 1869 he received from the University of Oxford, Eng., the title D. C. L., and in 1874 the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, elected him to the Lord Rectorship. He died March 24, 1882, universally admired for his nobility of character no less than for his literary talent. England has erected a monument to his memory in Westminster Abbey. He is buried at Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass.

WHY STEAM CASTS A SHADOW. FENNIMORE, Wis. Why does water cast no shadow while steam, which is invisible, does cast a shadow? For example, the water the water-gauge of a locomotive casts no shadow, while the steam in the upper part of the gauge, above the water, does cast one. I can find no explanation for this in any of the books on natural philosophy I have examined. DEXTER MAYNE.

Answer.-Pure water in a state of rest is of uniform density, and the rays of light, although they may be refracted, pass through it almost unimpeded, in parallel lines. Steam is composed of vapor of different degrees of density, intermingled usually with some air, so that the rays of light entering it are not uniformly refracted, and therefore interfere with and neutralize each other to a considerable degree: as counter or cross-waves strike each other down and tend to create a smooth sea.

SIMON KENTON. NAPERVILLE, Ill. Please give a sketch of Simon Kenton, the Indian fighter. Was he at any time a commissioned officer in the United States army? F. A. KENDALL.

Answer.-Simon Kenton was born in Fauquier County, Va., April 3, 1755. When but 16 he fought a duel, and supposing that he had killed his opponent he fled to Kentucky, where be joined Boone. Here he was successful during the revolution in warfare against the British and Indians. He returned to Virginia in 1782, having learned that his early antagonist was not dead, and later took his father's family to Kentucky. He was chiefly engaged in Indian warfare until reace was

restored in 1794. But now the property that he had acoumulated began to rapidly slip from him, through a lack on his part to establish the titles, and at the beginning of the present century he was reduced to want. At the opening of the war of 1812 he enlisted and fought gallantly, so that at its close the State, in recognition of his serv ices, restored a portion of his property and obtained $240 pension for him. His death occurred in 1836.

ALFRED TENNYSON.

GARNAVILLO, Iowa. Please give a biographical sketch of Alfred Tennyson. 2. Where is found the passage "Love all, trust few, do wrong to none?" W. A. KRIGEL. Answer.-Alfred Tennyson was born in the little rectory of Somersby, in Lincolnshire, England, in 1809. The rector was a quiet, scholarly man and quite unknowu outside of a narrow circle; but all his sons inherited his literary taste, and each has contributed something of merit to English letters. Alfred has, however, far outstripped them all, though his brother Charles was his first and ablest critic, and published in conjunction with him a volume of poems in 1827. Later, Tennyson took the Chancellor's medal at Cambridge University for a poem in blank verse, entitled "Timbuctoo;" and in 1830 he published a volume of "Poems, Chiefly Lyrical." His first great poem was "The Princess," which appeared. in 1847. Three years later, on the death of Wordsworth, Tennyson became poet-laureate. "Maud, and Other Poems,' "The Idylls of the King," "Enoch Arden," and "The Window" followed in rapid succession; and in 1875 the poet entered the field of the drama with "Queen Mary," followed by "Harold." In dramatic writing, however, he is not successful, for there is an unreality and monotony in his plays that renders them unpopular. The poet has just accepted a peerage from the Queen. He lives in quiet elegance on the Isle of Wight, having but few friends whom he cares to entertain or visit, and devoting himself wholly to his literary work. 2. In "All's Well That Ends Well," act 1, scene 1.

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RICE CULTURE.

KIMBALL, D. T. Please tell something of the culture of rice. Does it grow upon upland? Do the Indians of Minnesota raise it? J. M. PERCY. Answer.-The best rice is that raised in South Carolina, where the rice is sown in trenches, which are eighteen inches apart, and flooded to a depth of several inches. The water is then drawn off and later, the fields are flooded again, to kill the weeds. The water is allowed to stand nearly two weeks this time, and is not again turned into he field until the grain is almost ripe. Marshy places are not so good as well-irrigated land. Most of the rice used in Europe is imported from India. There, and also in China, the hills are chosen rather than the plains, and are so well irrigated that often it is only with the greatest difficulty that the fields can be weeded on account of the water. In some districts canals are carried along the hillsides. Upland rice is a species cultivated in Ceylon, Fara and Hungary, which requires dry land, rotting if placed under water. The only States of North America which cultivate rice for market are South Carolina and Georgia

Rice will not grow as far north as Minnesota. What the Indians use there is Canadian or wild rice, which grows abundantly in the Northwest, in miry places, and often on the margin of the lakes. It reaches the height of seven or eight feet, and the long and narrow seed makes a nourAshing meal of which the Indians are very fond.

THE PORTLAND VASE. ADRIAN, Mich. What is the Portland vase remarkable for? Give its history. SPHINX.

Answer.-The Portland vase is one of the most valued relics of antiquity in the British Museum, not only because of its beauty, but because it is one of the oldest specimens of Roman art in glass. It was made for the ashes of the Emperor Alexander Severus, or a relative of his, and was discovered during the sixteenth century in a rich sarcophagus on Monte del Grano, where it had been for some thirteen hundred years. In 1770 Sir William Hamilton found it in Barberini Palace, from which it is sometimes called the Barberini vase, and he purchased it. In time it passed into the hands of the Duchess of Portland, and in 1810 the Duke placed it in the museum, retaining, however, the ownership. A man named Lloyd, seeking popularity or for love of mischief, broke it into bits in 1845 with a stone; but the pieces were carefully collected and cemented together, and though the vase still remains in the museum, it is not shown to the public. It is an urn, ten inches high. The ground work is of blue glass, enameled with white glass cut in cameo, to represent the wedding of Thetis and Peleus.

RACINE, OSHKOSH, AND ROCKFORD.

COMMONWEALTH, Wis. What is the population of Racine and Oshkosh, and how do they rank with other cities of this State as regards population? What is the capital invested in each of these cities, and number of hands employed? What is the total wages paid, and what the product? How does Rockford, Ill., compare with Racine in population, and as a manufacturing city.

F. S. SHEPHERD. Answer.-The population of Racine, per census of 1880, was 16,031; of Oshkosh, 15,749; of Rockford, Ill., 13,136. The rank of Racine, as regards population, is second, and that of Oshkosh third among the cities of Wisconsin. Unfortunately, the census does not furnish the statistics of manufactures called for. It gives them by counties for certain specified industries, but these do not answer your questions. The assessed value of real and personal property in Racine in 1880 wa- $7,692,669, and that of Oshkosh $4,444,000, while that of Rockford was $3,508,647.

THE "FORCE BILL"-BLAND SILVER BILL, WEST POINT, Miss. 1. By whom was the "force bill," introduced in Congress some years ago, defeated? 2. Who introduced the bill to remonetize silver? MIDDLEBROOKS.

Answer.-1. The "force bill," as it has been called by the Democrats, is a rigorous law for the enforcement of the provisions of the fourteenth amendment to the Constitution, especially to punish persons conspiring to prevent citizens from voting or deprive them of any of their rights as citizens. It authorized the President, when in his judgment the public safety required it, to suspend the privilege of habeas corpus in any district and suppress any such conspiracy in case the State authorities refused or

neglected to do so. It was passed by the Fortysecond Congress. It is now practically a dead letter, through the refusal of Congress to appropriate the necessary funds to enforce it and the counter force of more recent enactments. 2. Mr. Bland, of Missouri, introduced the bill for the remonetization of silver at the extra session of Congress held in October and November, 1877, and it was passed by a vote of 163 to 34. It restored the "dollar of our dads," as it is called, weighing 41211⁄2 grains.

KNIGHTS TEMPLAR.

TEKONSHA. Mich. Tell us the origin and history of the Knights Templar. SUBSCRIBER.

Answer.-The Knights Templar owe their organization to seven French Knights, together with Hugues de Paganes and Geoffrey de St. Omer, who in the twelfth century founded the order at Jerusalem, for the protection of pilgrims to the holy sepulcher. Governors were appointed in every country, and known as Masters of the Temple, and by degrees the ranks which at first were filled by wealthy laymen were thrown open to "spiritual persons not bound by previous vows," and finally laymen of humble birth were admitted as serving brothers. But the vices and arrogance of this body increased so rapidly, with added wealth and power, that within two centuries Pope Clement V., at the instigation of Philippe IV. of France, confiscated their lands, and scattered the members of the order. In 1312 the order was suppressed throughout Europe, and its property passed to the Knights of St. John.

Knights Templar is the designation given in Free-masonry to the "commanderies" which are the representatives of the ancient Knights Templar.

UCHANAN'S CABINET.

BATTLE CREEK, Mich. Who were members of President Buchanan's Cabinet, and where were they from? C. A. CALDWELL. Answer.-Following are the names and dates of appointment of members of Buchanan's Cabinet: Secretaries of State-Lewis Cass, of Michigan, March, 1857; Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, December, 1860. Secretaries of the Treasury-Howell Cobb, of Georgia, March, 1857; Philip F. Thomas, of Maryland, December, 1860; John A. Dix, of New York, January, 1861. Secretaries of War-John B. Floyd, of Virginia, March, 1857; Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, December, 1860. Secretary of the Navy-Isaac Toucey, of Connecticut, March, 1857. Secretary of the Interior-Jacob Thompson, of Mississippi, March, 1857. Postmasters General-Aaron V. Brown, of Tennessee, March, 1857, died; Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, March, 1859; Horatio King, of Maine, Feb. 12, 1861. Attorneys General-Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania, March, 1857; Edwin M. Stanton, of Ohio, December, 1860.

GEO. W. M. REYNOLDS, NOVELIST. CONGRESS, Ohio. Tell something about the English novelist, Geo. W. M. Reynolds. What are his principal works? JAS. M. BROWN. Auswer.-Geo. W. M. Reynolds, for many years editor of, and one of the chief contributors

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to, the London Weekly Miscellany, has published a large number of books, including: The "Youth Impostor," 3 vols.; "Pickwick Abroad, or, A Tour in France;" "Grace Darling, a Tale;" "Alfred de Rosanne:" "Modern Literature of France:" "Mysteries of London:" "Sequel to Don Juan:" "Practical Receipts:" "Mysteries of the Court of London;" "The Steam Packet, a Tale of the River and the Ocean:" and other books, in all over fifty volumes. But many as he has written, not nearly all are his that are published under his name. He declared at one time that not one in ten of the American publications to which his name has been imprudently affixed ever emanated from his pen. He seems to have been a popular writer with the masses, without having attained to high rank in the esteem of critics.

PROFESSORS WHO ARE PROTECTIONISTS.

VIROQUA, Wis.

It is asserted by a free-trader that the professors who teach political economy in the colleges in the United States are all advocates of free trade. The statement was made in support of the general proposition that sound principles of political economy do not sustain the doctrine of protection. His statement being questioned, he challenged the production of the name of one such professor who is a protectionist, with an offer of $10 for each one produced.

READER.

Answer.-Political economy is generally taught in American colleges as a subordinate part of the work of the chair of moral philosophy, which is nearly always filled by a clergyman, and never by a practical business man, for the reason that no practical and skillful business man could afford to accept the salary of from $1,500 to $2,000 which usually accompanies the chair, though in many cases the provision for pay is far more inadequate. Whatever economic views would naturally commend themselves most forcibly to alergymen would be likely to be most taught in oolleges. But clergymen happen to be the class of inen whose practical unacquaintance with business gives least value to their opinions on economic questions. Indeed, they give their chief intellectual force to commending unselfish and, therefore, anti-economic theories. As free trade is an international give-away theory, it naturally harmonizes in a large degree with the clerical bias, and on a canvass it would be found that as large a majority of the clergymen and of the sentimental philanthropists like William Lloyd Garrison, as of the ministers and professors in colleges are free-traders. The legitimate offset to this is that with equal unanimity, the practical statesmen, and leading producers and business men and financiers of the country have been protectionists.

Among the college professors of political economy who are protectionists have been Francis Bowen, for many years occupying the chair of political economy in Harvard College, Masssachusetts; President Hamlin, of Middlebury College, Vermont; Robert Ellis Thompson, and Professor Bolles, of the University of Pennsylvania; also, the professor recently appointed at Oberlin, and half a dozen others. No professor who has ever occupied any chair of political economy in the United States, however, compares in the extent, diversity, and influence of his economic writings with either of six or eight protectionist economists, neither of whom ever would have

accepted any chair as an instructor since their whole time was too valuably taken up either in acquiring fortunes in business or in teaching men, to admit of their spending life for a mere living salary in teaching boys. These were Stephen Colwell, author of "Ways and Means of Payment" (1859), "Southern Wealth and Northern Profit" (1861), "The Claims of Labor and their Precedence to the Claims of Free Trade" (1861), "Gold Banks and Taxation" (1864), etc.; Henry C. Carey, author of "An Essay on Wages" (1835), "Wealth and Population" (1837), “Principles of Political Economy" (2 vols., 1838), "Harmony of Interests," "Slave Trade, Domestic and Foreign," "Principles of Social Science" (translated into eleven foreign languages, 3 vols.). "Past, Present, and Future," miscellaneous works, two volumes, etc. Next comes K. Peshine Smith, author of a brief and valuable treatise on political economy; William Elder, author of several economic works; Horace Greeley, author of a valuable economic work; Frederick List, a Prussian, for several years a resident of Pennsylvania, and author of & "National System of Political Economy," who afterward returned to Prussia and took a leading part in forming that Zollverein which, through the beneficent workings of a protective tariff, converted the weak and dissevered band of German States, which the first Napoleon so easily conquered in 1808-15, into the present powerful German Empire which so easily overthrew the third Napoleon at Sedan. No European work on political economy could be written without mentioning Carey, who was, like Adam Smith, or Malthus, or Bastiat, not merely an economist, but a force in creating economic science. It should also be mentioned that in addition to our American protectionist writers, Adam Smith, called the founder of the Manchester school, sustains and justifies protection in four cases besides the navigation laws, which are a form of protection; J. 8. Mill justifies protection in two cases; Lord Brougham and Lord George Bentinck, Lord Beaconsfield, the Duke of Rutland, and Lord Saulsbury have steadily represented the protection cause among statesmen, while Tooke's "History of Prices," Justice Byles' "Sophisms of Free Trade," Sir Edward Sullivan's "Protection to Native Industry," Professor Henry Sidgwick's (Cambridge) "Elements of Political Economy," R. S. Moffatt's work on "Consumption," C. S. Devas' "Groundwork of Economics" are all able English scientific works advocating protection on an economic principle. The German, French, Russian, and Italian professors are chiefly pretectionists.

TARIFF IN CHINA.

C. L. M., Jefferson, Iowa-China levies a high duty on opium, but only moderate duties on any articles of practical use, except on salt. Leaving out the optum, the total imports of China are inconsiderable in proportion to her population and home consumption; but though this is the fact the Chinese would gladly raise the tariff if they were as free to do so as is this country or European nations. It is hampered by foreign treaties,

which make such changes almost impossible. The people, except the trading classes, are strongly opposed to the introduction of foreign manufactnres that come into competition with their own goods, believing that they tend to depress wages, too low already.

THE SIX NATIONS.

B. E. Gage, Owatonna, Minn.-There are remnants of the Six Nations scattered throughout New York State. Their principal settlement is in Erie County, where in 1880 there were 146 of them. They have abandoned the tribal relation and enjoy the rights of citizenship. They have school and church privileges, and support themselves by agriculture and other industrial pursuits. There are 819 such civilized Indians in New York State. Many of the Indians of the Six Nations withdrew into Canada after the settlement of Western New York set in with rapidity. DISCIPLES OF CHRIST CHRISTIAN CONNECTION. BEAVER CREEK, Minn. Please say whether the Campbellites, the Disciples of Christ, and Christians are all the same: and if not, explain the distinction. C. W. CHAPMAN.

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Answer.-There are at least two distinct organizations popularly known as "Christians." One of these is properly called "Disciples of Christ,' the other the "Christian Connection." The former are identical with the "Campbellites," or "Campbellite Baptists." These hold that while both the Old and New Testaments are equally inspired, both are not equally binding upon Christians. The Old Testament was God's will with reference to the Jews; the New is His will with reference to us. Accepting fully the Scripture statements concerning the God-head, they repudiate all philosophical speculations, both of Trinitarians and Unitarians. They do not use the terms common in theological discussions, preferring and insisting on the "form of sound words" given in the Scriptures. Accepting the Bible as the allsufficient revelation of God's will, they repudiate all human statements of religious creed as bases of Christian fellowship. Nevertheless, they insist on a profession of faith in the full divinity of Christ. Faith in this one article, with all the heart, is all they ask precedent to baptism and admission to church membership. Immersion is the only recognized form of baptism. In church government they recognize no distinction of clergy and laity. Their polity is Congregational, with evangelists, bishops or elders, and deacons as official members. For the origin of this denomination see article on Alexander Campbell in Our Curiosity Shop for 1882. They number now over 600, 600 communicants, 5,100 churches, and 8,800 ministers.

On the other hand, the "Christian Connection" is the outgrowth of three independent secessions. The first was in North Carolina, in 1792, when certain seceders from the Methodist Episcopal Church took the name of Republican Methodists in opposition to episcopacy. These, influenced by their principal leader, the Rev. J. O'Kelley, finally adopted the name of "Christians." The second was a secession from the Baptists that took place in Vermont in 1800, under the leadership of Dɛ. Abner Jones, resulting

in the organization of a church of twenty-five members at Lyndon, Vt. The third was a secestion from the Presbyterian Church in Kentucky and Tennessee, occurring in 1801, and resulting in the organization of a new and independent presbytery, called "the Springfield Presbytery," until the adoption, some two years later, of the name "Christian." These three bodies had a common bond of union in their desire to be "free from the bondage of creed," and so it was not long before a union was effected under the common uzme "Christians," or the "Christian Connec" They now claim a membership of about 200,000, distributed over a large part of the Union. In doctrine each congregation is independent, the Bible being their only binding standard of doctrine. They hold that it is inspired, and every man has a right to interpret it for himself, so that differences of theological views constitute no bar to church fellowship, though a majority of the congregation may determine whether a member conforms his life to the Bible standard so as to be entitled to membership. They believe there is one God, and most of them reject the doctrine of the trinity. Christ is a divine being, existent before the world was, and is now the mediator between God and man. They believe in the atonement, that it is applicable to all who repent and are baptized, and that immersion is the only true baptism; yet they maintain open communion.

HORSES AND MULES.

Walz and Warner, Missoula City, M. T.-In 1880 there were in the States and Territories 10,857,488 horses, and 1,812,808 mules and asses. In Montana, however, the proportion of mules to horses is not so large, being but 858 to 35,114. The value of each is not stated in the census report, except in connection with other live stock.

CANNOT VOTE IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS.
WINONA, Ohio.

Can a resident of Washington City vote at a Presidential election. If not, why? SADIE EDGERTON. Answer.-The Constitution of the United States -see Article II-recognizes none but residents of States as entitled to vote for President and Vice President. Residents of the District of Columbia and residents of Territories are, therefore, excluded from this privilege. "Residence" as used above is to be taken in the legal sense. Thousands of government officials at Washington retain their legal residence in the States from which they were appointed and go to their old homes to vote in important elections. There have been cases of persons living in the Territories doing the same thing-especially in Presidential elections-and, at least in certain cases that we know of, as in Ohio, their right to vote has been sustained by the local courts.

GRAND JURIES TEXAS FENCES. R. F. Gilbert, Belmont, Nev.-1. The grand jury system is common to all the States of the Union. 2. The fences which they are making so much trouble about in Texas are set up by persons who have purchased the land inclosed from the State The stockmen, who have hitherto enjoyed the open range of this region, resist the efforts of

the "land monopolists and speculators," as they call those who have entered these lands.

ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL FRANKFORT, Mich. Please give a sketch of the history of the Illincis and Michigan Canal. C. B. Answer.-In 1816 the Indians granted a strip of land stretching, from the lake, at the mouth of the Chicago River, to navigable water on the Illinois River, with the distinct stipulation that the government should construct a canal through the

same.

They had been induced to believe, as Governor Edwards declares, "that the opening of this canal would be very advantageous to them." So "they ceded the land for a trifle." In 1819, John C. Calhoun, then Secretary of War, urged upon Congress the importance of constructing such a canal for military purposes. In 1822, Congress authorized Illinois to construct a canal through the public lands, granting therefor a strip ninety feet wide on both sides of the line selected, and reserving the lands beyond that for some distance from sale until further directions. It was to be begun within three years, and to be completed within twelve. Despite the urgent recommendations of Governors and acts of Legislatures, nothing had been accomplished down to January, 1827, except very imperfect preliminary surveys, costing the State $10,589.87. By act of March 2, 1827-for which the chief credit is due to the Hon. Daniel P. Cook, the State's single representative in Congress-the alternate sections of the public lands for five miles on either side of the canal, along its entire route, were granted to this State "for the purpose of aiding her in opening a canal to connect the waters of the illinois River with those of Lake Michigan." This grant amounted to 224,322 acres. In 1829 and 1831 the Legislature enacted laws creating a new board of canal commissioners, and clothing them with power to raise money and prosecute the work. Under the authority of these acts the commissioners laid out the towns of Chicago and Ottawa. The first map of the former, prepared by Jacob Thompson, bears date of Aug. 4. 1830. Town lots and canal lands sold readily, and soon the commissioners had $18,924.83 in the treasury. The preliminary survey of 1823-24, and estimate made by Engineers Paul and Post, had set the cost at $716,110.71 as the outside limit. A new survey was now ordered, and Engineer Bucklin startled the Legislature of 1826 with an estimate of $4,043,386.50 for a canal and $1,052,488,19 to construct a railroad from Chicago to Peru. This estimate for the canal was not enough by half, but it was far beyond all that these pioneer legislators were prepared to digest patiently, and, considering the further fact that the commissioners had paid out $16,974.83 for this unsavory information, the board was summarily abolished. Then all sorts of projects were urged, including one more sensible than the majority understood, viz., to construct a railroad from Chicago to Peru instead of the canal. Congress was very soon induced to concede the authority to use the land grant above described for either a railroad or canal, and the time of commencing was extended five years. In 1835 the Legisla

ture, spurred on by the zeal of Governor Duncan, authorized the Governor to negotiate a loan of $500,000, solely on the security of canal lands and tolls. But the money could not be obtained on such terms, and January 9, 1836, this act was repealed and a loan of $500,000 on the credit of the State, irrevocably pledged for both principal and interest, was authorized. A new canal board was established. The State was now thoroughly committed, the conviction became general that the canal would be pushed to completion with rapidity. The infant Chicago was jubilant, clapped her 4,000 pair of palms (all she had at that time) with exultation, and fell to speculating in town lots; so that at the sale made by the commissioners June 20, 1836, the proceeds amounted to $1,503,495. Contracts were let and on July 4, 1836, the first ground was broken at Chicago with the accompaniments of a reading of the Declaration of Independence and a glowing address by the late Dr. Egan. A new estimate set the cost of the work at $8,694,335, but on went the work, until through its wild schemes of railroad construction and other mismanagement the State became bankrupt. There were troubles and troubles. The various railroads were abandoned before one of them was got into running order; but after an amount of financial mismanagement and political insanity that it is humiliating to recall, the State, which had entered on the path of repudiation, wisely retraced its steps and pledged its creditors full payment of its bonds and other indebtedness; the money needed to complete the canal was secured by pledge of the entire property and tolls of the canal, besides the credit of the State to make good any deficit, and work was resumed in September, 1845. Finally the canal was opened in the spring of 1848, thirtytwo years after the Indians made the first grant for this purpose, and some years after they had been disinherited of the whole country, and twelve years from the time that the excavation was begun. The total proceeds of the land grants toward it were $5,337,554. The total cost of the canal was $6,409,509. The final loan of $1,600,000 for its completion was paid off in 1858, and the last remains of debt were canceled in 1871. After this the city of Chicago, under a contract with the State, deepened the canal between this city and Joliet, until the waters of Lake Michigan now flow through the canal into the Illinois River. This work, costing about $3,000,000, had just been completed when the great Chicago fire of Oct. 9, 1871, led the Legislature to repay the expenditure at once, instead of leaving the city to reimburse itself by the tedious process of collecting tolla, as per contract.

TIME FOR DIGESTION.

J. C. Pickering, Cavour, D. T.-The time required for the digestion of different foods varies considerably, but the following statement is the result of the observations of Dr. William Beaumont: Pigs feet and tripe, one hour each; broiled trout, one hour and a half; venison steak, one hour and thirty-five minutes; boiled milk, twe hours; roast turkey, two hours and a half: roast